مصطلحات ورموز الرياضيات

[أحمد سعد الدين]

مصطلحات الرياضيات

[أحمد سعد الدين]

A

absolute value
The distance of a number from zero; the positive value of a number.

acute angle
A positive angle measuring less than 90 degrees.

acute triangle
A triangle each of whose angles measures less than 90 degrees.

addend
In the example... 3 + 4 = 7 The 3 and the 4 are called addends.

additive identity
The number zero is called the additive identity because the sum of zero and any number is that number.

additive inverse
The additive inverse of any number x is the number that gives zero when added to x. The additive inverse of 5 is -5.

adjacent angles
Two angles that share both a side and a vertex.

algebra
The word "algebra" is a distortion of the Arabic title of a treatise by al-Khwārizmī about algebraic methods.


algorithm
An algorithm is a specific set of instructions for carrying out a procedure or solving a problem.

angle
The union of two rays with a common endpoint, called the vertex.

arc
A portion of the circumference of a circle.

area
The number of square units that covers a shape or figure.

arithmetic
Arithmetic is the branch of mathematics dealing with numerical computation.


associative property of addition
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)

associative property of multiplication
(a x b) x c = a x (b x c)

average
A number that represents the characteristics of a data set.

axiom
An axiom is a rule in math that is always true. In fact, it is SO obviously true that you don't have to prove it's true.

axis
An axis is a line with respect to which a curve or figure is drawn, measured, rotated, etc. The most common axes are Cartesian axes.

axis of symmetry
A line that passes through a figure in such a way that the part of the figure on one side of the line is a mirror reflection of the part on the other side of the line.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

B

base
The bottom of a plane figure or three-dimensional figure.

Bisect
To divide into two congruent parts.

Bisector
A bisector is the line that cuts something (like an angle) in half.


binary
The base 2 method of counting in which only the digits 0 and 1 are used.

Box and whisker plot
A type of data plot that displays the quartiles and range of a data set.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

C

Cartesian coordinates
A system in which points on a plane are identified by an ordered pair of numbers, representing the distances to two or three perpendicular axes.

central angle
An angle that has its vertex at the center of a circle.

chord
A line segment that connects two points on a curve.

circle
The set of points in a plane that are a fixed distance from a given point, called the center.

circumference
The distance around a circle.

clockwise
Clockwise is when sb/sth is moving in the same direction as the arms on a clock.

coefficient
A constant that multiplies a variable.

collinear
Points are collinear if they lie on the same line.

column
A column is a vertical stripe of something. Usually, in math, it's a vertical stripe of numbers.

combination
A selection in which order is not important.

combinatorics
Combinatorics is the study of counting.

common factor
A factor of two or more numbers.

common multiple
A multiple of two or more numbers.

complex number
The complex numbers are the field C of numbers of the form x+iy, where x and y are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit equal to the square root of -1, sqrt(-1).

commutative property of addition
a + b = b + a.

commutative property of multiplication
a*b = b*a.

complementary angles
Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees.

composite number
A natural number that is not prime.

cone
A three-dimensional figure with one vertex and a circular base.

congruent
Figures or angles that have the same size and shape.

consecutive
Consecutive just means one right after the other.
Example: A list of consecutive whole numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...
Example: A list of consecutive even whole numbers: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, ...
Example: A list of consecutive odd whole numbers: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ...


constant
A value that does not change.

coordinate plane
The plane determined by a horizontal number line, called the x-axis, and a vertical number line, called the y-axis, intersecting at a point called the origin. Each point in the coordinate plane can be specified by an ordered pair of numbers.

coplanar
Points that lie within the same plane.

counter-clockwise
Counter-clockwise is when you are moving in the opposite direction as the arms on a clock.(See clockwise)


counting numbers
The natural numbers, or the numbers used to count.

counting principle
If a first event has n outcomes and a second event has m outcomes, then the first event followed by the second event has n times m outcomes.

cross product
A product found by multiplying the numerator of one fraction by the denominator of another fraction and the denominator of the first fraction by the numerator of the second.

cube
A solid figure with six square faces.

cylinder
A three-dimensional figure having two parallel bases that are congruent circles.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

D

data
Information that is gathered.

decimal number
The numbers in the base 10 number system, having one or more places to the right of a decimal point.

degree
A unit of measure of an angle.

denominator
The bottom part of a fraction.

dependent events
Two events in which the outcome of the second is influenced by the outcome of the first.

diagonal
The line segment connecting two nonadjacent vertices in a polygon

diameter
The line segment joining two points on a circle and passing through the center of the circle.

difference
The result of subtracting two numbers.

digit
The ten symbols, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. The number 215 has three digits: 2, 1, and 5.

