القاموس الإسلامى - عربى إنجليزى

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏عُقُوبَةٌ أُخرَوِيَّةٌ‏

‏عِقَابُ الآخِرَةِ‏
Punishment in the Hereafter
‏عُقُوبَةُ أَهلِ البَغيِ‏

Punishment of the rebellious
Penalty of the dissidents
‏عُقُوبَةُ الإِمَامِ الجَائِرِ‏

‏الإِمَامُ الظَّالِمُ‏
Punishment of the unjust Imam
‏عُقُوبَةُ الِانشِقَاقِ عَن الأُمَّةِ‏

‏الخُرُوجُ عَن الأُمَّةِ الإِسلَامِيَّةِ وَعَدَمُ العَمَلِ بِالمَعرُوفِ وَالنَّهيِ عَن المُنكَرِ‏
Penalty of dissidence from Muslim community
‏عُقُوبَةُ الجِرَاحِ‏

Penalty of wounding others
‏عُقُوبَةُ الحِرَابَةِ‏

Penalty of banditry
‏عُقُوبَةُ الرِّبَا‏

Penalty of usury
‏عُقُوبَةُ الرِّدَّةِ‏

Penalty of apostasy
‏عُقُوبَةُ الزِّنَى‏

Penalty of adultery
‏عُقُوبَةُ السَّرِقَةِ‏

Penalty of theft
‏عُقُوبَةُ القَتلِ‏

Penalty of homicide
‏عُقُوبَةُ القِصَاصِ‏

Al-Qisas [Retaliation] penalty
‏عُقُوبَةٌ دُنيَوِيَّةٌ‏

Worldly punishment
‏عُقُوبَةُ شُربِ الخَمرِ‏

Penalty of drinking alcohol
‏عُقُوبَةُ عِصيَانِ وُلَاةِ الأُمُورِ‏

Penalty of disobeying the rulers
‏عُقُوبَةٌ مَالِيَّةٌ‏

Financial penalty
Fine
Forfeit
‏عَمدًا‏

Intentionally
Deliberately
Resolutely
Purposely
Willfully
‏غَصبًا‏

By force
Forcibly
Under coercion
‏فَاجِرَةٌ‏

‏عَاهِرَةٌ‏
Whore
Harlot
Prostitute
‏فَاسِقٌ‏

Lascivious
Licentious
Lecherous
Lewd
Libertine
Debauchee
Dissolute

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏فَجَرَ‏

To dissipate
To lead a dissolute life
To indulge in debauchery
To commit adultery
To fornicate
‏قَاذِفُ المُحصَنَاتِ‏

‏الَّذِي يَتَّهِمُ المُؤمِنَاتِ الصَّالِحَاتِ بِالزِّنَى‏
Slanderer
Defamer
False accuser
‏قَتلُ الأَبِ‏

Patricide : The act of murdering one's father
‏قَتلُ الأَخِ‏

Fratricide : The act of murdering one's brother
‏قَتلُ الأُختِ‏

Sororicide : The act of murdering one's sister
‏قَتلُ الأُمِّ‏

Matricide : The act of murdering one's mother
‏قَتلُ الأَولَادِ‏

Infanticide
‏قَتلُ الجَنِينِ‏

Feticide : Intentional destruction of a human fetus
‏قَتلُ الحُرِّ بِالعَبدِ‏

Retaliating a free man for killing a slave
‏قَتلُ الخَطَأِ‏

‏قَتلٌ عَن غَيرِ عَمدٍ‏
Unintentional homicide
Accidental homicide
‏قَتلُ الرَّجُلِ مَن زَنَى بِزَوجَتِهِ‏

Killing the one who committed adultery with one's wife
‏قَتلُ الزَّانِي المُحصَنِ رَجمًا‏

Stoning adulterers to death
‏قَتلُ الزَّانِي بِذَاتِ مَحرَمٍ‏

Killing the one who committed incest
‏قَتلُ الزَّوجَةِ‏

Uxoricide : The killing of a wife by her husband
‏قَتلُ السَّارِقِ‏

Killing thieves
‏قَتلُ العَبدِ بِالعَبدِ‏

Retaliating a slave for killing a slave
‏قَتلُ الغِيلَةِ‏

‏الغِيلَةُ الِاغتِيَالُ يُقَالُ قَتَلَهُ غِيلَةً أَي عَلَى غَفلَةٍ مِنهُ‏
Assassination
Murder by assault
‏قَتلُ الكَافِرِ‏

Killing unbelievers
‏قَتلُ المُرتَدِّ‏

Killing apostates
‏قَتلُ المُسلِمِ‏

Murdering a Muslim

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏قَتلُ المُسلِمِ بِالكَافِرِ‏

Retaliating a Muslim for killing an unbeliever
‏قَتلُ المُنَافِقِ‏

Killing hypocrites
‏قَتلُ الوَلَدِ خَشيَةَ الفَقرِ‏

Killing one's babies for fear of poverty
‏قَتلٌ جَمَاعِيٌّ‏

Genocide : The systematic and planned extermination of an entire national, racial, political, or ethnic group
‏قَتلٌ رَحِيمٌ‏

Euthanasia
Mercy killing : The act or practice of ending the life of an individual suffering from a terminal illness or an incurable condition, as by lethal injection or the suspension of extraordinary medical treatment
‏قَذَفَ‏

‏خَاضَ فِي أَعرَاضِ النَّاسِ وَاتَّهَمَهُم بِالفَاحِشَةِ‏
To slander
To calumniate
To accuse
To defame
‏قَذفُ وَلَدِ اللِّعَانِ‏

Slandering the child of Li`an
‏قَسَامَةُ الجَاهِلِيَّةِ‏

Compurgation in the pre-Islamic period : An ancient form of trial in which an accused person could call 11 people to swear to their belief in his innocence
‏قِصَاصُ الحُقُوقِ‏

Equal retribution of rights
‏قِصَاصُ المَظَالِمِ‏

Retaliating those who devour people's rights
‏قَطعُ الأَيدِي وَالأَرجُلِ مِن خِلَافٍ‏

‏هَيئَةٌ فِي تَنفِيذِ حَدٍّ مِن الحُدُودِ‏
Cutting off hands and feet from opposite sides
‏قَطعُ السَّبِيلِ‏

‏أَي التَّعَرُّضُ لِلمَارِّينَ فِي الطَّرِيقِ سَوَاءٌ بِالسَّرِقَةِ أَو بِالأَذَى‏
To commit highway robbery
‏قَطعُ اليَدِ‏

Hand amputation
‏قَطعُ يَدِ السَّارِقِ‏

Amputating the thief's hand
‏قَطعُ يَدِ المُختَلِسِ وَالمُنتَهِبِ‏

Cutting off the hand of the embezzler and looter
‏قَوَّادٌ‏

Pander
Procurer
Pimp
White slaver
‏كَبَائِرُ الذُّنُوبِ‏

‏عَظِيمُهَا‏
Grievous sins
Mortal sins
‏كَبحُ النَّفسِ‏

‏ضَبطُ النَّفسِ وَكَبحُ جِمَاحِهَا‏
Continence
Self-restraint
Self-discipline
Temperance
‏لَا قَطعَ فِي ثَمَرٍ أَو كَثَرٍ‏

‏لا تُقطَعُ يَدُ السَّارِقِ لِلثِّمَارِ وَأشَجَارِ النَّخِيلِ‏
No amputation for stealing fruits or palm trees
‏لَازِمٌ‏

Legally binding

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏لِعبُ القِمَارِ‏

‏القِمَارُ كُلُّ لِعبٍ يُشتَرَطُ فِيهِ أَن يَأخُذَ الغَالِبُ شَيئًا مِن المَغلُوبِ‏
Gambling
‏لَعنٌ‏

‏اللَّعنُ هُوَ الطَّردُ وَالإِبعَادُ‏
Cursing
Damnation
‏لَعنُ السَّارِقِ وَكُفرُهُ‏

‏طَردُهُ مِن رَحمَةِ اللَّهِ‏
Damnation of the thief
‏لِوَاطٌ‏

‏هُوَ وَطءُ الذَّكَرِ فِي الدُّبُرِ‏
Sodomy
Buggery
Homosexuality : Anal copulation of one male with another
‏لِوَاطَةٌ‏

Buggery
Sodomy : Anal copulation of one male with another
‏لُوطِيٌّ‏

Sodomite : One who engages in sodomy
‏لَيسَ لِظَالِمٍ حَقٌّ‏

No rights for unjust persons
‏مَا لَا قَطعَ فِي سَرِقَتِهِ‏

Stealing that does not incur amputation
‏مَا يُعتَقُ فِي كَفَّارَةِ الحِنثِ‏

‏إِذَا حَلَفَ الشَّخصُ وَحَنَثَ فِي يَمِينِهِ, مَا عَدَدُ العَبِيدِ الَّذِينَ يُعتِقُهُم لِلتَّكفِيرِ عَن الحِنثِ‏
Number of slaves to be released from bandage as an expiation of a broken oath
‏مَا يُعَدُّ رِدَّةً‏

‏مَا يَفعَلُهُ المَرءُ مِن أَفعَالٍ تُخرِجُهُ عَن دِينِهِ وَتُعَدُّ رِدَّةً‏
What is considered as apostasy
‏مَا يُعَدُّ قَذفًا بِالفَاحِشَةِ‏

‏القَولُ الَّذِي يُعَدُّ قَذفًا‏
What is considered a false accusation of adultery
‏مَانِعٌ‏

Legal impediment
‏مُتَعَمِّدٌ‏

Intentional
Deliberate
‏مُجرِمٌ‏

Sinner
Criminal
Malefactor
Felon
‏مُحَارِبٌ‏

Highway robber
Bandit
‏مَحدُودٌ‏

‏مُعَاقَبٌ‏
Punished person
‏مُرتَدٌّ‏

‏رَاجِعٌ عَن مِلَّةِ الإِسلَامِ‏
Apostate
Renegade : One who deserts his faith or religion
‏مُرتَدَّةٌ‏

Female apostate
‏مَرجُومٌ‏

‏الرَّجمُ هُوَ الرَّميُ بِالحِجَارَةِ حَتَّى المَوتِ وَهُوَ حَدُّ الزَّانِي‏
Stoned to death
‏مُسكِرٌ‏

Intoxicant
Intoxicating drink
Alcoholic beverage
Inebriating liquor

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏مَشرُوعِيَّةُ الدِّيَةِ‏

Legality of diyah [Blood money]
‏مَشرُوعِيَّةُ القِصَاصِ‏

Legality of Al-Qisas [Law of Retaliation]
‏مُضطَرٌّ‏

One compelled by necessity
‏مَعَرَّةٌ‏

‏هِيَ الفِعلُ السَّيِّئُ أَو الجَرِيمَةُ الَّتِي تَجلِبُ لِصَاحِبِهَا العَارَ‏
Shameful sin
Scandalous crime
‏مُقتَرَفٌ‏

Perpetrated
Committed
‏مُقتَرِفٌ‏

‏فَاعِلٌ لِلإِثمِ‏
Perpetrator (of a crime)
Committer
Sinner
‏مَكَانُ إِقَامَةِ الحُدُودِ‏

Place of executing prescribed penalties
‏مَن يُقَامُ عَلَيهِ الحَدُّ‏

Upon whom are prescribed penalties executed
‏نَاجِزٌ‏

‏حَاضِرٌ وَعَاجِلٌ‏
Ready
Carried out
Executed
Complete
Absolute
‏نَبشُ القُبُورِ‏

‏فَتحُهَا وَاِستِخرَاجُ الشَّيءِ المَدفُونِ فِيهَا وَسَرِقَةُ الأَكفَانِ مِنهَا‏
Exhumation of graves
Disinterring graves
‏نَدَمُ القَاتِلِ وَتَوبَتُهُ‏

Regret and repentance of the murderer
‏نِصَابُ حَدِّ السَّرِقَةِ‏

Prescribed amount for which penalty for theft is applicable
‏هَدمُ بِنَاءِ الغَيرِ‏

Destroying others' buildings
‏وُجُوبُ الدِّيَةِ عَلَى العَاقِلَةِ‏

‏العَاقِلَةُ هُم عَصَبَةُ القَاتِلِ الَّذِينَ تَجِبُ عَلَيهِم الدِّيَةُ‏
The killer's family should pay the diyah [Blood money]
‏وَلِيُّ الدَّمِ‏

Avenger of blood : A relative entitled to exact retaliation

[أحمد سعد الدين]

الجهاد

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏أَثخَنَ‏

‏أَثقَلَ وَغَلَبَ وَقَهَرَ, وَبَالَغَ فِي القَتلِ‏
To thoroughly subdue the enemy
To inflict great losses on
To kill in great numbers
To eradicate
‏أَثخَنَ فِي العَدُوِّ‏

‏بَالَغَ فِي قَتلِهِم‏
To inflict many casualties on the enemy
To massacre
To slaughter
‏أَثخَنَهُ بِالجِرَاحِ‏

‏أَوهَنَهُ وَأَضعَفَهُ, وَالإِثخَانُ هُوَ الإِكثَارُ مِن القَتلِ‏
To weaken someone by wounds
‏أَجَارَ‏

To protect
To shelter
To grant asylum to
‏أَحَاطَ بِ‏

To surround
To encompass
To encircle
To besiege
‏أَحلَاف‏

‏جَمعُ حَلِيفٍ وَهُوَ المُعَاهَدُ أَو جَمعُ حِلفٍ وَهُوَ المُعَاهَدَةُ‏
Alliances
Allies
‏أَرضُ الحَربِ‏

Enemy land
‏أَسَرَ‏

‏الأَسرُ هُوَ الأَخذُ‏
To capture
To captivate
‏أَسِيرٌ‏

‏الأَسِيرُ هُوَ الأَخِيذُ, فَكُلُّ مَحبُوسٍ يُقَالُ لَهُ أَسِيرٌ‏
Captive
Prisoner of war
‏أَصحَابُ الخُمُسِ‏

Those who are entitled to one-fifth of the war booty
‏أَعجَزَ‏

‏أَضعَفَ‏
To weaken
To disable
To make powerless or ineffective
‏أَفَاءَ‏

‏أَعطَى غَنِيمَةً‏
To give as booty to
To bestow upon
‏أَنصَارٌ‏

Allies
Supporters
Helpers
‏أَهلُ الذِّمَّةِ‏

‏الذِّمَّةُ هِيَ العَهدُ, فَالذِّمَّةُ عَهدٌ يُعطَى لِلمُوَاطِنِينَ غَيرِ المُسلِمِينَ لِلحِفَاظِ عَلَى أَروَاحِهِم وَأَموَالِهِم وَعَدَمِ المَسَاسِ بِأَديَانِهِم, فَأَهلُ الذِّمَّةِ هُم المُعَاهَدُونَ مِن أَهلِ الكِتَابِ وَمَن جَرَى مَجرَاهُم‏
Dhimmis : Non-Muslims living in and under the protection of a Muslim state
‏أَهلُ العَهدِ‏

People who have held covenants with Muslims
‏إِعلَانُ حَربٍ‏

Declaration of war
‏إِغَارَةٌ‏

‏هِيَ الهُجُومُ عَلَى العَدُوِّ بِالخَيلِ, وَالنَّيلُ مِنهُم‏
Invasion
Raid
Foray
‏إِمدَادَاتٌ‏

Supplies
Reinforcements
Auxiliaries
Fresh troops
‏اِرتِزَاقٌ‏

‏هُوَ القِتَالُ مَعَ أَيِّ طَرَفٍ كَوَسِيلَةٍ لِكَسبِ الرِّزقِ‏
Mercenary
‏اِستِبسَالٌ‏

‏الِاستِمَاتَةُ فِي الدِّفَاعِ وَالقِتَالِ بِشَجَاعَةٍ‏
Death defiance
Heroism
Valor

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏اِستَجَارَ‏

‏طَلَبَ النُّصرَةَ وَالمُعَاوَنَةَ‏
To ask for protection
To seek refuge with
To appeal for the help of
‏اِستِشهَادٌ‏

Martyrdom
‏اِستَشهَدَ‏

‏مَاتَ شَهِيدًا‏
To die as a martyr
‏اِستَغَاثَ‏

‏طَلَبَ الغَوثَ وَالنَّجَاةَ‏
To implore for assistance
To appeal for help
‏اِستَنصَرَ‏

‏طَلَبَ مَن يَنصُرُهُ‏
To turn to somebody for help
To ask for the help of
‏اِعتَدَى‏

To assault
To attak
To violate
‏اِعتِصَامٌ بِ‏

‏اللُّجُوء‏
Having recourse to
Having resort to
‏اِعتَصَمَ بِ‏

To resort to
To have recourse to
‏اِفتَدَى‏

To ransom
To redeem
‏اِقتَتَلَ‏

To fight (one another)
To combat
‏الإِثخَانُ‏

‏المُبَالَغَةُ وَالإِكثَارُ فِي القَتلِ‏
Massacre
Mass murder
‏التَّخَلُّفُ‏

‏هُوَ التَّقَاعُسُ عَن المُشَارَكَةِ فِي الجِهَادِ‏
Lagging behind
Lingering
‏الثَّجُّ‏

‏هُوَ اِنحِدَارُ المَاءِ أَو سَيَلَانُ الدَّمِ وَانصِبَابُهُ بِشِدَّةٍ‏
Blood flowing heavily from a wound
‏الجِزيَةُ‏

‏مَا تَفرِضُهُ الدَّولَةُ عَلَى رُءُوسِ أَهلِ الذِّمَّةِ‏
Jizyah : A tax levied upon non-Muslims living in a Muslim state
‏الجِهَادُ الأَصغَرُ‏

‏وَهُوَ قِتَالُ العَدُوِّ الكَافِرِ‏
Minor Jihad : Fighting against unbelievers
‏الجِهَادُ الأَكبَرُ‏

‏وَهُوَ جِهَادُ النَّفسِ وَمُحَارَبَتُهَا فِي إِبعَادِهَا عَن الحَرَامِ , وَالسَّيرُ بِهَا إِلَى طَرِيقِ الرَّشَادِ‏
Major Jihad : Fighting one's caprices and vain desires
‏الجِهَادُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ‏

Fighting in the cause of Allah
‏الخُمُسُ‏

One fifth (of booty or spoils)
‏الخَوَالِفُ‏

‏الَّذِينَ يَتَخَلَّفُونَ عَن الجِهَادِ‏
Those who remain behind in case of war
‏الرَّاحِلَةُ‏

‏النَّاقَةُ الَّتِي تَصلُحُ لِأَن يُرحَلَ عَلَيهَا‏
Riding camel

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏الرَّامِي بِالسَّهمِ‏

Archer
Bowman
‏الشَّجَاعَةُ‏

Bravery
Courage
Valiance
Valor
‏الصَّدَقَةُ لِلجِهَادِ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ‏

Charity spent on fighting in the cause of Allah
‏الفَتحُ‏

‏النَّصرُ‏
Victory
Triumph
Conquest
‏القِتَالُ مِن وَرَاءِ الإِمَامِ‏

Fighting under the Imam's command
‏القَمعُ‏

‏القَهرُ‏
Repression
Suppression
Crushing
Quelling
Curbing
‏المُرَابِطُ‏

Murabit : A soldier who guards in the borderlines of the Muslim state
‏المُعتَدِي‏

Aggressor
Invader
Assaulter
Attacker
‏المَغَازِي‏

Military campaigns of the Prophet
‏النُّصرَةُ‏

Support
Help
Assistance
‏النَّفَقَةُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ‏

Spending money in Allah's cause
‏اِنتِقَامٌ‏

Revenge
Vengeance
Reprisal
‏اِنتِهَابٌ‏

‏سَلبٌ‏
Looting
Ravaging
Plunder
Pillage
‏اِندِحَارٌ‏

Defeat
Debacle
Collapse
‏بارَزَ‏

‏حَارَبَ بِالسِّلَاحِ‏
To duel
To encounter in a combat
To affront
To fight (with)
‏بَسَالَةٌ‏

‏شَجَاعَةٌ‏
Courage
Bravery
Boldness
Valiance
Valor
‏بَسَلَ‏

To be brave
To be fearless
‏بِغَيرِ عُذرٍ‏

Without reason
With no excuse
‏بِلَادُ الإِسلَامِ‏

Muslim countries
Muslim territories
‏بَيَاتٌ‏

Attacking at night

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏تَجهِيزُ الغُزَاةِ‏

‏إِعدَادُهُم لِلحَربِ وَالجِهَادِ‏
Equipping warriors
‏تَحَارَبَ‏

To fight (one another)
To combat
To be engaged in war
‏تَحصِينٌ‏

Fortification
‏تَخذِيلٌ‏

‏تَقلِيلٌ مِن العَزِيمَةِ‏
Disappointment
Frustration
‏تَخَلَّفَ‏

To linger
To remain behind
To lag
‏تَظَاهَرَ‏

To assist one against another
‏تَعبِئَةُ الجَيشِ‏

‏اِستِعدَادُهُ لِلقِتَالِ‏
Mobilization of the army
War preparations
‏تَعَقَّبَ‏

‏تَتَبَّعَ السَّيرَ وَتَقَفَّاهُ‏
To follow
To chase
To trail
‏تَموِيهٌ‏

‏أَي تَضلِيلٌ‏
Camouflage
‏تَنَاصَرَ‏

To aid one another
To assist one another
‏ثُغُورٌ‏

‏جَمعُ ثَغرٍ وَالثَّغرُ هُوَ الفُرجَةُ فِي الجَبَلِ, وَهُوَ المَوضِعُ الَّذِي يُخَافُ مِنهُ هُجُومُ العَدُوِّ‏
Frontiers
Inlets
Ports
Vulnerabilities
Borderlines
‏جَائِرٌ‏

‏ظَالِمٌ مُعتَدٍ وَآثِمٌ‏
Unjust
Oppressor
‏جَاهَدَ‏

To fight
To struggle
To strive
‏جَاهَدَ بِمَالِهِ‏

‏أَنفَقَهُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ‏
To spend one's wealth in the way of Allah
‏جَاهَدَ بِنَفسِهِ‏

To participate in Jihad in person
‏جَنَحَ لِلسِّلمِ‏

‏مَالَ وَرَكَنَ إِلَيهِ‏
To incline towards peace
‏جُندٌ‏

‏هُم المُجَنَّدُونَ وَالمُعَدُّونَ لِلحَربِ‏
Troops
Forces
Army
Soldiers
‏جُنُودُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرضِ‏

‏جُنُودُ السَّمَوَاتِ هُم المَلَائِكَةُ‏
Forces of the heavens and the earth
‏جُنُودٌ مُجَنَّدَةٌ‏

Recruited troops
‏جِهَادُ النَّفسِ‏

Strife against one's caprice
Controlling one's desires
Fighting one's vain desires

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏جَهدٌ‏

‏مَشَقَّةٌ‏
Effort
Endeavor
Striving with might and main
Toil
Fatigue
‏جَورٌ‏

‏ظُلمٌ‏
Injustice
Oppression
Transgression
Tyranny
‏حَاذِرٌ‏

Careful
Cautious
Attentive
Alert
‏حَارَبَ‏

‏قَاتَلَ ضِدَّ العَدُوِّ‏
To fight
To combat
To battle
To wage war
‏حَامِلُ الرَّايَةِ‏

‏الرَّايَةُ هِيَ الشَّارَةُ وَالعَلَامَةُ وَتَحمِلُ شِعَارَ الجِهَةِ الَّتِي تُقَاتِلُ‏
Banner-bearer : One who carries his army's banner in war
‏حَامِلُ الرُّمحِ‏

Lancer
Spearer : A cavalryman armed with a lance or spear
‏حَبلُ عَاتِقِهِ‏

‏عِرقٌ بَينَ رَقَبَةِ الإِنسَانِ وَكَتِفِهِ يُعَبَّرُ بِقَطعِهِ مَجَازًا عَن القَتلِ‏
A vein between one's neck and shoulders
‏حَتف‏

‏المَوتُ وَالهَلَاكُ, مَاتَ حَتفَ أَنفِهِ أَي مَاتَ عَلَى فِرَاشِهِ بِلَا ضَربٍ وَلَا قَتلٍ‏
Death
‏حَدَقَ‏

‏نَظَرَ إِلَى الشَّيءِ أَو أَحَاطَ بِهِ بِتَمَحُّصٍ‏
To stare at
To gaze at
‏حَذِرَ‏

‏اِحتَاطَ لِلأَمرِ‏
To be cautious of
To beware of
To take precautions against
‏حِرَاب‏

Spears
Lances
‏حَربِيٌّ‏

‏الَّذِي يُقَاتِلُ ضِدَّ المُسلِمِينَ‏
One who is at war against Muslims
A non-Muslim worrier
‏حَرَّضَ‏

‏حَثَّ عَلَى القِتَالِ‏
To incite
To instigate
To motivate
To encourage soldiers to fight
‏حِزبُ اللَّهِ‏

‏أَحِبَّاؤُهُ وَأنَصَارُهُ‏
The Party of Allah
The believers
‏حَسبُنَا اللَّهُ‏

‏حَسِيبُنَا وَكَفِيلُنَا هُوَ اللَّهُ وَكَفَانَا‏
Allah is All-Sufficient for us
‏حِصنٌ‏

‏مَوضِعٌ مَنِيعٌ‏
Fort
Fortress
Bulwark
Stronghold
Citadel
‏حِلُّ الغَنَائِمِ‏

Lawfulness of taking spoils
‏حِلفٌ‏

Alliance
‏حَلِيفٌ‏

Ally
Confederate
Allied party
‏حَملَةٌ‏

Expedition
Campaign

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏حَمَى‏

‏حَافَظَ‏
To protect
To shield
To defend
To guard
To preserve
‏خَاضَ المَنَايَا‏

‏وَاجَهَ المَوتَ‏
To face death boldly
‏خَلَّفَ‏

‏تَرَكَ‏
To leave behind
‏خُمُسُ الغَنَائِمِ‏

One-fifth of booty
‏خِنجَرٌ‏

Dagger
Poniard
Stiletto
‏دَارُ الإِسلَامِ‏

‏دَولَةُ الإِسلَامِ, أَو أَرضُ الإِسلَامِ‏
Land ruled by Muslims
‏دَارُ الحَربِ‏

Land not ruled by Muslims
‏دَارُ العَهدِ‏

A country that has a peace treaty with Muslims
‏دَارُ الكُفرِ‏

Non-Muslim state
‏دَحَرَ‏

‏دَفَعَ أَو هَزَمَ‏
To defeat
To vanquish
To rout
‏دِرعٌ‏

‏القَمِيصُ مِن حَلَقَاتٍ مِن الحَدِيدِ مُتَشَابِكَةٍ تُلبَسُ وِقَايَةً مِن السِّلَاحِ‏
Coat of mail
‏دُرُوعٌ سَابِغَاتٍ‏

Full coats of mail
‏ذَاتُ اليَمِينِ‏

‏الجَانِبُ الأَيمَنُ‏
The right side
‏ذِمَّةٌ‏

Protection
Covenant of protection
Compact
‏ذِمِّيٌّ‏

‏مَن أُمضِيَ لَهُ عَقدُ الذِّمَّةِ‏
Dhimmi : A non-Muslim living in and under the protection of a Muslim state
‏رَابَطَ‏

To be stationed (army)
To take up positions
‏رَايَةٌ‏

Flag
Army banner
‏رِبَاطٌ‏

‏الإِقَامَةُ فِي حُدُودِ البِلَادِ مُقَابِلًا لِلعَدُوِّ إِخَاَفَةً لَهُ‏
Being on guard in a frontier station
‏رِبَاطَةُ الجَأشِ‏

Equanimity
Composure
Self-possession
Sangfroid
Aplomb
Poise
‏رَبَطَ اللَّهُ عَلَى قَلبِهِ‏

‏ثَبَّتَهُ بِالإِيمَانِ‏
Allah has strengthened his heart (with Faith)

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏رَحِيلٌ‏

Departure
Migration
‏رَشقٌ بِالنِّبَالِ‏

Pelting with arrows
Shooting with arrows
‏رَوحَةٌ‏

Evening expedition
‏سَبيٌ‏

‏أَسرٌ‏
Capture
Captivity
‏سَبيُ النِّسَاءِ‏

‏أَسرُهُم وَحَبسُهُم‏
Capturing women
Enslaving female captives
Taking women captives
‏سَرِيَّةٌ‏

‏قِطعَةٌ مِن قِطَعِ الجَيشِ أَقَلُّهَا تِسعَةُ أَشخَاصٍ وَأَقصَاهَا أَربَعُمِائَةِ شَخصٍ‏
Brigade
Detachment
Company
‏سَفكُ الدِّمَاءِ‏

‏هَدرُ الدِّمَاءِ بِغَيرِ حَقٍّ‏
Blood-shedding
‏سِلَاحٌ‏

Weapon
Arms
Armaments
‏سَلَامٌ‏

Peace
Reconciliation
‏سَهمٌ‏

Arrow
‏سَيفٌ‏

Sword
Saber
Rapier
Cutlass
‏سَيفٌ مَسلُولٌ‏

Unsheathed sword
‏شَرَدَ‏

To displace
To dislodge
To make homeless
To disperse
‏شِرذِمَةٌ‏

‏الشِّرذِمَةُ هِيَ القِطعَةُ مِن الشَّيءِ, وَالشِّرذِمَةُ مِن النَّاسِ أَي الجَمَاعَةُ القَلِيلَةُ‏
Small band of people
‏شَهِيدٌ‏

‏مَاتَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ طَالِبًا النَّصرَ أَو الشَّهَادَةَ‏
Martyr
‏شَهِيدَةٌ‏

Female martyr
‏شَوكَةٌ‏

‏السِّلَاحُ, القُوَّةُ وَالبَأسُ‏
Weaponry
Arms
Might
‏صَائِلٌ‏

‏وَهُوَ الَّذِي يَسطُو وَيَقهَرُ مَن يَسطُو عَلَيهِ وَيَغلِبُهُ‏
Assailant
Attacker
Valiant warrior
Valiant fighter
‏صِرَاعٌ‏

‏عِرَاكٌ وَقِتَالٌ‏
Conflict
Fight
Combat
‏صَيَاصِي‏

‏الحُصُونُ المَنِيعَةُ‏
Strongholds
Fortifications

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏صِيَالٌ‏

Assaulting
Attacking
Valiant fighting
‏ضَحَّى‏

To sacrifice
To offer up
To immolate
‏طَاغُوت‏

‏طَاغِيَةٌ مُتَكَبِّرٌ أَو هُوَ مَا يُعبَدُ مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ‏
Tyrant
Satan
Idol
‏عَادِيَاتٌ‏

‏هِيَ الخَيلُ السَّرِيعَةُ العَدوِ بِفُرسَانِهَا‏
Swift horses
‏عُتُلٌّ‏

‏العُتُلُّ هُوَ الشَّدِيدُ مِن كُلِّ شَيءٍ وَيُقَالُ رَجُلٌ عُتُلٌّ أَي جَافٌّ غَلِيظٌ‏
Rough
Crude
Coarse
‏عَدُوٌّ‏

Enemy
Foe
Adversary
‏عَدُوٌّ مُبِينٌ‏

Avowed enemy
‏عُدوَان‏

Aggression
Assault
Attack
Invasion
‏عَزَّزَ‏

‏كَثَّفَ, فَتَعزِيزُ الجَيشِ أَي إِمدَادُهُ بِكُلِّ مَا يَحتَاجُ إِلَيهِ‏
To supply with provision and equipment
To aid
To support
To reinforce
‏عَسِيرٌ‏

Difficult
Hard
Arduous
‏عَلَمٌ‏

Flag
Banner
‏عَهدٌ‏

Covenant
Compact
Convention
Pact
Treaty
Commitment
Pledge
‏عَورَاتُ‏

‏جَمعُ عَورَةٍ وَالعَورَةُ هِيَ المَكَانُ أَو البَيتُ فِيهِ خَلَلٌ يُخشَى دُخُولُ العَدُوِّ مِنهُ‏
Vulnerabilities
Exposed positions
‏عَينٌ‏

Spy
Eye
‏غَزَا‏

To invade
To conquer
To attack
To assault
‏غَفَلَ‏

‏سَهَا‏
To forget
To be unmindful
To be negligent
‏غُلُولٌ‏

‏الخِيَانَةُ فِي المَغنَمِ وَغَيرِهِ‏
To embezzle a part of the war booty before its distribution
‏غَنِمَ‏

‏فَازَ وَحَصَلَ عَلَى مَا يُرِيدُ‏
To take as booty
‏غَنِيمَةٌ‏

‏الغَنِيمَةُ هِيَ مَا يُؤخَذُ فِي الحَربِ قَهرًا‏
Spoils
Booty
Loot
Plunder
‏غَوثٌ‏

‏مُسَاعَدَةٌ‏
Succor
Aid
Help
Relief

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏فِئَةٌ‏

‏مَجمُوعَةٌ مِن الرِّجَالِ المُقَاتِلِينَ‏
Band of fighting men
‏فَتَحَ بَلَدًا‏

‏دَخَلَهَا‏
To conquer
To capture
To occupy
To take over
‏فَتحٌ قَرِيبٌ‏

‏نَصرٌ قَرِيبٌ‏
Imminent victory
‏فَتحٌ مُبِينٌ‏

Manifest victory
Resounding victory
‏فَرَّ‏

‏هَرَبَ‏
To flee
To escape
To run away
To retreat
To turn one's back
‏فِرَارٌ‏

‏هُرُوبٌ‏
Running away
Flight
Escape
Retreat
‏قَاعِدٌ‏

Non-warrior : One who lingers and does not participate in Jihad
‏قِتَالٌ‏

Fighting
War
‏قِتَالُ أَهلِ البَغيِ‏

Fighting rebels
‏قِتَالُ المُرتَدِّ‏

Fighting apostates
‏قِتَالُ المُسلِمِ بِمَثَابَةِ الكُفرِ‏

‏إِزهَاقُ رُوحِ المُسلِمِ بِغَيرِ حَقٍّ يَعدِلُ الكُفرَ دُونَ الخُرُوجَ عَن مِلَّةِ الإِسلَامِ‏
Fighting a Muslim is an act of disbelief
‏قَلَّدَ الخَيلَ‏

‏وَضَعَ فِي عُنُقِهَا قِلَادَةً‏
To garland horses
‏قَمعِيٌّ‏

Repressive
Suppressive
Oppressive
‏قَهرٌ‏

Subjugation
Overcoming
Compulsion
Coercion
Duress
‏قَهرًا‏

By force
Under coercion
‏قَوسٌ‏

‏الآلَةُ القَاذِفَةُ لِلسِّهَامِ‏
Arbalest
Bow
‏قَيَّدَ الجَمَلَ‏

To tether a camel
‏لَا يُقهَرُ‏

‏لَا يُغلَبُ‏
Indomitable
Unconquerable
Invincible
‏لِوَاءٌ‏

‏العَلَمُ وَهُوَ دُونَ الرَّايَةِ, وَفِي الجَيشِ عَدَدٌ مِن الكَتَائِبِ‏
Banner
Flag
Brigade
‏لَوَاذٌ‏

‏هُوَ اللُّجُوءُ إِلَى الشَّيءِ وَالتَّحَصُّنُ بِهِ‏
Fleeing for shelter
Seeking refuge

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏مَأسُورٌ‏

Captivated
‏مُؤَازَرَةٌ‏

‏مُعَاوَنَةٌ‏
Support
Aid
Backing
Help
‏مُؤَنٌ حَربِيَّةٌ‏

War materiel
Ammunition
Munitions
‏مُؤنَةٌ‏

‏هِيَ القُوتُ‏
Provisions
Supplies
Stores
Victuals
Rations
‏مُبَارَزَةٌ‏

Dueling
Fencing
‏مُتَمَرِّدٌ‏

Contumacious
Insubordinate
Rebellious
Mutinous
‏مُجَاهِدٌ‏

‏مُحَارِبٌ لِلعَدُوِّ‏
Mujahid : Muslim warrior who fights in the cause of Allah
‏مِجَنٌّ‏

‏السَّاتِرُ لِصَاحِبِهِ مِن ضَربَةِ السَّيفِ وَنَحوِهَا, كَالتُّرسِ وَنَحوِهِ‏
Shield
Armor
Cuirass
‏مَحذُورٌ‏

Danger
Peril
Jeopardy
Trouble
‏مُخَلَّفٌ‏

‏مُتَقَاعِسٌ عَن الجِهَادِ‏
Left behind : One who lingers and does not participate in Jihad
‏مَخمَصَةٌ‏

‏هِيَ خَلَاءُ البَطنِ مِن الطَّعَامِ, الجُوعُ الشَّدِيدُ‏
Hunger
‏مَدحُورٌ‏

Driven away
Expelled
Defeated
Vanquished
‏مُرَابَطَةٌ‏

‏الإِقَامَةُ عَلَى حُدُودِ البِلَادِ فِي مَوَاجَهَةِ العَدُوِّ اِستِعدَادًا لِلطَّوَارِئِ‏
Guarding the country's frontiers
‏مُرتَزِقَة‏

‏الجُنُودُ الأَجَانِبُ المُستَأجَرُونَ لِلقِتَالِ‏
Mercenaries : Professional soldiers hired for service in a foreign army
‏مُستَعَانٌ‏

‏هُوَ الَّذِي يُطلَبُ مِنهُ العَونُ‏
One whose aid is to be implored
‏مُشَارَكَةُ المَلَائِكَةِ المُؤمِنِينَ فِي القِتَالِ‏

‏إِمدَادُ اللَّهِ المُسلِمِينَ بِالمَلَائِكَةِ لِمُشَارَكَتِهِم فِي القِتَالِ‏
Angels' participation with Muslims in battles
‏مَشَاهِدُ‏

Encounters
Battles
Clashes
‏مُعَاهَدٌ‏

Ally
Confederate
Covenantor
‏مُعَاهَدَةٌ‏

‏هِي اِتِّفَاقِيَّةٌ بَينَ جِهَتَينِ عَلَى الصُّلحِ أَو عَدَمِ الِاعتِدَاءِ‏
Treaty
Pact
Accord
Agreement
‏مَغنَمٌ‏