distributive property
a(b + c) = ab + ac

dividend
In a / b = c, a is the dividend.

divisor
In a / b = c, b is the divisor.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

E

edge
The edges of a polygon are the outside boundaries.

ellipse
The set of all points in a plane such that the sum of the distances to two fixed points is a constant.

empty Set Ø
An empty set is the same as a "null set." An empty set is a set with no members (or elements.)

equality
A math statement showing that two things are equal.
Example: 4 + 3 = 7


equation
A mathematical statement that says that two expressions have the same value; any number sentence with an =.

equidistant
Just means "the same distance".

equilateral triangle
A triangle that has three equal sides.

equivalent equations
Two equations whose solutions are the same.

equivalent fractions
Fractions that reduce to the same number.

error of measurement
The difference between an approximate measurement and the actual measure taken.

estimate
When you estimate the answer to a problem it means that you give a pretty good guess at what the answer will be.

evaluate
To substitute number values into an expression.

even number
A natural number that is divisible by 2.

event
In probability, a set of outcomes.

exponent
A number that indicates the operation of repeated multiplication

exterior angles
When a pair of parallel lines are intersected with a transversal, angles A, B, G and H are the exterior angles that are formed. Exterior angles are on the outside!

[أحمد سعد الدين]

F

factor
One of two or more expressions that are multiplied together to get a product.

factorial
The factorial n! is defined for a positive integer n as:
n! = n(n-1)...2.1.
example:
5! = 5.4.3.2.1 = 120

factoring
To break a number into its factors.

face
A flat surface of a three-dimensional figure.

Fibonacci numbers
The Fibonacci numbers are a sequence (list) of numbers that is built a very special way... It starts with 1, 1... Then, you add 1+1 to get the next number... That gives 1, 1, 2... Then you add 1+2 to get the next number... That gives 1, 1, 2, 3... Then you add 2+3 to get the next number... That gives 1, 1, 2, 3, 5... Then you add 3+5 to get the next number... and so on...


formula
A equation that states a rule or a fact.

fraction
A number used to name a part of a group or a whole. The number below the bar is the denominator, and the number above the bar is the numerator.

frequency
The number of times a particular item appears in a data set.

frequency table
A data listing which also lists the frequencies of the data.

function
A function is a relation that uniquely associates members of one set with members of another set.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

G

Geometry
Geometry is the study of figures in a space of a given number of dimensions and of a given type.

graph
A type of drawing used to represent data.

greatest common factor (GCF)
The largest number that divides two or more numbers evenly.

H

horizontal
A line with zero slope.

hypotenuse
The side opposite the right angle in a right triangle.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

I

identity property of addition
The sum of any number and 0 is that number.

identity property of multiplication
The product of 1 and any number is that number.

improper fraction
A fraction with a numerator that is greater than the denominator

independent events
Two events in which the outcome of the second is not affected by the outcome of the first.

inequality
A mathematical expression which shows that two quantities are not equal.

infinity
A limitless quantity.

inscribed angle
An angle placed inside a circle with its vertex on the circle and whose sides contain chords of the circle.

inscribed polygon
A polygon placed inside a circle so that each vertex of the polygon touches the circle.

integers
The set of numbers containing zero, the natural numbers, and all the negatives of the natural numbers.

intercept
The x-intercept of a line or curve is the point where it crosses the x-axis, and the y- intercept of a line or curve is the point where it crosses the y-axis.

intercepted arc
The arc of a circle within an inscribed angle.

interpolation
A method for estimating values that lie between two known values

intersecting lines
Lines that have one and only one point in common.

inverse
Opposite. -5 is the additive inverse of 5, because their sum is zero. 1/3 is the multiplicative inverse of 3, because their product is 1.

inverse operations
Two operations that have the opposite effect, such as addition and subtraction.

irrational number
A number that cannot be expressed as the ratio of two integers.

isosceles triangle
A triangle with at least two equal sides.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

L

least common denominator
The smallest multiple of the denominators of two or more fractions.

least common multiple
The smallest nonzero number that is a multiple of two or more numbers.

like fractions
Fractions that have the same denominator.


line
A straight set of points that extends into infinity in both directions.

line of symmetry
Line that divides a geometric figure into two congruent portions

line segment
Two points on a line, and all the points between those two points

linear equation
A linear equation is in the form:
ax + b = 0
where a and b are numbers.

linear inequality
A linear inequality is in the form:
ax + b < 0
where a and b are numbers.


locus
A path of points.

logarithm
Simply, a logarithm is the inverse of an exponential:
f(x) = logbx
The base of this logarithm is b.

logic
The study of sound reasoning.

lowest terms
Simplest form; when the GCF of the numerator and the denominator of a fraction is 1.