‏هُوَ مَا أُخِذَ مِن أَهلِ الكُفرِ عَنوَةً وَالحَربُ قَائِمَةٌ‏
Loot
Spoils
Booty

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏مَقتَلٌ‏

Murder
Assassination
Killing
‏مُنتَهَبٌ‏

Looter
Marauder
‏مَنجَنِيق‏

Mangonel
Catapult
Ballista
‏مَهزُومٌ‏

Defeated
Routed
Crushed
‏مُوَاجَهَةٌ‏

Confrontation
Encounter
Clash
Skirmish
‏مِيثَاقٌ‏

Covenant
Compact
Convention
Pact
Treaty
Agreement
Charter
‏نِبَالٌ‏

Arrows
‏نَصرٌ‏

Victory
Triumph
‏نَصَرَ‏

To support
To help
To back
‏نَصرُ اللَّهِ الدِّينَ بِالرَّجُلِ الفَاجِرِ‏

Allah's religion may be aided by a sinful man
‏نِعمَةٌ‏

Grace
Favor
Beneficence
Blessing
‏نَقضُ العَهدِ‏

‏نَبذُهُ وَعَدَمُ الوَفَاءِ بِهِ‏
Violating a covenant
Breaching an agreement
‏نَكثُ بَيعَةِ الإِمَامِ‏

‏نَقضُهَا‏
Violating the pledge given to the Imam
‏هُدنَةٌ‏

‏الِاتِّفَاقُ عَلَى وَقفِ القِتَالِ بَينَ المُتَحَارِبِينَ مُدَّةً مُعَيَّنَةً بِعِوَضٍ أَو غَيرِهِ مَعَ اِستِمرَارِ حَالَةِ الحَربِ‏
Armistice
Truce
‏وَجَّهَ‏

To direct
To dispatch
‏وَلَّوا الأَدبَارَ‏

‏فَرُّوا هَارِبِينَ‏
To turn their backs
To retreat
To withdraw

[أحمد سعد الدين]

المواريث

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏آبَاءٌ شَتَّى‏

Different fathers
‏آلَ‏

To return
To become
‏آيَةُ الفَرَائِضِ‏

‏الآيَةُ الَّتِي ذُكِرَت فِي القُرآنِ تَتَحَدَّثُ عَن الفَرَائِضِ‏
The Qur'anic verse on inheritance
‏أَبٌ‏

Father
‏أُبُوَّةٌ‏

Fatherhood
Paternity
‏أَجدَادٌ‏

Grandfathers
‏أَحفَادٌ‏

Grandchildren
‏أَحَقُّ‏

More entitled
‏أَحكَامُ المِيرَاثِ‏

Laws of inheritance
‏أَحوَالُ المِيرَاثِ‏

Cases of inheritance
‏أَخٌ‏

Brother of the deceased
‏أَخٌ بِالرَّضَاعَةِ‏

‏الَّذِي صَارَ أَخًا لِاِبنِ الأُمِّ المُرضِعَةِ بِالرَّضَاعَةِ مِنهَا‏
Brother by suckling
‏أَخٌ شَقِيقٌ‏

‏مِن نَفسِ الأُمِّ وَالأَبِ‏
Full brother
‏أَخٌ غَيرُ شَقِيقٍ‏

‏مِن الأَبِ فَقَط أَو الأُمِّ فَقَط‏
Half brother
‏أَخٌ لِأَبٍ‏

Paternal brother
‏أَخٌ لِأُمٍّ‏

Maternal brother
‏أَخٌ مِن أَيِّ الجِهَاتِ‏

‏سَوَاءٌ أَخٌ لِأُمٍّ، أَخٌ لِأَبٍ، أَخٌ شَقِيقٌ‏
Consanguine or uterine brother
‏أُختٌ‏

Sister of the deceased
‏أُختُ الأَبِ‏

Paternal aunt
‏أُختُ الأَبِ الشَّقِيقَةُ‏

Full paternal aunt

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏أُختُ الأُمِّ الشَّقِيقَةُ‏

Full maternal aunt
‏أُختُ الأُمِّ الغَيرُ شَقِيقَةٍ‏

Half maternal aunt
‏أُختٌ بِالرَّضَاعَةِ‏

Sister by suckling
‏أُختٌ شَقِيقَةٌ‏

Full sister
‏أُختٌ غَيرُ شَقِيقَةٍ‏

Half sister
‏أُختٌ لِأَبٍ‏

Paternal sister
‏أُختٌ لِأُمٍّ‏

Maternal sister
‏أَدِلَّةُ الإِرثِ‏

‏مَصَادِرُ تَشرِيعِ الإِرثِ سَوَاءٌ القُرآنُ أَو السُّنَّةُ‏
Proofs of inheritance
‏أَرَاضِي‏

Lands
‏أَرشَدُ الأُسرَةِ‏

‏الأَكثَرُ رَشَادًا وَعَقلًا فِي الأُسرَةِ‏
The eldest adult child in the family
‏أَسبَابُ الإِرثِ‏

Causes of inheritance
‏أَسبَابُ العَصَبَةِ‏

Reasons of consanguinity
‏أَسبَابُ المِيرَاثِ‏

Causes of inheritance
‏أَصحَابُ الرَّدِّ‏

Heirs of surplus redistribution
‏أَصحَابُ الفُرُوضِ‏

‏هُم الوَرَثَةُ الَّذِينَ حَدَّدَ القُرآنُ الكَرِيمُ أَو السُّنَّةُ النَّبَوِيَّةُ أَو إِجمَاعُ الفُقَهَاءِ نَصِيبَهُم فِي التَّرِكَةِ‏
Heirs of shares prescribed by the Holy Qur'an
‏أَصلُ المَسأَلَةِ‏

‏هُوَ أَقَلُّ عَدَدٍ يُمكِنُ أَن تُؤخَذَ مِنهُ سِهَامُ الوَرَثَةِ بِدُونِ كُسُورٍ‏
Original number of shares : The minimum integer that can be divided without fractions
‏أَصلٌ وَفَرعٌ‏

‏الأَصلُ هُم الأَبُ وَالأُمُّ، وَالفَرعُ هُم الأَبنَاءُ وَالبَنَاتُ‏
Ascendant and descendant heirs of the deceased
‏أُصُولٌ‏

‏كَالأَبِ وَالجَدِّ‏
Ancestors
Forefathers
‏أُصُولُ المَيِّتِ‏

Ancestors of the deceased
‏أَعقَبَ‏

To beget
To have offspring

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏أَقَارِبُ‏

Relatives
Kinsmen
‏أَقَلُّ مِنهُم دَرَجَةً‏

To be in a lower hereditary degree than them
‏أُمٌّ‏

Mother of the deceased
‏أُمٌّ بِالرَّضَاعَةِ‏

‏مَن تَمَّ رَضَاعُ المِقدَارِ المُحَرَّمِ مِن لَبَنِهَا‏
Mother by suckling
‏أُمَّهَاتٌ شَتَّى‏

‏أُمَّهَاتٌ مُختَلِفَةٌ‏
Different mothers
‏أَنوَاعُ الوَصِيَّةِ‏

Kinds of wills
‏أَوصَى‏

‏كَتَبَ وَصِيَّةً‏
To bequeath
To give by will
To transfer by will
‏إِثبَاتُ الوَفَاةِ‏

‏التَّأَكُّدُ مِن وَفَاةِ الشَّخصِ‏
Ascertainment of death
‏إِخَاءٌ‏

Brotherhood
‏إِخوَةٌ أَشِقَّاءُ‏

‏مِن أَبٍ وَاحِدٍ وَأُمٍّ وَاحِدَةٍ‏
Full brothers
‏إِذَا اِجتَمَعَ الأَبُ مَعَ البِنتِ‏

‏حَالَةٌ مِن حَالَاتِ مِيرَاثِ الأَبِ، إِذَا مَاتَ شَخصٌ وَتَرَكَ أَبًا وَبِنتًا اِجتَمَعُوا فِي المِيرَاثِ‏
When the deceased leaves a father and a daughter
‏إِذَا اِجتَمَعَ الجَدُّ العَصَبِيُّ مَعَ الأَخِ الشَّقِيقِ‏

‏مَاتَ شَخصٌ وَتَرَكَ جَدًّا وَأَخًا شَقِيقًا اِجتَمَعُوا فِي المِيرَاثِ‏
When the deceased leaves a consanguine grandfather and a full brother
‏إِذَا تَحَقَّقَت حَيَاةُ المَولُودِ‏

‏إِذَا ثَبَتَت حَيَاتُهُ‏
When the newborn baby is verified to be alive
‏إِذَا حُكِمَ بِمَوتِ المَفقُودِ‏

When the lost person is judged to be dead
‏إِرثٌ‏

‏مَا يُخلِفُهُ المَيِّتُ لِوَرَثَتِهِ مِن مَالٍ وَغَيرِهِ‏
Inheritance
‏إِصَابَةُ المُكَاتَبِ مِيرَاثًا‏

The inheritance of Al-Mukatab
‏إِضرَارُ المُوصِي بِالوَرَثَةِ‏

A testator harming his inheritors
‏ابنٌ‏

Son of the deceased
‏اِبنُ أَخٍ مُدلِي‏

Son of a brother, however low
‏اِبنُ الأَخِ‏

Son of a brother

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏اِبنُ الأُختِ‏

Son of a sister
‏اِبنُ الِابنِ‏

Grandson
‏اِبنُ البِنتِ‏

Son of a daughter
‏اِبنُ خَالٍ شَقِيقٍ‏

Son of a full maternal uncle
‏اِبنُ عَمٍّ شَقِيقٍ‏

Son of a full paternal uncle
‏اِبنُ عَمٍّ لِأَبٍ‏

Son of a half paternal uncle
‏اِبنَةُ أَخٍ بِالرَّضَاعَةِ‏

Daughter of a brother by suckling
‏اِختُصَ بِالسُّدُسِ‏

Entitled to a share of one-sixth
‏اِختِلَافُ الدَّارَينِ‏

Difference in place of residence
‏اِختِلَافُ الدِّينِ‏

Difference in religion
‏اِشتِرَاكٌ فِي مِيرَاثٍ‏

Co-inheritance
‏الأُختُ مِن أَيِّ الجِهَاتِ‏

Consanguine or uterine sister
‏الأَهلِيَّةُ لِلإِرثِ‏

‏وُجُودُ سَبَبِ الإِرثِ مَعَ عَدَمِ وُجُودِ مَانِعٍ مِن الإِرثِ‏
One's eligibility for inheritance
‏الإِخوَةُ‏

Brothers
‏الإِرثُ بِطَرِيقِ الفَرِيضَةِ‏

‏الفُرُوضُ المُقَدَّرَةُ فِي القُرآنِ , وَهِيَ النِّصفُ وَالرُّبعُ وَالثُّمُنُ‏
Receiving a prescribed share of inheritance
‏الإِنَاثُ‏

Females
‏البَاقِي‏

Rest
‏البَحثُ وَالتَّحَرِّي‏

Search and investigation
‏البِنتُ‏

Daughter of the deceased
‏التَّخَارُجُ‏

‏وَهُوَ أَن يَترُكَ بَعضُ الوَرَثَةِ نَصِيبَهُ مِن التَّرِكَةِ لِلآخَرِينَ أَو لِبَعضِهِم مُقَابِلَ شَيءٍ مَعلُومٍ مِن التَّرِكَةِ نَفسِهَا أَو مِن غَيرِهَا‏
Al-Takharuj : Compromise among the inheritors for a sum of money

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏التَّرِكَةُ‏

‏مَا يَترُكُهُ الشَّخصُ بَعدَ مَوتِهِ مِن أَموَالٍ وَحُقُوقٍ‏
Estate
Property
‏التَّصحِيحُ‏

‏أَخذُ سِهَامِ الوَرَثَةِ مِن أَقَلِّ عَدَدٍ يَقسِمُ حِصَصَهُم عَلَيهِم بِدُونِ كَسرٍ‏
Share defragmentation : Distributing the total shares of the estate to the minimum integer that can be divided without fraction
‏التَّقدِيمُ بِقُوَّةِ القَرَابَةِ‏

Giving priority to the nearest relative
‏التَّورِيثُ بِوَصِيَّةٍ‏

Bequeathing
‏الثُّلُثُ‏

One-third
‏الثُّلُثَانِ‏

Two-thirds
‏الجَدُّ البَعِيدُ‏

Distant grandfather
‏الجَدُّ الرَّحِمِيُّ‏

Uterine grandfather
‏الجَدُّ الفَاسِدُ‏

Uterine grandfather
‏الجَدُّ القَرِيبُ‏

Grandfather
‏الجَدُّ وَإِن عَلَا‏

Grandfather of the deceased how so ever high
‏الحَائِلُ‏

‏مَا تَفُوتُ بِهِ أَهلِيَّةُ الإِرثِ مَعَ قِيَامِ سَبَبِهِ وَتَوَفُّرِ شُرُوطِهِ‏
Barrier
Obstacle
‏الحَجبُ‏

Exclusion (of being an heir)
‏الحَجبُ مِن المِيرَاثِ‏

‏مَنعُ شَخصٍ مُعَيَّنٍ مِن كُلِّ مِيرَاثِهِ أَو مِن بَعضِهِ لِوُجُودِ شَخصٍ آخَرَ‏
Exclusion from inheritance : An heir's total or partial exclusion from the inheritance because of the presence of a certain person
‏الحَوَاشِي‏

Collateral relatives
‏الذُّكُورُ‏

Males
‏الرُّبُعُ‏

One-fourth
Quarter
‏الرَّدُّ‏

‏الرَّدُّ هُوَ إِعَادَةُ مَا فَضَلَ عَن ذَوِي الفُرُوضِ مِن سِهَامِ التَّرِكَةِ إِلَيهِم بِنِسبَةِ سِهَامِهِم، إِن لَم يَكُن لِلمَيِّتِ عَاصِبٌ‏
Surplus redistribution [Al-Radd] : If there is something left over of the estate after the prescribed heirs take their shares, and there is no agnate heir to take over the remainder portion, this portion is to be redistributed among the prescribed heirs, each according to his share.
‏السُّدُسُ‏

One-sixth
‏العَصَبَةُ‏

‏هُم قَومُ الرَّجُلِ الَّذِينَ يَتَعَصَّبُونَ لَهُ، وَبَنُو قَرَابَتِهِ لِأَبِيهِ‏
Agnate relatives : Relatives of the father or male side only

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏العَصَبَةُ السَّبَبِيَّةُ‏

‏وَهِي نَوعَانٌ عَصَبَةٌ سَبَبُهَا العِتقُ : كُلُّ مَن أَعتَقَ رَقِيقًا كَانَ لَهُ الوَلَاءُ عَلَيهِ فَهُوَ عَصَبَتُهُ وَلَهُ مِيرَاثُهُ إِن لَم يَكُن لَهُ وَارِثٌ، وَعَصَبَةٌ سَبَبُهَا العَقدُ‏
Causative relationship : This relationship is of two kinds: a relationship through emancipation which implies the freed-slave's loyalty to his emancipator and relationship through a contract of clientage
‏العَصَبَةُ بِالغَيرِ‏

‏وَهِيَ كُلُّ أُنثَى اِحتَاجَت فِي عُصُوبَتِهَا إِلَى الغَيرِ وَشَارَكَت ذَلِكَ الغَيرَ فِي تِلكَ العُصُوبَةِ‏
Being an agnate relative by the presence of a certain other relative : This refers to the female heirs with the presence of male ones, chiefly brothers
‏العَصَبَةُ بِالنَّفسِ‏

‏وَهُوَ كُلُّ قَرِيبٍ مُذَكَّرٍ لَا يَنتَسِبُ لِلمَيِّتِ بِأُنثَى لِوَحدِهَا‏
Being an agnate relative
‏العِلمُ بِجِهَةِ الإِرثِ‏

Knowing the source of inheritance
‏العُمَرِيَّتَانِ‏

‏1- زَوجٌ وَأَبٌ وَأُمٌّ 2- زَوجَةٌ وَأَبٌ وَأُمٌّ‏
Al-`Umariyatan [The Two `Umariyatan] Questions : Two cases; the first of which involves a husband, a father and a mother; the second involves a wife, a father and a mother
‏العَولُ‏

‏زِيَادَةُ سِهَامِ الفَرِيضَةِ عَن أَصلِ المَسأَلَةِ‏
Reduction of the heirs' shares
Deficit redistribution
‏الفَرَائِضُ‏

Rules of inheritance
‏الفَرضُ‏

Prescribed share
‏الفَرعُ‏

Descendant of the deceased
‏الفُرُوضُ المُقَدَّرَةٌ‏

‏الَّتِي حَدَّدَهَا الشَّارِعُ لِلوَرَثَةِ‏
Ordained shares
Prescribed shares
‏القَرَابَةُ‏

Kinship
‏القَرَابَةُ الحُكمِيَّةُ‏

Assumptive relationship
‏القَيِّمُ عَلَى التَّرِكَةِ‏

‏القَائِمُ عَلَيهَا‏
Estate administrator
‏الكَلَالَةُ‏

‏مَن لَيسَ بَينَ وَرَثَتِهِ وَلَدٌ وَلَا وَالِدٌ مَن لَيسَ بَينَ وَرَثَتِهِ فَرعٌ وَارِثٌ مُذَكَّرٌ مَن لَيسَ بَينَ وَرَثَتِهِ فَرعٌ وَارِثٌ مُؤَنَّثٌ‏
Al-Kalalah : The deceased who leaves neither ascendants nor descendants
‏المَانِعُ‏

‏الحَاجِبُ‏
Impediment : Heir whose presence results in the disinheritance of another
‏المُتَوَفَّى‏

The deceased
‏المَسأَلَةُ الأَكدَرِيَّةُ‏

‏وَهِيَ: جَدٌّ وَزَوجٌ وَأُمٌّ وَأُختٌ لِأَبٍ أَو لِأَبَوَينِ‏
Al-Akdariyah [Al-Akdariyah] Question : A case involving a grandfather, a husband, a mother and a paternal or full sister
‏المَسأَلَةُ الثَّلَاثِينِيَّةِ‏

‏وَهِيَ: زَوجَةٌ وَأُمٌّ وَأُختَانِ لِأُمٍّ وَأُختَانِ شَقِيقَتَانِ وَابنٌ قَاتِلٌ‏
Al-Thalathiniyah [The Thirtieth] Question : A case involving a wife, a mother, 2 uterine sisters, 2 full sisters and a murderer son
‏المَسأَلَةُ الحَجَرِيَّةُ‏

‏وَهِيَ: زَوجٌ وَأُمٌّ وَأَخَوَانِ لِأُمٍّ وَأَخٌ شَقِيقٌ أَو أَكثَرُ‏
Al-Hajariyah [The Rock] Question : A case involving a husband, a mother, 2 uterine brothers and one or more full brothers
‏المَسأَلَةُ الحِمَارِيَّةُ‏

‏وَهِيَ: زَوجٌ وَأُمٌّ وَأَخَوَانِ لِأُمٍّ وَأَخٌ شَقِيقٌ أَو أَكثَرُ‏
Al-Himariyah [The Donkey] Question : A case involving a husband, a mother, 2 uterine brothers and one or more full brothers

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏المَسأَلَةُ الحَمزِيَّةُ‏

‏وَهِيَ: جَدٌّ وَثَلَاثُ جَدَّاتٍ مُتَحَاذِيَاتٍ وَثَلَاثُ أَخَوَاتٍ مُتَفَرِّقَاتٌ‏
Al-Hamziyah [The Hamziyah] Question : A case involving a grandfather, 3 grandmothers of equal ranks, and 3 sisters of different ranks; full, paternal and uterine
‏المَسأَلَةُ الخَرقَاءُ‏

‏وَهِيَ: جَدٌّ وَأُمٌّ وَأُختٌ‏
Al-Kharqa' [The Debatable] Question : A case involving a grandfather, a mother and a sister
‏المَسأَلَةُ الدَّاوُدِيَّةُ‏

‏وَهِيَ: جَدَّةٌ وَزَوجَةٌ وَبِنتَانِ وَاِثنَا عَشَرَ أَخًا وَأُختٌ شَقِيقَةٌ وَاحِدَةٌ‏
Al-Dawudiyah [The Dawudiyah] Question : A case involving a grandmother, a wife, 2 daughters, 12 brothers and a full sister
‏المَسأَلَةُ الدِّينَارِيَّةُ‏

‏وَهِيَ: جَدَّةٌ وَزَوجَةٌ وَبِنتَانِ وَاِثنَا عَشَرَ أَخًا وَأُختٌ شَقِيقَةٌ وَاحِدَةٌ‏
Al-Dinariyah [The Dinariyah] Question : A case involving a grandmother, a wife, 2 daughters, 12 brothers and a full sister
‏المَسأَلَةُ الشُّرَيحِيَّةُ‏

‏وَهِيَ: زَوجٌ وَأُمٌّ وَأُختَانِ لِأُمٍّ وَأُختَانِ شَقِيقَتَانِ‏
Al-Shuraihiyah [The Shuriahiyah] Question : A case involving a husband, a mother, 2 uterine sisters and 2 full sisters
‏المَسأَلَةُ العُثمَانِيَّةُ‏

‏وَهِيَ: جَدٌّ وَأُمٌّ وَأُختٌ‏
Al-`Uthmaniyah [The `Uthmaniyah] Question : A case involving a grandfather, a mother and a sister
‏المَسأَلَةُ العُمَرِيَّةُ‏

‏وَهِيَ: زَوجٌ وَأُمٌّ وَأَخَوَانِ لِأُمٍّ وَأَخٌ شَقِيقٌ أَو أَكثَرُ‏
Al-`Umariyah [The `Umariyah Question] : A case involving a husband, a mother, 2 uterine brothers, and one or more full brothers
‏المَسأَلَةُ الغَرَّاءُ‏

‏وَهِيَ: زَوجٌ وَسِتُّ أَخَوَاتٍ مُتَفَرِّقَاتٌ‏
Al-Gharra' [The Glittering] Question : A case involving a husband and 6 sisters of different ranks; full, paternal and uterine
‏المَسأَلَةُ المَأمُونِيَّةُ‏

‏وَهِيَ: أَبٌ وَأُمٌّ وَبِنتَانِ مَاتَت إِحدَاهُمَا وَخَلَّفَت بَقِيَّةَ هَؤُلَاءِ الوَرَثَةِ‏
Al-Ma'muniyah [The Ma'muniyah] Question : A case involving a father, a mother and 2 daughters, one of whom is dead leaving the others as heirs
‏المَسأَلَةُ المَالِكِيَّةُ‏

‏وَهِيَ: جَدٌّ وَزَوجٌ وَأُمٌّ وَأَخَوَانِ لِأُمٍّ وَإِخوَةٌ لِأَبٍ‏
Al-Malikiyah [The Malikiyah] Question : A case involving a grandfather, a husband, a mother, 2 uterine brothers and paternal brothers
‏المَسأَلَةُ المَروَانِيَّةُ‏

‏وَهِيَ: زَوجٌ وَسِتُّ أَخَوَاتٍ مُتَفَرِّقَاتٌ‏
Al-Marwaniyah [The Marwaniyah] Question : A case involving a husband and 6 sisters of different ranks; full, paternal and uterine
‏المَسأَلَةُ المُسَدَّسَةُ‏

‏وَهِيَ: جَدٌّ وَأُمٌّ وَأُختٌ‏
Al-Musaddasah [Hexagonal Question] : A case involving a grandfather, a mother and a sister
‏المَسأَلَةُ المُشتَرَكَةُ‏

‏وَهِيَ: زَوجٌ وَأُمٌّ وَأَخَوَانِ لِأُمٍّ وَأَخٌ شَقِيقٌ أَو أَكثَرُ‏
Al-Mushtarakah [The Collective] Question : A case involving a husband, a mother, 2 uterine brothers and one or more full brothers
‏المَسأَلَةُ المُشَرَّكَةُ‏

‏وَهِيَ: زَوجٌ وَأُمٌّ وَأَخَوَانِ لِأُمٍّ وَأَخٌ شَقِيقٌ أَو أَكثَرُ‏
Al-Musharrakah [The Combined Question] : A case involving a husband, a mother, 2 uterine brothers and one or more full brothers
‏المَسأَلَةُ المِنبَرِيَّةُ‏

‏وَهِيَ: زَوجَةٌ وَأَبٌ وَأُمٌّ وَبِنتَينِ‏
Al-Minbariyah [The Pulpit] Question : A case involving a wife, a father, a mother and two daughters
‏المَسأَلَةُ اليَمِّيَّةُ‏

‏وَهِيَ: زَوجٌ وَأُمٌّ وَأَخَوَانِ لِأُمٍّ وَأَخٌ شَقِيقٌ أَو أَكثَرُ‏
Al-Yammiyah [the Sea] Question : A case involving a husband, a mother, 2 uterine brothers and one or more full brothers
‏المَسئُولِيَّةُ الجِنَائِيَّةُ‏

Criminal liability
‏المَسَائِلُ الخِلَافِيَّةُ‏

‏هِيَ المَسَائِلُ الَّتِي اِختَلَفَ الفُقَهَاءُ فِي مِقدَارِ نَصِيبِ بَعضِ الوَرَثَةِ فِيهَا‏
Controversial cases : Cases concerning which there is much debate among the jurists
‏المَفقُودُ‏

Lost person
‏المُقَرُّ لَهُ بِالنَّسَبِ‏

One whose blood relationship has been acknowledged by the estate holder

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏المُنَاسَخَةُ‏

‏أَن يَمُوتَ إِنسَانٌ، وَقَبلَ تَقسِيمِ تَرِكَتِهِ يَمُوتُ أَحَدُ وَرَثَتِهِ أَو أَكثَرُ‏
Al-Munasakhah : Redistribution of the estate due to the death of one or more heirs
‏المَنقُولَاتُ‏

Movable property
‏المَوتُ الحَقِيقِيُّ‏

Actual Death
‏المُوَرِّثُ‏

‏الشَّخصُ الَّذِي يَترُكُ مِيرَاثَهُ لِمَن يَخلُفُهُ بَعدَ مَوتِهِ‏
The estate holder
‏المُوَرَّثُ‏

‏هِيَ التَّرِكَةُ أَو المَالُ الَّذِي تَرَكَهُ المُوَرِّثُ لِوَرَثَتِهِ‏
The inherited object
‏المُوصَى لَهُ‏

Legatee : The inheritor of a legacy
‏المُوصِي‏

‏كَاتِبُ الوَصِيَّةِ‏
Testator : One who has made a legally valid will before his death
‏النِّصفُ‏

One-half
‏الوَارِثُ‏

Inheritor
Heir
‏الوَارِثُ بِالتَّعصِيبِ فَقَط‏

‏كَونُ الوَارِثِ عَصَبَةً يَأخُذُ مَا أَبقَتهُ الفَرَائِضُ، وَالعَصَبَةُ قَرَابَةُ الرَّجُلِ لِأَبِيهِ‏
Inheritor by virtue of consanguinity only
‏الوَارِثُ بِالفَرضِ فَقَط‏

‏كَمَا حَدَّدَ لَهُ الشَّرعُ‏
Inheritor by virtue of prescribed share only
‏الوَارِثُ بِالفَرضِ وَالتَّعصِيبِ‏

Inheritor by virtue of both prescribed share and consanguinity
‏الوَارِثَاتُ مِن النِّسَاءِ‏

Female heirs
Heiresses
‏الوَارِثِينَ مِن الرِّجَالِ‏

Male heirs
Heirs
‏الوَصِيَّةُ الوَاجِبَةُ‏

Obligatory bequest
‏الوَصِيَّةُ بِأَقَلَّ مِن الثُّلُثِ‏

Bequeathal of less than one third of the property
‏الوَصِيَّةُ بِالثُّلُثِ‏

‏الإِيصَاءُ بِثُلُثِ التَّرِكَةِ‏
Bequeathal of one third
‏الوَصِيَّةُ بِالعَبدِ‏

The will concerning a slave
‏الوَصِيَّةُ بِالعِتقِ‏

The will concerning emancipation of a slave
‏الوَصِيَّةُ بِالمَنَافِعِ‏

Bequest of services

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏الوَصِيَّةُ بِتَعَاهُدِ الوَلَدِ‏

‏أَي بِرِعَايَتِهِ وَالتَّكَفُّلِ بِهِ‏
The will to take care of one's offspring
‏الوَصِيَّةُ بِجَمِيعِ المَالِ‏

Bequeathal of the whole property
‏الوَصِيَّةُ بِشَيءٍ بِعَينِهِ‏

The will concerning a specific thing
‏الوَصِيَّةُ بِغَيرِ المَالِ‏

Non-monetary bequest
The will concerning things other than money
‏الوَصِيَّةُ بِقَضَاءِ الدَّينِ‏

‏أَي بِسَدَادِهِ‏
The will to repay a debt
‏الوَصِيَّةُ لِجَمَاعَةٍ‏

Making a legacy for a group of people
‏الوَصِيَّةُ لِلأَقرِبَاءِ‏

Bequeathing a portion for one's relatives
‏الوَصِيَّةُ لِلعَبدِ‏

Bequeathing a portion for a slave
‏الوَصِيَّةُ لِلغَائِبِ‏

Bequeathing a portion for an absentee
‏الوَصِيَّةُ لِلغَنِيِّ‏

Bequeathing a portion for a rich person
‏الوَصِيَّةُ لِلكُفَّارِ‏

Bequeathing a portion for polytheists
‏الوَصِيَّةُ لِلمَوَالِي‏

Bequeathing a portion for freed slaves
‏الوَصِيَّةُ لِلنِّسَاءِ‏

Bequeathing a portion for women
‏الوَصِيَّةُ لِلوَارِثِ‏

Bequeathing an extra portion for an heir
‏الوَلَاءُ‏

‏رَابِطَةٌ بَينَ شَخصَينِ كَرَابِطَةِ النَّسَبِ، وَقَرَابَةٌ حُكمِيَّةٌ تَعُودُ إِلَى العَقدِ مِثلُ أَن يَقُولَ شَخصٌ لِآخَرَ أَنتَ وَلِيِّي تَرِثُنِي إِذَا مِتُّ وَتَعقِلُ عَنِّي إِذَا جَنَيتُ‏
Al-Wala' [Loyalty] : A peculiar relationship voluntarily established which confers a right of inheritance on one or both parties connected
‏الوَلَاءُ لِوَرَثَةِ المُعتِقِ‏

Loyalty to the emancipator's heirs
‏بِشَرطِ غِيَابِ الفَرعِ الوَارِثِ‏

If the descendant inheritors are absent
‏بِطَرِيقِ التَّعصِيبِ‏

By virtue of agnation
‏بُطلَانُ الوَصِيَّةِ‏

Bequest invalidity
‏بِقَدرِ نَصِيبِهِ‏

According to one's allotted share

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏بَلَغَ أَشُدَّهُ‏

To attain full maturity
To come of legal age
‏بَلَغَ الحُلُمَ‏

To come of age (puberty)
‏بِنتُ الأَخِ‏

Daughter of one's brother
‏بِنتُ الأُختِ‏

Daughter of one's sister
‏بِنتُ الِابنِ‏

Daughter of one's son
‏بِنتُ البِنتِ‏

Daughter of one's daughter
‏بِنتُ الخَالِ‏

Daughter of one's maternal uncle
‏بِنتُ الخَالَةِ‏

Daughter of one's maternal aunt
‏بِنتُ الزَّوجَةِ‏

Stepdaughter
‏بِنتُ الصُّلبِ‏

Consanguine daughter
‏بِنتُ العَمِّ‏

Daughter of one's paternal uncle
‏بَنُو الأَخيَافِ‏

‏هُم أَبنَاءُ المَرأَةِ مِن آبَاءٍ شَتَّى‏
Maternal brothers
‏بَنُو الأَعيَانِ‏

‏هُم أَبنَاءُ الرَّجُلِ الوَاحِدِ مِن زَوجَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ‏
Full brothers (of the same parents)
‏بَنُو البَنَاتِ‏

Offspring of one's daughters
‏بَنُو العَلَّاتِ‏

‏أَبنَاءُ الرَّجُلِ الوَاحِدِ مِن أُمَّهَاتٍ شَتَّى‏
Paternal brothers
‏تَئُولُ إِلَي بَيتِ المَالِ‏

To be handed over to the public treasury
‏تَارِيخُ إِثبَاتِ الوَفَاةِ‏

Date of registering the death
‏تَتَعَلَّقُ بِالتَّرِكَةِ خَمسَةُ حُقُوقٍ‏

Five rights are deducted from the estate
‏تَرِكَةٌ اِحتِمَالِيَّةٌ‏

Contingent estate
‏تَرِكَةٌ بِدُونِ مُطَالِبٍ‏

Estate without claimant

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏تَرِكَةٌ بِوَصِيَّةٍ‏

Testamentary inheritance
‏تَرِكَةٌ شَاغِرَةٌ‏

Estate in abeyance
‏تَرِكَةٌ مُحَمَّلَةٌ بِالدِّيُونِ‏

Estate burdened by debt
‏تَرِكَةٌ مُستَقبَلِيَّةٌ‏

Future estate
‏تَعَدُّدُ الوَصَايَا‏

Writing more than one will
‏تَعصِيبًا‏

By agnation
‏تَقسِيمٌ‏

Division
Distribution
‏تَنفِيذُ الوَصِيَّةِ‏

Legacy fulfillment
‏تَوَارُثٌ‏

Heredity
Delivery of inheritance
‏تَوَارُثُ الدِّيَةِ‏

Inheriting the diyah [Blood money]
‏تَوَارُثُ الزَّوجَينِ‏

The spouses' inheritance from each other
‏تَوَارُثُ الصَّدَقَةِ‏

Inheritance of alms
‏تَوزِيعُ التَّرِكَةِ‏

Estate distribution
‏ثَيِّبٌ‏

Formerly married woman
‏جَدٌّ‏

Grandfather
‏جَدٌّ لِأَبٍ‏

Paternal grandfather
‏جَدٌّ لِأُمٍّ‏

Maternal grandfather
‏جَدَّةٌ‏

Grandmother
‏جَدَّةٌ صَحِيحَةٌ‏

Proper grandmother : A grandmother related to one through his father
‏جَدَّةٌ لِأَبٍ‏

Paternal grandmother

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏جَدَّةٌ لِأُمٍّ‏

Maternal grandmother
‏جَمعًا أَو اِنفِرَادًا‏

Collectively or individually
‏جَهَالَةُ الوَارِثِ‏

Unknown heir
‏جَهَالَةُ تَارِيخِ المَوتِ‏

Unknown date of death
‏حَاجِبٌ‏

Hajib : Heir whose presence results in the disinheritance of another
‏حَالَ حَيَاتِهِ‏

In one's life
‏حَالَةٌ اِستِثنَائِيَّةٌ‏

Exceptional case
‏حَجبُ حِرمَانٍ‏

Total exclusion
‏حُجِبَ لِوُجُودِ‏

Excluded by the presence of
‏حَجبُ نُقصَانٍ‏

‏وَهُوَ حِرمَانُ الشَّخصِ مِن جُزءٍ مِن المِيرَاثِ‏
Partial exclusion
‏حِرمَانٌ مِن الإِرثِ‏

Exclusion from inheritance
Disinheritance
‏حِسَابُ الأَسهُمِ‏

Calculating shares
‏حِسَابُ الدَّائِنِينَ‏

Payable accounts
Debt accounts
‏حِسَابُ الفَرَائِضِ‏

‏هُوَ العَمَلِيَّاتُ الحِسَابِيَّةُ الَّتِي يَتِمُّ بِهَا تَوزِيعُ التَّرِكَةِ عَلَى مُستَحَقِّيهَا بِدُونِ كُسُورٍ‏
Calculations for distributing the estate
‏حِصَّةٌ‏

‏نَصِيبٌ‏
Share
‏حِصَّةُ الدُّيُونِ‏

Share allotted to repay debts
‏حَصرُ الإِرثِ‏

Listing of the deceased's property
‏حَصرُ الوَرَثَةِ‏

Determining those entitled to inheritance
Listing the heirs
‏حِصَصُ المِيرَاثِ‏

Shares of inheritance
‏حَفِيدٌ‏

Grandson

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏حَفِيدَةٌ‏

Granddaughter
‏حَقُّ البِكرِ فِي الإِرثِ كُلِّهِ‏

Primogeniture : The right of the eldest child, especially the eldest son, to inherit the entire estate of one or both parents
‏حَقُّ التَّعوِيضِ‏

Right of compensation
‏حُقُوقُ المِيرَاثِ‏

Rights of inheritance
‏حُكمًا‏

By legal verdict
Judicially
‏حَمَاةٌ‏

Mother-in-law
‏حَيَاةُ الوَارِثِ‏

The survival of the heir
‏حَيَاةٌ تَقدِيرِيَّةٌ‏

Assumptive life
Assumed alive
‏حَيَاةٌ حَقِيقِيَّةٌ‏

Actual life
‏خَؤُولَةٌ‏

Relationship of the maternal uncle
‏خَالٌ‏

Maternal uncle
‏خَالٌ شَقِيقٌ‏

Full maternal uncle
‏خَالٌ غَيرُ شَقِيقٍ‏

Half maternal uncle
‏خَالَةٌ‏

Maternal aunt
‏خَالَةٌ شَقِيقَةٌ‏

Full maternal aunt
‏خَالَةٌ غَيرُ شَقِيقَةٍ‏

Half maternal aunt
‏خُمُسٌ‏

One-fifth
‏دُيُونٌ مُستَحَقَّةٌ‏

‏عِندَ وَفَاةِ المُوَرِّثِ تَستَحِقُ السَّدَادَ‏
Debts due
‏ذُرِّيَّةٌ‏

Children
Offspring
Progeny
‏ذَوُو الأَرحَامِ‏

‏كُلُّ قَرِيبٍ لَيسَ بِصَاحِبِ فَرضٍ وَلَا عَصَبَةٍ‏
Blood relatives
Cognates

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏ذَوُو الفَرَائِضِ‏

Those entitled to prescribed shares
‏ذَوُو القُربَى‏

Relatives
Relations
Kindred
Kinsmen
‏سَبَبٌ خَاصٌّ‏

Special cause
‏سَنَدَاتٌ‏

Securities
Stocks
‏سِهَامُ الوَرَثَةِ‏

‏حِصَصُهُم فِي المِيرَاثِ‏
Heirs' shares
‏سَهمٌ‏

Share
‏شُرُوطُ المِيرَاثِ‏

Conditions of inheritance
‏شَرِيكَةٌ فِي المِيرَاثِ‏

Co-heiress
‏صَافِي التَّرِكَةِ‏

Net estate
‏صُعُودًا‏

In ascending order
‏عَشِيرَةٌ‏

Relatives on the paternal side
Clan
‏عَقَارَاتٌ‏

Real estate
‏عَقِب‏

‏البَاقُونَ مِن نَسلِ الرَّجُلِ بَعدَ مَوتِهِ‏
Children
Offspring
Progeny
‏عِلمُ الأَنسَابِ‏

Genealogy : The study or investigation of ancestry and family histories
‏عِلمُ الفَرَائِضِ‏

‏وَهُوَ عِلمُ المَوَارِيثِ‏
The study of the rules of inheritance
‏عِلمُ المَوَارِيثِ‏

‏هُوَ العِلمُ بِأُصُولِ فِقهٍ وَحِسَابٍ يُعرَفُ بِهِمَا تَوزِيعُ التَّرِكَةِ وَنَصِيبُ كُلِّ وَارِثٍ فِيهَا وَهُوَ العَمَلِيَّاتُ الحِسَابِيَّةُ الَّتِي تُوَزِّعُ التَّرِكَةَ عَلَى مُستَحَقِّيهَا بَدَونِ كُسُورٍ.‏
The study of inheritance
‏عَمٌّ شَقِيقٌ‏

Full paternal uncle
‏عَمٌّ غَيرُ شَقِيقٍ‏

Half paternal uncle
‏عَمَّةٌ شَقِيقَةٌ‏

Full paternal aunt
‏عَمَّةٌ غَيرُ شَقِيقَةٍ‏

Half paternal aunt

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏عُمُومَةٌ‏

Unclehood
‏عِندَ فَقدِ‏

In default of
‏فَرعٌ مُؤَنَّثٌ‏

Female descendant
‏فَرعٌ مُذَكَّرٌ‏

Male descendant
‏فَرعٌ وَارِثٌ‏

Heir descendant
Inheritor
‏فُرُوضٌ سَبَبِيَّةٌ‏

Shares prescribed by marriage
‏فُرُوضٌ نِسبِيَّةٌ‏

Shares prescribed by blood kinship
‏فُرُوعُ المَيِّتِ‏

‏وَهُم الَّذِينَ يُدلُونَ إِلَيهِ بِوَاسِطَةِ الأُنثَى‏
Descendants of the deceased
‏فَصِيلَةٌ‏

‏عَشِيرَةُ الرَّجُلِ وَأَهلُهُ الأَقرَبُونَ‏
Nearest relatives in a tribe
‏فِي الحَدِّ الَّذِي تَنفُذُ فِيهِ‏

Within the scope of its fulfillment
‏قَاعِدَةُ الرَّدِّ‏

The method of surplus redistribution
‏قَرَابَةُ الدَّمِ‏

‏وَهِيَ القَرَابَةُ بِالنَّسَبِ‏
Blood relationship
Consanguinity
‏قَرَابَةُ الرَّضَاعِ‏

Relationship by suckling
‏قَرَابَةُ المُصَاهَرَةِ‏

Affinity relationship
‏قَرَابَةُ النَّسَبِ‏

‏وَهُم أَصلُ الإِنسَانِ وَإِن عَلَا, وَفَرعُهُ وَإِن نَزَلَ , وَفَرعُ أَبِيهِ وَإِن نَزَلَ‏
Blood relationship
‏قَرَابَةٌ بِالصُّلبِ‏

Consanguinity
‏قَرَابَةٌ تُوجِبُ الإِرثَ‏

Relationship that justifies inheritance
‏قَضَاءُ الدُّيُونِ‏

‏سَدَادُهَا‏
Settlement of debts
‏كِتَابَةُ الوَصِيَّةِ‏

Writing the bequest
Documentation of testament
‏لَا تَوَارُثَ بَينَ مُسلِمٍ وَغَيرِهِ‏

No inheritance between a Muslim and a non-Muslim

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏لِلذَّكَرِ مِثلُ حَظِّ الأُنثَيَينِ‏

‏أَي مِقدَارُ إِرثِ الرَّجُلِ يُعَادِلُ مِقدَارَ إِرثِ اِمرَأَتَينِ‏
Male takes as much as the share of two females
‏لَم تَستَغرِق الفُرُوضُ التَّرِكَةَ‏

Prescribed shares have not consumed the whole estate
‏مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِالمِلكِيَّةِ‏

Proprietary
Of or relating to proprietor or proprietors as a group
‏مُتَوَارَثٌ‏

‏الشَّيءُ الَّذِي يَرِثُهُ الإِنسَانُ‏
Inherited
‏مَجمُوعُ التَّرِكَةِ‏

The total estate
‏مَحجُوبٌ‏

Excluded
‏مَخرَجُ المَسأَلَةِ‏

‏هُوَ أَخذُ سِهَامِ الوَرَثَةِ مِن أَقَلِّ عَدَدٍ يَقسِمُ حِصَصَهُم عَلَيهِم بِدُونِ كُسُورٍ‏
The denominator of the question
‏مَرَضُ المَوتِ‏

Last illness
‏مَسأَلَةُ أُمِّ الأَرَامِلِ‏

‏وَهِيَ: جَدَّتَانِ وَثَلَاثُ زَوجَاتٍ وَأَربَعُ أَخَوَاتٍ لِأُمٍّ وَثَمَانِي أَخَوَاتٍ لِأَبَوَينِ‏
Umm Al-Aramil [The Mother of Widows] Question : A case involving 2 grandmothers, 3 wives, 4 uterine sisters and 8 full sisters
‏مَسأَلَةُ أُمِّ الفُرُوخِ‏

‏وَهِيَ: زَوجٌ وَأُمٌّ وَأُختَانِ لِأُمٍّ وَأُختَانِ شَقِيقَتَانِ‏
Umm Al-Furukh [The Mother of Chicks] Question : A case involving a husband, a mother, 2 uterine sisters and 2 full sisters
‏مَسأَلَةُ الأَخُ المُبَارَكُ‏

‏وَهِيَ: أُختَانِ شَقِيقَتَانِ وَأُختٌ لِأَبٍ وَأَخٌ لِأَبٍ‏
Al-Akh Al-Mubarak [The Blessed Brother] Question : A case involving 2 full sisters, a paternal sister and a paternal brother
‏مَسأَلَةُ الأَخِ المَشئُومِ‏

‏وَهِيَ: زَوجٌ وَأُختٌ شَقِيقَةٌ وَأُختٌ لِأَبٍ وَأَخٌ لِأَبٍ‏
Al-Akh Al-Mash'um [The Ominous Brother] Question : A case involving a husband, a full sister, a paternal sister and a paternal brother
‏مَسأَلَةُ الِامتِحَانِ‏

‏وَهِيَ اِجتِمَاعُ أَربَعِ زَوجَاتٍ وَخَمسِ جَدَّاتٍ وَسَبعِ بَنَاتٍ وَتِسعِ أَخَوَاتٍ لِأَبٍ‏
Al-Imtihan [The Examination] Question : A case involving 4 wives, 5 grandmothers, 7 daughters and 9 paternal sisters
‏مَسأَلَةُ القَرِيبِ المُبَارَكِ‏

‏وَهِيَ: بِنتَانِ وَبِنتُ اِبنٍ وَاِبنُ اِبنِ اِبنٍ‏
Al-Qarib Al-Mubarak [The Blessed Relative] Question : A case involving 2 daughters, a granddaughter and a son of a grandson
‏مَسأَلَةُ القَرِيبِ المَشئُومِ‏

‏زَوجٌ وَأَبٌ وَأُمٌّ وَبِنتٌ وَبِنتُ اِبنٍ وَاِبنُ اِبنٍ‏
Al-Qarib Al-Mash'um [The Ominous Relative] Question : A case involving a husband, a father, a mother, a daughter, a granddaughter and a grandson
‏مَسأَلَةُ المُبَاهَلَةِ‏

‏وَهِيَ: زَوجٌ وَأُمٌّ وَأُختٌ شَقِيقَةٌ‏
Al-Mubahalah [The Refutation] Question : A case involving a husband, a mother, and a full sister
‏مَسأَلَةُ اليَتِيمَتَينِ‏

‏1- زَوجٌ وَأُختٌ شَقِيقَةٌ 2- زَوجٌ وَأُختٌ لِأَبٍ‏
Al-Yatimatan [The Two Unique] Questions : Two cases; the first of which involves a husband and a full sister; the second involves a husband and a paternal sister
‏مَسأَلَةُ شِبهِ المَالِكِيَّةِ‏

‏وَهِيَ: جَدٌّ وَزَوجٌ وَأُمٌّ وَإِخوَةٌ لِأُمٍّ وَإِخوَةٌ أَشِقَّاءُ‏
Shibh Al-Malikiyah [The Quasi-Maliki] Question : A case involving a grandfather, a husband, a mother, uterine brothers and full brothers
‏مَسأَلَةُ مُختَصَرَةِ زَيدٍ‏

‏وَهِيَ: جَدٌّ وَأُمٌّ وَأُختٌ شَقِيقَةٌ وَأَخٌ لِأَبٍ وَأُختٌ لِأَبٍ‏
Mukhtasarat Zaid [Zaid's Abridged] Question : A case involving a grandfather, a mother, a full sister, a paternal brother and a paternal sister
‏مَسَائِلُ المِيرَاثِ‏

Cases of inheritance

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏مُستَحَقَّاتٌ لَدَى الغَيرِ‏

One's debts due
‏مَشرُوعِيَّةُ الوَصِيَّةِ‏

Legality of will
‏مَشغُولَاتٌ ذَهَبِيَّةٌ‏

Gold ornaments
‏مَصَارِيفُ الجَنَازَةِ‏

Funeral expenses
‏مِقدَارُ الوَصِيَّةِ‏

The amount of a legacy
‏مُلَخَّصُ المُمتَلَكَاتِ‏

The total estate
‏مِلكِيَّةٌ غَيرُ منَقوُلَةٍ‏

‏ثَابِتَةٌ كَالعَقَارِ مَثَلًا‏
Immovable property
‏مِلكِيَّةٌ مَنقُولَةٌ‏

Movable property
‏مُمتَلَكَاتٌ‏

Property
Possessions
‏مَن قَتَلَ مُوَرِّثَهُ عَمدًا‏

‏مَن تَعَمَّدَ قَتلَ المُوَرِّثِ اِستِعجَالًا لِأَخذِهِ المِيرَاثَ‏
One who intentionally kills the estate holder
‏مَن هُم الأَقَارِبُ وَذَوُو القُربَى‏

Who are the relatives and kindred
‏مَنعٌ مِن المِيرَاثِ‏

‏أَي الحَجبُ مِنهُ‏
Disinheriting
‏مَهمَا عَلَا‏

However high
‏مَهمَا نَزَلَ‏

However low
‏مَوَانِعُ المِيرَاثِ‏

‏هِيَ الرِّقُّ وَقَتلُ المُوَرِّثِ، وَاِختِلَافُ الدِّينِ‏
Impediments of inheritance
Impediments to receiving inheritance
‏مَوَانِعُ تَبَعِيَّةٌ‏

Resultant impediments
‏مَوَانِعُ حَقِيقِيَّةٌ‏

Actual impediments
‏مَوتُ المُوَرِّثِ‏

Death of the estate holder
‏مَوتُ المُوصَى لَهُ‏

Death of the legatee
‏مَوتٌ تَقدِيرِيٌّ‏

Presumed death

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏مَوتٌ حُكمِيٌّ‏

Death announced by a judge
‏مَوقُوفٌ لِلحَملِ‏

‏أَي حُبِسَ وجُعِلَ وَقفًا لِلجَنِينِ‏
Dedicated to an unborn child
‏مِيرَاثٌ‏

Inheritance
‏مِيرَاثُ اللَّقِيطِ‏

The inheritance of a foundling
‏مِيرَاثُ المُكَاتَبِ وَوَلَاؤُهُ‏

‏وَهُوَ العَبدُ تَحتَ يَدِ سَيِّدِهِ‏
Inheritance and loyalty of Al-Mukatab
‏مِيرَاثُ وَلَدِ اللِّعَانِ‏

Inheritance of the child of Li`an
‏نُزُولًا‏

In descending order
‏نَسَبٌ‏

Kinship
‏نَسَبُ المُصَاهَرَةِ‏

‏الصِّهرُ القَرَابَةُ بِالزَّوَاجِ‏
Marital relation
‏نِصفُ الرُّبُعِ‏

Half a quarter
One-eighth
‏نَصِيبٌ‏

Portion
Share
‏نَصِيبُ الأَرمَلَةِ مِن إِرثِ زَوجِهَا‏

Widow's portion of her late husband's estate
‏نَفَقَاتُ الجَنَازَةِ‏

Funeral expenses
‏نَقلُ الحُقُوقِ وَالِالتِزَامَاتِ‏

Transfer of rights and obligations
‏وَإِن عَلَا‏

However high
‏وَإِن نَزَلَ‏

However low
‏وَارِثٌ شَرعِيٌّ‏

Legal heir
‏وَارِثِينَ أَو مَحجُوبِينَ‏

Inheriting or being excluded from inheritance
‏وَالِدٌ‏

Father
‏وَالِدَانِ‏

Parents

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏وَالِدَةٌ‏

Mother
‏وِرَاثَةُ النِّسَاءِ لِلوَلَاءِ‏

Women's inheritance of loyalty
‏وَرِثَ‏

To inherit
‏وَرِيثٌ‏

Heir
Inheritor
‏وَصِيٌّ‏

Trustee
‏وَصِيَّةٌ‏

‏هِيَ تَملِيكٌ لِلغَيرِ مُضَافٌ لِمَا بَعدَ المَوتِ عَن طَرِيقِ التَّبَرُّعِ‏
Will
Bequest : A legal declaration of how a person wishes his or her possessions to be disposed of after death.
‏وَصِيَّةٌ اِختِيَارِيَّةٌ‏

Voluntary bequest
‏وَصِيَّةُ المَيِّتِ‏

Will of the deceased
‏وَصِيَّةٌ بَدِيلَةٌ‏

Alternative will
‏وَصِيَّةٌ مُستَقبَلِيَّةٌ‏

Future will
‏وَصِيَّةٌ مَشرُوطَةٌ‏

Conditional will
‏وَلَاءُ الإِمَامَةِ‏

Loyalty by virtue of Imamate (leadership)
‏وَلَاءُ العِتقِ‏

‏أَن يَكُونَ المُعتَقُ هُوَ مَولَى العَتَاقَةِ حَيثُ يَثبُتُ لِلمُعتِقِ الوَلَاءُ عَلَى العَبدِ الَّذِي أَعتَقَهُ‏
Loyalty by virtue of emancipation : Relationship between a master and a manumitted slave, in which the former inherits any property the latter may acquire after being released from servitude
‏وَلَدُ الصُّلبِ‏

‏هُوَ اِبنُ الأَبِ مِن صُلبِهِ‏
Consanguine child
‏يَحرِمُهُ مِن المِيرَاثِ‏

Disinherit
‏يَغلِبُ عَلَيهِ فِيهَا الهَلَاكُ‏

Likely to have died

[أحمد سعد الدين]

المعاملات

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏آدَابُ البَيعِ‏

Proprieties of selling
‏آفَةٌ‏

Blight
Damage
‏آكِلُ الرِّبَا‏

‏الَّذِي يَستَحِلُّ المَالَ الحَرَامَ، وَالرِّبَا أَي الزِّيَادَةُ عَمَّا يُستَحَقُّ‏
Usurer
‏أَجدَعُ‏

‏مَقطُوعُ الأَنفِ‏
Mutilated
Maimed
‏أَجَّرَ‏

‏دَفَعَ أَجرًا مُقَابِلَ الِانتِفَاعِ بِشَيءٍ مَا‏
To pay wages
‏أَجرُ العَبدِ‏

The wages due to a slave
‏أُجرَةُ (مَهرُ) البَغِيِّ‏

The hire of a prostitute
‏أُجرَةُ الحَجَّامِ‏

The hire of a cupper
‏أُجرَةُ الرَّاعِي‏

The hire of a shepherd
‏أُجرَةُ الرُّقيَةِ‏

The hire for exorcism
‏أُجرَةُ السِّمسَارِ‏

The hire of a broker
‏أُجرَةُ الوَزَّانِ‏

The hire of a weigher
‏أَجَّلَ‏

‏أَخَّرَ‏
To postpone
To delay
‏أَجَلٌ مُسَمًّى‏

‏وَقتٌ مُحَدَّدٌ‏
Appointed term
Appointed time
‏أَجَلٌ مَعلُومٌ‏

‏وَقتٌ مَعرُوفٌ‏
Specified time
‏أُجُورٌ‏

Wages
Fees
‏أَجِيرٌ‏

A person hired for service
Laborer
Hireling
‏أَحَدُ الأَجَلَينِ‏

One of the two fixed terms
‏أَحكَّامُ الجِوَارِ وَالمَرَافِقِ المُشتَرَكَةِ‏

Judgments concerning neighborhood and common utilities
‏أَخذُ الأَموَالِ بِنِيَّةِ الأَدَاءِ‏

Taking money with the intention of repaying it

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏أَخَفُّ الضَّرَرَينِ‏

‏أَقَلُّ الأَمرِ ضَرَرًا مِن الآخَرِ‏
The lesser of two evils
‏أَدَّى‏

To cause to come
To pay back
To restore
‏أَذرُعٌ‏

Cubits
‏أَربَى‏

More numerous
To practice usury (interest-taking)
‏أَرضُ الحَوزِ‏

‏مَا ضُمَّ لِبَيتِ مَالِ المُسلِمِينَ مِن الأَرَاضِي الَّتِي مَاتَ عَنهَا مَالِكُوهَا و لَيسَ لَهُم وَارِثٌ‏
Land of Al-Hauz : Land reverted to the public treasury of a Muslim state after the death of its heirless owner
‏أَرضُ مَشَاعٍ‏

‏المَشَاعُ هُوَ الحِصَّةُ مِن شَيءٍ غَيرِ مَقسُومٍ، وَحِصَّةٌ مُقَدَّرَةٌ غَيرُ مُعَيَّنَةٍ وَلَا مُفرَزَةٍ‏
Publicly-owned land
‏أَسوَاقٌ‏

Markets
Trading centers
‏أَشيَاءُ غَيرُ قَابِلَةٍ لِلِاستِبدَالِ‏

Non-commutable objects
‏أَشيَاءُ غَيرُ قَابِلَةٍ لِلاِستِهلَاكِ‏

Non-consumable objects
‏أَشيَاءُ قَابِلَةٌ لِلاِستِهلَاكِ‏

Consumable objects
‏أَصبُعٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَطوَالِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 1,944 سَنتِيمِترًا‏
Asbu` : A standard measure of length that equals 1.944 centimeter
‏أَفضَلُ البُيُوعِ‏

The best kind of selling
‏أَكلُ الرِّبَا‏

To practice usury
To take an interest
‏أَكَلَ حَقَّهَ‏

‏اِستَحَلَّهُ وَأَخَذَهُ لِنَفسِهِ‏
To encroach upon someone's rights
‏أَكلُ مَالِ اليَتِيمِ‏

‏اِستِحلَالُ أَخذِهِ‏
Devouring the orphan's property
‏أَنوَاعُ الرِّبَا‏

Categories of usury (interest-taking)
‏أَهلِيَّةُ المُوصِي‏

‏قَابِلِيَّتُهُ مَعَ القُدرَةِ عَلَى أَن يُوصِيَ‏
Legal competence of a testator
Eligibility
‏أُوقِيَّةُ الذَّهَبِ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 31,7475جِرَامًا‏
Gold oke : A standard measure of weight that equals 31.7475 grams
‏أُوقِيَّةُ الفِضَّةِ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 112,512 جِرَامًا‏
Silver oke : A standard measure of weight that equals 112.512 grams
‏إِبَاقٌ‏

‏هُرُوبٌ‏
The absconding of slaves

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏إِتلَافُ مَا لَا يَحِلُّ‏

Spoiling what is illegal
‏إِحَالَةُ دَينٍ‏

‏تَحوِيلُهُ‏
Transference of a debt from one person to another
‏إِحَالَةُ دَينِ المَيِّتِ‏

Transference the debt of a dead person
‏إِحيَاءُ المَوَاتِ‏

‏المَوَاتُ هِيَ الأَرضُ الَّتِي لَا مَالِكَ لَهَا، وَلَا يُنتَفَعُ بِهَا بِوَجهٍ مِن وُجُوهِ الِانتِفَاعِ وَإِحيَاءُ المَوَاتِ يَكُونُ بِالغَرسِ وَالزَّرعِ وَالبِنَاءِ‏
Cultivating barren land : A legal term for the cultivation of wastes
‏إِردَبٌّ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ المَكَايِيلِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 25128 جِرَامًا‏
Irdabb : A standard measure that equals 25128 grams
‏إِستَارٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 18,483 جِرَامًا‏
Istar : A standard measure of weight that equals 18.483 grams
‏إِضَاعَةُ المَالِ‏

Squandering money
‏إِضَافَةٌ إِلَى أَجَلٍ‏

Limitation (of a legal transaction)
‏إِفلَاسُ المُشتَرِي بِالثَّمَنِ‏

‏عَدَمُ قُدرَةِ المُشتَرِي عَلَى دَفعِ ثَمَنِ المَبِيعِ‏
Bankruptcy of a purchaser
‏إِقطَاعٌ‏

‏هُوَ النِّظَامُ الَّذِي يُمَكِّنُ مَالِكَ الأَرضِ مِن التَّحَكُّمِ فِي الأَرضِ وَمَن فِيهَا مِن النَّاسِ‏
Feudality : The system of holding all land in fief or fee and the resulting relation of lord to vassal
‏إِقطَاعُ المَعَادِنِ‏

Feudality of metals
‏إِقطَاعُ المَوَاتِ‏

Giving barren land as a fief
‏إِلَى أَجَلٍ غَيرِ مُسَمًّى‏

‏إِلَى وَقتٍ غَيرِ مُحَدَّدٍ‏
For an indefinite period
‏إِلَى أَجَلٍ مُسَمًّى‏

For a limited period
For a definite time
‏إِنشَادُ الضَّالَّةِ فِي المَسجِدِ‏

‏تَعرِيفُهَا‏
Announcing a lost object in the mosque
‏إِنظَارٌ‏

A concession of delay
‏إِنظَارُ المُعسِرِ‏

‏إِمهَالُهُ‏
Granting a delay to the insolvent debtor
‏إِهدَاءُ الزَّوجِ إِلَى بَعضِ نِسَائِهِ‏

The husband's donation to some of his wives
‏إِهدَاءُ وَاحِدٍ أَمَامَ جَمعٍ‏

Offering a present to someone in front of others
‏إِيضَاعٌ‏

‏حَثُّ الرَّاحِلَةِ عَلَى سُرعَةِ المَسِيرِ‏
Urging a riding animal to walk rapidly

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏اؤتُمِنَ‏

To be entrusted with the custody of anything
‏اِبتِزَازٌ‏

‏هُوَ أَخذُ المَالِ مِن غَيرِ رِضَا صَاحِبِهِ‏
Blackmail
‏اِتِّحَادُ المَجلِسِ‏

‏المَجلِسُ الوَاحِدُ الَّذِي يَتِمُّ فِيهِ التَّعَاقُدُ بَينَ المُتَبَايِعَينِ‏
Unity of the meeting : The sale contract should be concluded in a meeting
‏اِتِّحَادُ المَجلِسِ فِي عَقدِ الصَّرفِ‏

Concluding the exchange contract in a meeting
‏اِحتِرَازٌ‏

Cautiousness
Caution
Prudence
‏اِحتِرَازِيٌّ‏

Precautionary
Preventive
‏اِحتِكَارُ البَضَائِعِ وَالسِّلَعِ‏

‏حَبسُ السِّلَعِ بِقَصدِ إِغلَاءِ السِّعرِ‏
Monopoly of goods and articles
‏اِختِلَاسٌ‏

‏هُوَ خَطفُ الشَّيءِ جِهَارًا بِحَضرَةِ صَاحِبِهِ فِي غَفلَةٍ مِنهُ وَالهَرَبُ مِنهُ‏
Usurpation
‏اِختِلَافُ الرَّاهِنِ وَالمُرتَهِنِ‏

‏عَدَمُ اِتِّفَاقِهِم‏
Dispute between the mortgagor and mortgagee
‏اِختِلَافُ المُتَبَايِعَينِ‏

Disagreement between the buyer and seller
‏اِختِلَافُ المُضَارِبِ وَرَبِّ المَالِ‏

Disagreement between the proprietor and the speculator
‏اِختَلَطَ‏

To be mixed with
‏اِرتَشَى‏

‏أَخَذَ مَا لَيسَ لَهُ بِحَقٍّ مِن المَالِ لِيَقُومَ بِعَمَلٍ مَا‏
To receive bribes
‏اِستِئجَارُ الخَادِمِ‏

Hiring a servant
‏اِستِئجَارُ الرَّجُلِ الصَّالِحِ‏

Hiring a righteous man
‏اِستِئجَارُ المُسلِمِ مُشرِكًا‏

A Muslim hiring a polytheist
‏اِستِئجَارُ المُشرِكِ مُسلِمًا‏

A polytheist hiring a Muslim
‏اِستَحَقَّ‏

To deserve
‏اِستِخدَامُ اليَتِيمِ فِي السَّفَرِ‏

Taking the orphan as a servant in travel
‏اِستِدَانَةٌ‏

‏هِيَ الِاقتِرَاضُ‏
Incurrence of debts
Borrowing money

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏اِستِصلَاحُ الأَرَاضِي‏

‏تَأهِيلُهَا وَجَعلُهَا صَالِحَةً لِلزِّرَاعَةِ‏
Land reclamation
‏اِستِعمَالُ البَقَرِ لِلحِرَاثَةِ‏

Using cows for plowing
‏اِستِقرَاضٌ‏

‏هُوَ طَلَبُ القَرضِ‏
Borrowing
‏اِستِقرَاضُ الحَيَوَانِ‏

Borrowing an animal
‏اِستَقسَمَ‏

To draw lots by means of headless arrows
‏اِشتِرَاطُ الرِّضَا فِي البَيعِ‏

Mutual consent is a must in selling
‏اِشتِرَاطُ السَّلَفِ فِي البَيعِ‏

Stipulating loan in selling
‏اِشتِرَاطُ مَنفَعَةِ المَبِيعِ‏

‏كَونُ الشَّيءِ المَبِيعِ يُنتَفَعُ بِهِ‏
Stipulating the usefulness of the sold object
‏اِشتَرَطَ‏

To stipulate
‏اِعتِمَادُ الوَكِيلِ عَلَامَةً‏

Setting a sign between one and his agent
‏اِقتِطَاعُ مَالِ الغَيرِ‏

Usurping others' property
‏اِقتَطَعَ‏

To deduct
‏اِقتِنَاءُ كَلبٍ‏

Keeping a dog
‏اِقتِنَاءُ كَلبٍ لِلحَرثِ‏

Keeping a watch dog for cultivated land
‏اِكتَسَبَ‏

To acquire
To gain
‏الأُجرَةُ‏

The hire
‏الأَجَلُ‏

Fixed term
Duration
Due date
‏الأَحَقُّ بِالسَّومِ‏

Who deserves the article after it has been overbidden
‏الأَحَقُّ بِالمَاءِ‏

Those who most have the right to water
‏الأَحَقُّ بِالهَدِيَّةِ‏

He who deserves the present most

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏الأَرضُ المُؤَجَّرَةُ‏

‏الَّتِي أَجَّرَهَا شَخصٌ بِمَبلَغِ مَا يَأخُذُهُ فِي وَقتٍ مَا‏
Rented land
‏الأَرضُ المَملُوكَةُ‏

‏الَّتِي تَقَعُ فِي حَوزَةِ وَمِلكِ شَخصٍ مَا وَيَملِكُ التَّصَرُّفَ فِيهَا‏
Owned land
‏الأَرضُ المَوَاتُ‏

Fruitless land
Barren lands
‏الأَشيَاءُ المُشتَرَكَةُ‏

Common objects
‏الأَصنَافُ الَّتِي لَا يَجرِي فِيهَا رِبَا الفَضلِ‏

Items not involved in the Excess [Al-Fadl] Usury
‏الأَصنَافُ الَّتِي يَجرِي فِيهَا رِبَا النَّسِيئَةِ‏

Items involved in the Delay [Al-Nasi'ah] Usury
‏الأَمَانَةُ فِي الشَّرِكَةِ‏

Trust in partnership
‏الأَمرُ بِأَدَاءِ الدُّيُونِ‏

The command to repay debts
‏الأَموَالُ العَامَّةُ‏

Public money
‏الأَموَالُ المَوقُوفَةُ‏

Donated property (for charitable purposes)
‏الإِتلَافُ‏

Spoilage
‏الإِجَارَةُ‏

‏هِيَ جَزَاءُ العَمَلِ‏
Hiring
‏الإِجَارَةُ إِلَى نِصفِ النَّهَارِ‏

Hiring someone till midday
‏الإِجَارَةُ مِن العَصرِ إِلَى اللَّيلِ‏

Hiring someone from late afternoon till night
‏الإِحَالَةُ‏

Transference
‏الإِشهَادُ‏

Attestation to
‏الإِشهَادُ عَلَى الهِبَةِ‏

Seeking testimony on the gift
‏الإِشهَادُ عَلَى الوَقفِ‏

‏الإِشهَادُ هُوَ وُجُودُ أَشخَاصٍ يَشهَدُونَ عَلَى الوَقفِ‏
Witnessing an endowment
‏الإِطلَاقَاتُ‏

Authorization
‏الإِعَارَةُ‏

‏هِيَ تَملِيكُ المَنَافِعِ بِغَيرِ عِوَضٍ عَلَى أَن تُرَدَّ العَينُ‏
Al-I`arah : Lending an object for temporary use on condition that the same object be returned

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏الإِقَالَةُ‏

‏هِيَ فَسخُ العَقدِ أَو البَيعِ بِرِضَا المُتَعَاقِدَينِ‏
Al-Iqalah : Reversal of sale contract at the behest of the other party
‏الإِيفَاءُ بِالكَيلِ وَالمِيزَانِ‏

‏إِكمَالُهُ وَعَدَمُ نَقصِهِ‏
Giving measure and weight with justice
‏الِاستِئجَارُ عَلَى عَمَلٍ مُستَقبَلٍ‏

Hiring someone to do a work later on
‏الِاستِئجَارُ فِي الغَزوِ‏

Hiring during war
‏الِاستِحفَاظَاتُ‏

Entrusts
‏الِاستِصنَاعُ‏

‏هُوَ طَلَبُ صُنعِ الشَّيءِ، وَهُوَ العَقدُ عَلَى مَبِيعٍ مَوصُوفٍ فِي الذِّمَّةِ اِشتُرِطَ فِيهِ العَمَلُ‏
Contract for manufacture
‏الِاستِعَاذَةُ مِن الدَّينِ‏

Asking Allah's refuge from debt
‏الِانتِفَاعُ‏

‏التَّصَرُّفُ بِالشَّيءِ عَلَى وَجهٍ يُحَقِّقُ الفَائِدَةَ‏
Utilization
Making use of
Exploitation
‏الِانتِفَاعُ بِالرَّهنِ‏

Making use of the mortgage
‏الِانتِفَاعُ بِاللُّقَطَةِ‏

Utilizing a finding
‏البَذرُ‏

Sowing
Seeding
Strewing
‏البُسرُ‏

‏هُوَ التَّمرُ قَبلَ أَن يَرطُبَ لِغَضَاضَتِهِ‏
Unripe dates
‏البِنَاءُ وَالغَرسُ فِي أَرضِ الغَيرِ‏

Building and planting on others' land
‏البَيَاضُ‏

‏الأَرضُ الخَالِيَةُ مِن الزَّرعِ‏
Barren land
‏البَيعُ البَاتُّ‏

‏هُوَ البَيعُ القَطعِيُّ‏
Absolute sale
‏البَيعُ البَاطِلُ‏

‏هُوَ الَّذِي لَا يَكُونَ صَحِيحًا بِأَصلِهِ كَبَيعِ المُسلِمِ مَا حُرِّمَ شَرعَاً كَالخَمرِ وَالخِنزِيرِ‏
Invalid sale : The Muslim selling of unlawful things such as wine, pigs ... etc.
‏البَيعُ النَّاجِزُ‏

‏وَهُوَ البَيعُ الحَاضِرُ‏
Final sale
‏البَيعُ بِالأَقسَاطِ‏

Selling in installments
‏البَيعُ عَلَى بَيعِ المُسلِمِ‏

Offering to buy something already bought by another Muslim
‏البَيعُ فِي الأَسوَاقِ‏

Selling in markets

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏البَيعُ وَالشِّرَاءُ مَعَ النِّسَاءِ‏

Transacting with women
‏البُيُوعُ الجَائِزَةُ‏

Lawful sales
‏البُيُوعُ المَنهِيُّ عَنهَا‏

Prohibited sales
‏التَّبَرُّعَاتُ‏

‏التَّبَرُّعُ هُوَ تَفَضُّلُ الشَّخصِ بِمَا لَا يَجِبُ عَلَيهِ غَيرَ طَالِبٍ لِعِوَضٍ‏
Donations
‏التِّجَارَةُ بِالخَمرِ‏

Trading in alcohol
‏التِّجَارَةُ فِي البَحرِ‏

Maritime trade
‏التِّجَارَةُ فِي البَرِّ‏

Trade on land
‏التِّجَارَةُ فِيمَا يُكرَهُ‏

Trading in what is disliked
‏التَّدلِيسُ‏

‏هُوَ الإِبهَامُ وَالتَّموِيهُ، وَهُوَ إِخفَاءُ العَيبِ فِي السِّلعَةِ‏
Deception : A legal term for concealing a defect in a commodity
‏التَّصَرُّفُ فِي الأُمُورِ‏

Managing affairs
‏التَّصَرُّفُ فِي الوَلَاءِ‏

‏الوَلَاءُ أَي وَلَاءُ العَبدِ لِسَيِّدِهِ‏
Disposing of the freed slave's inheritance
‏التَّصَرُّفَاتُ المَالِيَّةُ‏

Financial transactions
‏التَّعَلِّي‏

‏هُوَ حَقُّ البِنَاءِ عَلَى سَطحِ البِنَاءِ‏
Raising buildings
‏التَّفلِيسُ‏

‏هُوَ إِصدَارُ القَاضِي الحُكمَ بِإِفلَاسِ شَخصٍ، وَهُوَ خُلُوُّهُ مِن المَالِ‏
Bankruptcy : A debtor that is judged legally insolvent
‏اِلتِقَاطُ اليَسِيرِ مِن المَالِ‏

Finding a small amount of money
‏التَّقيِيدَاتُ‏

‏كَتَقيِيدِ المُطلَقِ وَهُوَ إِدخَالُ الشُّرُوطِ وَالصِّفَاتِ عَلَيهِ‏
Restrictions
‏التَّوثِيقَاتُ‏

Documentations
‏التَّوكِيلُ فِي المَالِ‏

Agency in money
‏الثِّمَارُ قَبلَ بُدُوِّ صَلَاحِهَا‏

‏قَبلَ نُضُوجِهَا‏
Unripe fruits
‏الجُدَادُ‏

‏هُوَ قَطعُ ثَمَرِ النَّخلِ‏
Harvesting the dates

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏الجُمَّارُ‏

‏الجُمَّارُ وَهُوَ قَلبُ النَّخلَةِ‏
Palm pith
‏الجَنِينُ‏

Fetus
‏الجَوَائِزُ‏

Prizes
‏الجِوَارُ‏

‏مِن المُجَاوَرَةِ وَالِالتِصَاقِ‏
Neighborhood
‏الحَبُّ‏

Grain
Seed
‏الحَثُّ‏

Urging
Exhortations
‏الحَثُّ عَلَى الإِقرَاضِ‏

Exhortation to lend
‏الحَثُّ عَلَى العَمَلِ‏

Exhortation to work to earn living
‏الحَثُّ عَلَى الكَسبِ‏

Exhortation to earn money
‏الحِرَاسَةُ‏

Guarding
Watching
Sentry duty
‏الحِرَفُ وَالصِّنَاعَاتُ‏

Trades and handicrafts
‏الحِفنَةُ‏

‏مِلءُ الكَفِّ أَو الكَفَّينِ مِن الشَّيءِ‏
Handful
‏الحَلِفُ عَلَى السِّلعَةِ‏

Swearing regarding a commodity
‏الحَلِفُ فِي الشِّرَاءِ وَالبَيعِ‏

Swearing in selling and purchasing
‏الحِمَى‏

‏كُلُّ مَا يُحمَى وَيُدَافَعُ عَنهُ‏
Refuge
Shelter
Patronage
Advocacy
‏الحَوَالَةُ‏

‏اِسمٌ مِن أَحَالَ الغَرِيمَ إِذَا دَفَعَهُ عَنهُ إِلَى غَرِيمٍ آخَرَ‏
Al-Hawalah : Transference of a debt from one person to another
‏الخُلطَةُ فِي المَالِ‏

Shared money
Joint property
‏الخِيَارُ فِي البَيعِ‏

Option in selling
‏الخِيَارُ فِي بُيُوعِ الغَرَرِ‏

Option in aleatory sales
‏الخَيلُ‏

Horses

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏الدِّبَاغَةُ‏

Tanning
‏الدُّعَاءُ عِندَ البَيعِ وَالشِّرَاءِ‏

Supplication when buying and selling
‏الدُّعَاءُ عِندَ دُخُولِ السُّوقِ‏

Supplication upon entering the market
‏الذِّرَاعُ الهَاشِمِيُّ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَطوَالِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 62,208 سَنتِيمِترًا‏
Hashimi Dhira` [Cubit] : A standard measure of length that equals 62.208 centimeters
‏الرَّاشِي‏

‏مَن يُعطِي الرِّشوَةَ‏
Briber
‏الرَّاهِنُ‏

‏هُوَ المَدِينُ الَّذِي دَفَعَ الدَّينَ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي يُقَدِّمُ الرَّهنَ‏
Mortgagor
Pawner
‏الرِّبَا فِي الدَّينِ‏

Usury in debt
‏الرُّجُوعُ‏

Revocation
‏الرُّجُوعُ فِي الحِوَالَةِ‏

Revocation in transferring debts
‏الرُّجُوعُ فِي الهِبَةِ‏

Revocation of the gift
‏الرِّشوَةُ‏

Bribe
‏الرِّضَا فِي البَيعِ‏

‏رِضَا المُتَعَاقِدَينِ‏
Consent in selling
‏الرَّطلُ العِرَاقِيُّ‏

Iraqi rotl: 384.240 gram
‏الرَّعيُ مِن الكَلَأِ‏

Pasture of herbage
‏الرُّقبَى‏

‏أَن يُعطِيَ الرَّجُلُ إِنسَانًا دَارًا ، فَإِن مَاتَ أَحَدُهُمَا كَانَت لِلحَيِّ مِنهُمَا وَهِيَ بِمَعنَى الِانتِظَارِ‏
Al-Ruqba : A kind of donation given on provisions as to death of the donor or the recipient
‏الرُّكُونُ إِلَى‏

‏المَيلُ وَالسَّكَنُ إِلَى‏
Resort to
Reliance on
‏الرُّكُونُ إِلَى الِاشتِغَالِ بِالزَّرعِ‏

Resort to working in agriculture
‏الرَّمَاءُ‏

‏هُوَ الرِّبَا وَالزِّيَادَةُ‏
Usury
Interest
‏الرَّهَانُ‏

Bet
Wager
Stake
‏الرَّهنُ عِندَ اليَهُودِ‏

Mortgaging with the Jews

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏الرَّهنُ فِي السَّلَمِ‏

Payment in advance [Al-Salam] in case of mortgage
‏الزِّيَادَةُ عَلَى الأُجرَةِ‏

Excess in the hire
‏السَّخبُ فِي الأَسوَاقِ‏

Clamor in markets
‏السَّلَفُ‏

Loan
Advance
Free loan
‏السَّلَمُ فِي الثِّمَارِ‏

Payment in advance [Al-Salam] when buying fruits
‏السَّلَمُ فِي الزَّبِيبِ‏

Payment in advance [Al-Salam] when buying raisins
‏السَّلَمُ فِي الطَّعَامِ‏

Payment in advance [Al-Salam] when buying food
‏السَّلَمُ فِي النَّخلِ‏

Payment in advance [Al-Salam] when buying palms
‏السَّمَاحَةُ فِي البَيعِ وَالشِّرَاءِ‏

Tolerance in buying and selling
‏السِّمسَارُ‏

‏هُوَ الوَسِيطُ بَينَ البَائِعِ وَالمُشتَرِي‏
Broker
Middleman
‏السَّومُ‏

‏هُوَ طَلَبُ الشِّرَاءِ‏
Overbidding
Bargaining
‏السَّومُ عَلَى سَومِ الأَخِ‏

Overbidding the offer of another one
‏الشِّرَاءُ بِالدَّينِ‏

‏الشِّرَاءُ بِالأَجَلِ‏
Sale against a debt
‏الشَّرِكَةُ فِي الأَرضِ‏

Partnership in land
‏الشَّرِكَةُ فِي البَيعِ‏

Partnership in selling
‏الشَّرِكَةُ فِي الطَّعَامِ‏

Partnership in food
‏الشَّرِكَةُ فِي الغَنِيمَةِ‏

Partnership in spoils
‏الشَّرِكَةُ فِي المَاءِ‏

Partnership in water
‏الشَّرِكَةُ فِي الهِبَةِ‏

Partnership in a gift
‏الشَّرِكَةُ مَعَ غَيرِ المُسلِمِ‏

Partnership with a non-Muslim

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏الشُّرُوطُ فِي البَيعِ‏

Stipulations in selling
‏الشُّرُوطُ فِي القَرضِ‏

Stipulations in loan
‏الشُّرُوطُ فِي المُزَارَعَةِ‏

Conditions of partnership in Al-Muzara`ah [Sharecropping]
‏الشُّرُوطُ فِي المُضَارَبَةِ‏

Conditions of Al-Mudarabah [Speculation]
‏الشُّرُوطُ فِي الوَقفِ‏

Conditions of an endowment
‏الشُفعَةُ‏

‏هِيَ تَمَلُّكُ الجَارِ أَو الشَّرِيكِ العَقَارَ المُبَاعَ جَبرًا عَن مُشتَرِيهِ بِالثَّمَنِ الَّذِي تَمَّ عَلَيهِ العَقدُ‏
Al-Shuf`ah [Preemption] : The right of purchasing before others
‏الشُّفعَةُ بِالجِوَارِ‏

Preemption by neighborhood
‏الشُّفعَةُ فِي قِسمَةِ الشَّرِكَةِ‏

Preemption in dividing the partnership
‏الشُّفعَةُ فِيمَا لَم يُقسَم‏

Preemption in what has not been divided yet
‏الشَّهَادَةُ عَلَى الوَصِيَّةِ‏

Witnessing a will
‏الشَّيءُ قَبلَ قَبضِهِ‏

‏قَبلَ أَخذِهِ‏
Unobtainable object
‏الضَّامِنُ‏

‏مِن الضَّمَانِ وَهُوَ رَدُّ مِثلِ التَّالِفِ إِذَا كَانَ مِثلِيًّا، وَقِيمَتِهِ إِذَا كَانَ لَا مِثلَ لَهُ‏
Guarantor
Warrantor
Guarantee
‏الضَّرُورَاتُ تُبِيحُ المَحظُورَاتِ‏

Necessity knows no laws
‏الضَّمَارُ‏

‏هُوَ المَالُ الَّذِي نُزِعَت يَدُ مَالِكِهِ عَنهُ وَلَا تُرجَى عَودَتُهُ إِلَيهِ كَالمَغصُوبِ‏
Money deemed irrecoverable
‏الضَّمَانُ عَلَى الكَفِيلِ‏

Guarantee is the responsibility of the surety
‏الضَّمَانُ عَلَى المُؤتَمَنِ‏

Guarantee is the responsibility of the trustee
‏الضَّمَانُ عَلَى المُتلِفِ‏

The spoiler's guarantee of what he spoiled
‏الضَّمَانُ عَن المَيِّتِ‏

Guaranteeing the debt of a dead person
‏الضَّمَانَاتُ‏

‏كَالوَثَائِقِ وَالرِّهَانِ، وَهِيَ كُلُّ مَا يَضمَنُ الحَقَّ مِن الضَّيَاعِ‏
Guarantees
‏العَارِيَةُ مُؤَدَّاةٌ‏

‏الشَّيءُ المُعَارُ يُؤَدَّى إِلَى صَاحِبِهِ‏
The lent object should be returned

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏العَاقِدَانِ فِي الإِجَارَةِ‏

‏هُمَا طَرَفَا العَقدِ وَهُمَا الأَجِيرُ وَالمُستَأجِرُ‏
The two parties of the hiring contract
‏العَجوَةُ‏

‏نَوعٌ مِن أَجوَدِ أَنوَاعِ التَّمرِ‏
Pressed dates : One of the best kinds of dates
‏العَطَّارُ‏

Perfumes dealer
Spice dealer
‏العِلمُ بِالأَجَلِ فِي السَّلَمِ‏

‏مَعرِفَةُ وَقتِهِ‏
Determining the term in selling with payment in advance [Al-Salam]
‏العِلمُ بِالكَيلِ فِي السَّلَمِ‏

Determining the measurement in selling with payment in advance [Al-Salam]
‏العِلمُ بِالمَبِيعِ‏

Getting information about the sold object
‏العِلمُ بِالوَزنِ فِي السَّلَمِ‏

Determining the weight in selling with payment in advance [Al-Salam]
‏العُمرَى‏

‏جَعلُ الدَّارِ وَنَحوِهَا لِشَخصٍ مُدَّةَ عُمرِ هَذَا الشَّخصِ‏
Al-`Umra : The gift for life span
‏العَمَلُ بِاليَدِ‏

Labor by hand
Hand work
‏العَمَلُ بِاليَدِ صَدَقَةٌ‏

Labor by hand is a charity
‏العُهدَةُ وَرُجُوعُ المُشتَرِي بِالدَّركِ‏

The seller is responsible for any defects
‏الغَارِمُ‏

‏هُوَ الَّذِي يَلتَزِمُ مَا ضَمِنَهُ وتَكَفَّلَ بِهِ‏
Guarantor
Warrantor
‏الغَرسُ‏

Implanting
‏الغُرَمَاءُ‏

‏جَمعُ غَرِيمٍ وَهُوَ الدَّائِنُ‏
Creditors
‏الغَصبُ‏

‏هُوَ الِاستِيلَاءُ عَلَى حَقِّ الغَيرِ غَلَبَةً وَاِقتِدَارًا‏
Extortion
Usurpation
‏الغِلظَةُ فِي طَلَبِ الدَّينِ‏

‏عَدَمُ التَّرَفُّقِ فِي طَلَبِهِ‏
Roughness in asking for the repayment of debts
‏الفُضُولِيُّ‏

‏هُوَ الشَّخصُ الَّذِي يَتَصَرَّفُ فِي مِلكِ غَيرِهِ مِن غَيرِ وَكَالَةٍ وَلَا وَلاَيَةٍ‏
Intrusive person
Curious person
‏القُدرَةُ عَلَى تَسلِيمِ المَبِيعِ‏

The ability to deliver the sold object to the buyer
‏القَرضُ‏

‏هُوَ الإِقرَاضُ، وَهُوَ مَا يُعطِيهِ الشَّخصُ مِن المِثلِيَّاتِ لِتُرَدَّ لَهُ‏
Loan
‏القَرضُ إِلَى أَجَلٍ مُسَمًّى‏

Loan for a definite term

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏القِسمَةُ‏

‏هِيَ تَعيِينُ الحِصَصِ الشَّائِعَةِ‏
Distribution
Division
Partition
Dividing
‏القَطَائِعُ‏

‏جَمعُ قَطِيعَةٍ وَهِيَ الجُزءُ مِن الأَرضِ يُمَلِّكُهُ الحَاكِمُ لِمَن يُرِيدُ مِن أَتبَاعِهِ مِنحَةً لَهُ‏
Feudal estates
‏القَيِّمُ عَلَى الوَقفِ‏

‏القَائِمُ عَلَيهِ، وَالوَقفُ هُوَ حَبسُ العَينِ عَلَى مِلكِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى‏
Guardian of endowments
‏الكَذِبُ فِي السِّلعَةِ‏

‏وَهُوَ عَدَمُ التَّصرِيحِ بِعُيُوبِ السِّلعَةِ‏
Telling lies regarding a commodity
‏الكَسبُ‏

Profit
Revenue
Gain
‏الكَفَالَةُ‏

‏هِيَ ضَمُّ ذِمَّةِ الكَفِيلِ إِلَى ذِمَّةِ الأَصِيلِ فِي المُطَالَبَةِ بِالحَقِّ‏
Suretyship : The pledge given by somebody to a creditor to guarantee that the debtor will be present at a certain specific place to pay his debt for fine, or to undergo a punishment
‏الكَفَالَةُ عَن المَيِّتِ‏

Suretyship on behalf of a dead person
‏الكَفَالَةُ فِي الدُّيُونِ‏

Suretyship in debts
‏الكَفِيلُ‏

‏هُوَ الكَافِلُ وَالضَّامِنُ‏
Guarantor
Surety
Bailsman
‏الكَيلُ‏

‏هُوَ تَقدِيرُ الأَشيَاءِ بِأَحجَامِهَا‏
Measurement scale
‏الكَيلُ وَالوَزنُ بِالقِسطِ‏

‏بِالعَدلِ وَالتَّسَاوِي‏
Just measure and weigh
‏اللُّقَطَةُ‏

‏هِيَ المَالُ الَّذِي يُوجَدُ مُلقًى فِي الطَّرِيقِ وَلَا يُعرَفُ لَهُ صَاحِبٌ‏
Finding lost things
Found money
‏اللُّقَطَةُ وَدِيعَةٌ‏

‏اللُّقَطَةُ هِيَ المَالُ الَّذِي يُوجَدُ مُلقًى فِي الطَّرِيقِ وَلَا يُعرَفُ لَهُ صَاحِبٌ يَكُونُ وَدِيعَةً وَأَمَانَةً عِندَ مَن وَجَدَهُ‏
The finding is a consignment
‏المَاشِيَةُ‏

‏هِيَ الإِبِلُ وَالبَقَرُ وَيَدخُلُ فِيهَا الجَامُوسُ ، وَالغَنَمُ وَيَدخُلُ فِيهَا المَاعِزُ ، وَهِيَ أَيضًا الخَيلُ‏
Cattle
‏المُبَارَأَةُ‏

‏هِيَ إِبرَاءُ كُلٍّ مِن الشَّخصَينِ الآخَرَ مِمَّا لَهُ فِي ذِمَّتِهِ‏
Mutual discharge
‏المَبِيعُ‏

‏السِّلعَةُ الَّتِي جَرَى عَلَيهَا عَقدُ البَيعِ‏
The sold object
The sold thing
‏المُتَبَايِعَانِ‏

‏وَهُمَا البَائِعُ وَالمُشتَرِي، وَالمُتَعَاقِدَانِ فِي عَقدِ البَيعِ‏
The seller and the buyer
‏المُتلِفُ‏

Spoiler
‏المَجهُولُ‏

Unknown object
‏المُحَاقَلَةُ‏

‏الزَّرعُ إِذَا تَشَعَّبَ قَبلَ أَن تَغلُظَ سُوقُهُ، وَهُوَ بَيعُ الحَبِّ فِي سُنبُلِهِ وَكِرَاءُ الأَرضِ بِجُزءٍ مِمَّا يَخرُجُ مِنهَا‏
Al-Muhaqalah : The sale of wheat still in ears for pure wheat (in growth)

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏المُحتَسِبُ‏

‏هُوَ مَن وَلَّاهُ السُّلطَانُ لِيُنكِرَ المُنكَرَ إِذَا ظَهَرَ فِعلُهُ، وَيَأمُرَ بِالمَعرُوفِ إِذَا ظَهَرَ تَركُهُ‏
Al-Muhtasib [Disciplinary] : An official appointed by a Muslim ruler, to enjoin what is right, and to forbid what is wrong
‏المَحصُولُ‏

Crop
Harvest
‏المُخَابَرَةُ‏

‏المُخَابَرَةُ هِيَ إِعطَاءُ المَالِكِ أَرضَهُ لِلغَيرِ لِيَزرَعَهَا عَلَى حِصَّةٍ شَائِعَةٍ مِن إِنتَاجِهَا كَالثُّلُثِ أَو الرُّبُعِ‏
Al-Mukhabarah : Sharecropping
‏المَرَافِقُ المُشتَرَكَةُ‏

Common utilities
‏المُرتَشِي‏

Bribee
‏المُرتَهِنُ‏

Mortgagee
‏المُزَابَنَةُ‏

‏هِيَ بَيعُ مَعلُومِ القَدرِ بِمَجهُولِ القَدرِ مِن جِنسِهِ، كَبَيعِ الرُّطَبِ عَلَى النَّخلِ بِتَمرٍ مَجذُوذٍ عُلِمَ مِقدَارُ أَحَدِهِمَا أَم لَم يُعلَم‏
Al-Muzabanah : The sale of fresh dates for dried ones by measure; with the dried dates unmeasured while the fresh ones are only as they are uncut
‏المُزَارَعَةُ‏

‏هِيَ دَفعُ الأَرضِ لِمَن يَزرَعُهَا عَلَى أَن يَكُونَ الزَّرعُ بَينَهُمَا‏
Al-Muzara`ah [Sharecropping] : Giving over land to the charge of another party on condition of receiving a fixed proportion of its produce
‏المُزَارَعَةُ بِالشَّطرِ‏

Partnership in cultivation with sharing in half
‏المُزَارَعَةُ مَعَ اليَهُودِ‏

Sharing with the Jews in cultivation
‏المُسَابَقَةُ‏

‏هِيَ التَّقَدُّمُ عَلَى الغَيرِ فِي الوُصُولِ إِلَى الشَّيءِ‏
Competition
‏المُسَاقَاةُ‏

‏أَن يَدفَعَ الرَّجُلُ شَجَرَهُ إِلَى آخَرَ لِيَقُومَ بِسَقيِهِ وَعَمَلِ سَائِرِ مَا يَحتَاجُ إِلَيهِ بِجُزءٍ مَعلُومٍ لَهُ مِن ثَمَرِهِ‏
Al-Musaqah : A compact entered into by two persons, by which it is agreed that one shall deliver over to another his fruit trees to water and care for in the proportion of one half, one third or the like, as it may be stipulated
‏المُستَأجِرُ‏

‏هُوَ المُشتَرِي لِلمَنفَعَةِ‏
The lease holder
‏المُشَارَكَاتُ‏

Partnerships
‏المَشَاعُ‏

‏حِصَّةٌ مُنتَشِرَةٌ فِي كُلِّ جُزءٍ مِن جُزئِيَّاتِ الشَّيءِ، وَهِيَ الحِصَّةُ المُقَدَّرَةُ غَيرُ المُعَيَّنَةِ‏
Commonly owned object
Common property
Public property
‏المُشتَرَكُ‏

Joint
Common
Shared
‏المَصَالِحُ المُرسَلَةُ‏

‏هِيَ المَصَالِحُ الَّتِي لَم يَشهَد لَهَا الشَّارِعُ بِاِعتِبَارٍ وَلَا بِإِلغَاءٍ‏
Unspecified public interests : Interests concerning which there is no text to consider them lawful or unlawful
‏المُصَرَّاةُ‏

‏هِيَ الشَّاةُ وَنَحوُهَا إِذَا حُبِسَ لَبَنُهَا فِي ضَرعِهَا فَلَم يُحلَب، لِيَظُنَّ مَن يَشتَرِيهَا أَنَّهَا كَثِيرَةُ اللَّبَنِ‏
Al-Musarrah : An animal whose udder is tied up to accumulate milk, thus deceiving the buyer
‏المَضمُونُ‏

‏هُوَ الشَّيءُ الَّذِي هُوَ مَحَلُّ الضَّمَانِ‏
Warranted
Guaranteed
Safe
‏المُعَاقَدَةُ‏

‏المُعَاهَدَةُ‏
Contracting

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏المُعَامَلَاتُ‏

‏الأَحكَامُ الشَّرعِيَّةُ المُتَعَلِّقَةُ بِالأُمُورِ الدُّنيَوِيَّةِ أَي المُنَظِّمَةُ لِتَعَامُلِ النَّاسِ فِي الدُّنيَا‏
Transactions
‏المُعَامَلَةُ عَلَى البَيَاضِ‏

Selling barren land
‏المُعَامَلَةُ عَلَى النَّخلِ بِالشَّطرِ‏

Agreement on taking half of dates yearly as a tribute
‏المُعَامَلَةُ مَعَ المُشرِكِينَ‏

Transacting with polytheists
‏المُعَاوَضَاتُ‏

‏عَقدُ المُعَاوَضَةِ هُوَ عَقدٌ يُعطِي كُلَّ طَرَفٍ فِيهِ نَفسَ المِقدَارِ مِن المَنفَعَةِ الَّتِي يُعطِيهَا الطَرَفَ الآخَرَ‏
Commutative contracts
‏المُعَاوَمَةُ‏

‏بَيعُ ثَمَرِ شَجَرٍ مُعَيَّنٍ أَعوَامًا مُتَوَالِيَةً كُلَّ عَامٍ بِمَبلَغِ كَذَا‏
Al-Mu`awamah : Sale contract for years in a row, such as selling the fruits of certain trees for several years for a price to be specified by the parties concerned
‏المُعَايَنَةُ قَبلَ الشِّرَاءِ‏

‏فَرزُ السِّلعَةِ وَمُعَايَنَتُهَا قَبلَ شِرَائِهَا‏
Examining the article before buying
‏المُعطِي‏

Giver
Donor
Donator
Granter
‏المَعقُودُ عَلَيهِ فِي الإِجَارَةِ‏

The items of a hiring contract
‏المُغَارَسَةُ‏

‏هِيَ دَفعُ الأَرضِ لِمَن يَغرِسُهَا عَلَى نِسبَةٍ مُعَيَّنَةٍ مِن ثِمَارِ هَذَا الغَرسِ‏
Al-Mugharasah [Implantation] : A contract between two persons, on the basis of which one gives his orchard to the other to implant it for a portion of its fruits
‏المَغرَمُ‏

A debt that must be paid
A forced loan
‏المُغرَمُ‏

Al-Mughram : One who is involved in debt or laid under an obligation
‏المُكَافَأَةُ فِي الهِبَةِ‏

Reward in donation
‏المَكَايِيلُ‏

‏المَعَايِيرُ وَالمَوَازِينُ‏
Measurements
‏المُلَامَسَةُ‏

‏نَوعٌ مِن أَنوَاعِ البَيعِ وَفِيهِ يَشتَرِطُ البَائِعُ إِن لَمَستَ السِّلعَةَ فَالبَيعُ وَاجِبٌ وَهُوَ مِن بُيُوعِ الجَاهِلِيَّةِ‏
Al-Mulamasah : A prohibited suspicious transaction based on compulsory purchase after touching the object for sale
‏المَنُّ‏

‏المَنُّ هُوَ مِكيَالٌ سِعَتُهُ رَطلَانِ عِرَاقِيَّانِ، أَي 768,480جِرَامٍ‏
Mann (a measure that equals 786,480 grams)
‏المُنَابَذَةُ‏

‏بَيعُ المُنَابَذَةِ وَهُوَ أَن يَشتَرِيَ الرَّجُلُ الثَّوبَ دُونَ تَعيِينٍ، ثُمَّ يَأخُذَ الثَّوبَ الَّذِي يَنبُذُهُ إِلَيهِ البَائِعُ, وَهُوَ مِن بُيُوعِ الجَاهِلِيَّةِ‏
Al-Munabadhah : Prohibited transaction whereby the buyer is unaware of exactly what he has purchased
‏المُنَاضَلَةُ‏

Struggling
‏المُنفِقُ سِلعَتَهُ كَذِبًا‏

Whoever lies in trade
‏المَنقُولُ‏

‏المَنقُولُ هُوَ كُلُّ مَا يُمكِنُ تَحوِيلُهُ مِن مَكَانٍ لِآخَرَ عَدَا العَقَارِ وَمَا اتَّصَلَ بِهِ‏
Movable object

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏المَوَاتُ‏

‏الأَرضُ الَّتِي لَا مَالِكَ لَهَا وَلَا يُنتَفَعُ بِهَا عَلَى وَجهٍ مِن وُجُوهِ الِانتِفَاعِ‏
Uncultivated lands
‏المَوَازِينُ‏

Weights
‏المَوقُوفُ‏

The endowed object
The consecrated object
‏المَوقُوفُ عَلَيهِ‏

One to whom the endowment is donated
‏النَّجِسُ‏

‏غَيرُ الطَّاهِرِ‏
Impure object
‏النَّصِيحَةُ فِي البَيعِ‏

Advice in selling
‏النَّهيُ عَن أَكلِ أَموَالِ الغَيرِ‏

Prohibition of devouring others' property
‏النَّهيُ عَن التَّصَرُّفِ فِي الأَموَالِ بِالبَاطِلِ‏

Prohibition of spending property in vain
‏الهِبَةُ‏

‏هِيَ التَّملِيكُ فِي الحَيَاةِ بِغَيرِ عِوَضٍ‏
Gift
Donation
‏الهَدَايَا لِلعُمَّالِ‏

Presents for governors
‏الهَدِيَّةُ‏

Present
Gift
Donation
‏الهَدِيَّةُ لِلزَّوجَينِ لَيلَةَ العُرسِ‏

Offering a present to a couple at their wedding
‏الهَدِيَّةُ لِلمُشرِكِينَ‏

A present for the polytheists
‏الوَاهِبُ‏

‏هُوَ المُعطِي‏
Donator
Giver
Granter
‏الوَدِيعَةُ‏

‏هِيَ المَالُ المَترُوكُ عِندَ الغَيرِ لِلحِفظِ قَصدًا بِغَيرِ أَجرٍ‏
Deposit
Consignment
‏الوَزَّانُ‏

Weigher
‏الوَزنُ‏

Weight
‏الوَعدُ لِلجُمهُورِ بِجَائِزَةٍ‏

Promising to give a prize to the audience
‏الوَقفُ‏

‏حَبسُ الشَّيءِ أَو العَينِ عَلَى مِلكِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى، وَهُوَ تَسبِيلُ المَنفَعَةِ دُونَ العَينِ‏
Al-Waqf [Religious Endowment] : A legal term that signifies the appropriation or dedication of property for charitable uses and the service of Allah. The object of such an endowment must be of perpetual nature and can not be sold or transferred.
‏الوَقفُ عَلَى الأَقَارِبِ‏

Endowment for relatives

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏الوَقفُ لِلغَنِيِّ وَالفَقِيرِ‏

Endowment for the rich and the poor
‏الوَكَالَةُ‏

‏هِيَ تفَويِضُ الشَّخصِ أَمرَهُ إِلَى شَخصٍ آخَرَ، وَإِقَامَتُهُ مَقَامَهُ فِي التَّصَرُّفِ‏
Agency
Authorization
Power of attorney
‏الوَكَالَةُ فِي البَيعِ‏

‏الوَكَالَةُ هِي تَفوِيضُ الشَّخصِ أَمرَهُ إِلَى شَخصٍ آخَرَ، وَإِقَامَتُهُ مَقَامَهُ فِي التَّصَرُّفِ‏
Agency in selling
‏الوَكَالَةُ فِي الصَّرفِ وَالمِيزَانِ‏

Agency in spending and weighing
‏الوَكَالَةُ فِي الوَقفِ‏

Agency in endowment
‏الوَكَالَةُ فِي قَضَاءِ الدُّيُونِ‏

Agency in repaying debts
‏اِنتِفَاعُ الوَاقِفِ بِوَقفِهِ‏

The utilization of an endowment by the donor
‏اِنخِدَاعٌ‏

Deception
Delusion
Illusion
‏بَادَرَ بِ‏

Show promptitude
‏بَاعٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَطوَالِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ =186,62سَنتِيمِترًا‏
Ba` : A standard measure of length that equals 186.62 centimeters
‏بِالأَقسَاطِ‏

In installments
‏بِالذِّمَّةِ‏

‏الذِّمَّةُ هِيَ العَهدُ وَالأَمَانُ وَالكَفَالَةُ، وَهِيَ الحَقُّ وَالحُرمَةُ‏
Honestly
Really
Seriously
‏بِالشَّطرِ‏

Sharing in half
‏بِالمَعرُوفِ‏

With reasonable manner
Amicably
In a friendly manner
‏بَخَسَ‏

‏بَخسُ الكَيلِ أَي نَقصُهُ، وَبَخَسَ فُلَانًا حَقَّهُ أَي لَم يُوَفِّهِ إِيَّاهُ‏
To diminish
To decrease
To reduce
To underestimate
‏بَخسٌ‏

‏هُوَ النَّقصُ، وَالمَبِيعُ الخَسِيسُ الَّذِي غُبِنَ فِيهِ المُشتَرِي‏
Reduced (price)
Diminution
‏بُرٌّ‏

Wheat
‏بُرَّةٌ‏

Wheat
‏بَرَكَةُ النَّخلِ‏

The blessing of palm trees
‏بَرنِيٌّ‏

‏هُوَ نَوعٌ مِن أَجوَدِ أَنوَاعِ التَّمرِ‏
Barni : A kind of dates with good quality

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏بَرِيدٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَطوَالِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 22394,88 مِترًا‏
Barid : A standard measure of length that equals 22394.88 meters
‏بِشَرطٍ‏

On condition
As long as
‏بِضَاعَةٌ‏

‏هِيَ السِّلعَةُ وَهِيَ كُلُّ مَا يُتَّجَرُ بِهِ مِن مَتَاعٍ‏
Commodity
Merchandise
Goods
‏بُطلَانُ العَقدِ‏

‏فَسَادُهُ‏
Invalidity of the contract
‏بَعِيرٌ‏

Camel
‏بِكرٌ‏

Young camel
‏بِكُلِّ الِاحتِرَازِ‏

With all reservation
‏بَيعٌ‏

Selling
Transaction
‏بَيعُ أُمَّهَاتِ الأَولَادِ‏

Selling female slaves who have born children to their masters
‏بَيعُ الأَصنَامِ‏

Selling idols
‏بَيعُ الأَمَةِ الزَّانِيَةِ‏

Selling an adulteress slave
‏بَيعُ الِاستِصنَاعِ‏

‏هُوَ بَيعُ شَيءٍ مَوصُوفٍ فِي الذِّمَّةِ يَجرِي صُنعُهُ مِن قِبَلِ البَائِعِ أَو غَيرِهِ‏
The sale of Al-Istisna` : Sale in the form of a contract for manufacture
‏بَيعُ البُرِّ بِالبُرِّ مُتَفَاضِلًا‏

‏البُرُّ هُوَ القَمحُ‏
Selling wheat against wheat in the Excess [Al-Fadl] Usury
‏بَيعُ التَّلجِئَةِ‏

‏وَهُوَ البَيعُ الصُّورِيُّ وَهُوَ أَن يَضطَرَّ البَائِعُ لِإِظهَارِ عَقدٍ وَإِبطَانِ غَيرِهِ مَعَ إِرَادَةِ ذَلِكَ البَاطِنِ‏
Simulated sale
Protective sale
‏بَيعُ التَّمرِ بِالتَّمرِ مُتَفَاضِلًا‏

Selling dates against dates in the Excess [Al-Fadl] Usury
‏بَيعُ التَّولِيَةِ‏

‏هُوَ إِعلَامُ المُشتَرِي بِرَأسِ مَالِ السِّلعَةِ ثُمَّ قَولُهُ : أَبِيعُكَ إِيَّاهَا بِرَأسِ مَالِهَا‏
Release at cost price
‏بَيعُ الثِّمَارِ قَبلَ بُدُوِّ صَلَاحِهَا‏

‏بَيعُهَا قَبلَ نُضُوجِهَا‏
Selling unripe fruits
‏بَيعُ الثَّمَرِ عَلَى الشَّجَرِ‏

‏بَيعُ الثَّمَرِ قَبلَ جَمعِهِ‏
Selling fruits before picking them
‏بَيعُ الثَّنِيَّا‏

‏وَهُوَ اِستِثنَاءُ كَيلٍ أَو وَزنٍ مِن مَبِيعٍ جُزَافًا‏
Selling involving exception
‏بَيعُ الجُزَافِ‏

‏هُوَ الحَدسُ فِي البَيعِ دُونَ مَعرِفَةِ كَيلٍ وَلَا وَزنٍ‏
The sale of Al-Juzaf [Sale in gross] : Selling articles of uncertain quantity

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏بَيعُ الجُمَّارِ‏

‏الجُمَّارُ هُوَ قَلبُ النَّخلَةِ‏
Selling palm pith
‏بَيعُ الجَهَالَةِ‏

‏غَيرُ مَعلُومِ القَدرِ وَلَا الوَزنِ وَلَا الثَّمَنِ‏
Aleatory transaction
‏بَيعُ الحَاضِرِ لِبَادٍ‏

‏وَهُوَ أَن يَقُولَ الحَضَرِيُّ لِلبَدوِيِّ : اُترُك سِلعَتَكَ عِندِي لِأَبِيعَهَا لَكَ بِسِعرٍ أَغلَى‏
An urban dweller's selling for a Bedouin
‏بَيعُ الحُرِّ‏

Selling a free man
‏بَيعُ الحَصَاةِ‏

‏وَهُوَ أَن يَقُولَ البَائِعُ لِلمُشتَرِي أَبِيعُكَ مِن السِّلَعِ مَا تَقَعُ عَلَيهِ الحَصَاةُ بِمَبلَغِ كَذَا‏
Al-Hasah Sale : The selling of the commodity on which the pebbles fall
‏بَيعُ الحَيَوَانِ بِاللَّحمِ‏

Selling an animal against meat
‏بَيعُ الخَمرِ‏

Selling alcohol
‏بَيعُ الخِنزِيرِ‏

Selling pigs
‏بَيعُ الدَّارِ وَالعَقَارِ وَشِرَاءُ مِثلِهِ‏

Selling a house or real estate and purchasing something similar
‏بَيعُ الدَّرَاهِمِ بِالدَّنَانِيرِ نَسِيئَةً‏

‏النَّسِيئَةُ كُلُّ زِيَادَةٍ مَشرُوطَةٍ أَو فِي حُكمِ المَشرُوطَةِ يَتَقَاضَاهَا المُقرِضُ مِن المُستَقرِضِ مُقَابِلَ تَأخِيرِ الوَفَاءِ‏
Selling dirhams against dinars in the Delay [Al-Nasi'ah] Usury
‏بَيعُ الدَّمِ‏

Selling blood
‏بَيعُ الدِّينَارِ بِالدِّينَارِ نَسِيئَةً‏

Selling dinar against dinar in the Delay [Al-Nasi'ah] Usury
‏بَيعُ الذَّهَبِ بِالذَّهَبِ مُتَفَاضِلًا‏

Selling gold against gold in the Excess [Al-Fadl] Usury
‏بَيعُ الزَّبِيبِ بِالزَّبِيبِ مُتَفَاضِلًا‏

Selling raisins against raisins in the Excess [Al-Fadl] Usury
‏بَيعُ الزَّرعِ بِالحِنطَةِ‏

Selling plants against wheat
‏بَيعُ السَّلَمِ‏

‏هُوَ بَيعُ السِّلعَةِ الآجِلَةِ المَوصُوفَةِ بِثَمَنٍ عَاجِلٍ‏
The sale of Payment in Advance [Al-Salam] : A contract involving an immediate payment of the price, and admitting a delay in the delivery of the articles purchased
‏بَيعُ السِّنِينَ‏

‏أَن يَبِيعَ الثَّمَرَةَ سِنِينًا مُتَعَدِّدَةً‏
Sale for years : Selling a commodity and delaying its delivery for years
‏بَيعُ الشَّجرِ دُونَ الأَرضِ‏

Selling trees without the land in which they are planted
‏بَيعُ الشَّرِيكِ‏

The partner's selling
‏بَيعُ الشَّرِيكِ مِن شَرِيكِهِ‏

Selling from one's partner's share

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏بَيعُ الشَّعيِرِ بِالشَّعِيرِ مُتَفَاضِلًا‏

Selling barley against barley in the Excess [Al-Fadl] Usury
‏بَيعُ الشَّيءِ قَبلَ قَبضِهِ‏

Selling an object before possessing it
‏بَيعُ الصَّرفِ‏

‏هُوَ بَيعُ النَّقدِ بِالنَّقدِ‏
Money exchange
‏بَيعُ الصُّوَرِ‏

Selling pictures
‏بَيعُ الطَّعَامِ بِالطَّعَامِ مُتَفَاضِلًا‏

Selling food against food in the Excess [Al-Fadl] Usury
‏بَيعُ العَبدِ الزَّانِي‏

Selling an adulterer slave
‏بَيعُ العَرَايَا‏

‏هُوَ بَيعُ مَا عَلَى النَّخلَةِ مِن الرُّطَبِ لِيُؤكَلَ فِي الحَالِ بِقَدرِهِ تَمرًا تَخمِينًا‏
Sale of Al-`Araya : A contract of barter in dates in which the owner is allowed to sell the fresh dates while they are still over the palms by means of estimation, for dried plucked dates.
‏بَيعُ العُربُونِ‏

‏وَهُوَ أَن يَدفَعَ المُشتَرِي لِلبَائِعِ جُزءًا مِن الثَّمَنِ عَلَى أَنَّهُ إِن أَخَذَ السِّلعَةَ كَانَ مَا دَفَعَهُ جُزءًا مِن الثَّمَنِ، وَإِن عَدَلَ عَن الشِّرَاءِ كَانَ مَا دَفَعَهُ لِلبَائِعِ‏
Earnest sale : In this kind of sale the buyer pays some of the cost to the seller. If the buyer takes the goods, the paid money will be part of the price. On the other hand, if the buyer rejected the goods, the paid money would be to the seller.
‏بَيعُ العِنَبِ بِالزَّبِيبِ‏

Selling grapes against raisins
‏بَيعُ العِنَبِ لِصَانِعِ الخَمرِ‏

Selling grapes to an alcohol maker
‏بَيعُ الغَرَرِ‏

‏هُوَ بَيعُ مَا فِيِهِ جَهَالَةٌ سَوَاءٌ فِي الثَّمَنِ أَو المَبِيعِ أَو الأَجَلِ أَو القُدرَةِ عَلَى التَّسلِيمِ‏
Sale of Al-Gharar : An aleatory transaction such as selling or buying something which is not present or known
‏بَيعُ الغَنِيمَةِ قَبلَ القِسمَةِ‏

Selling spoils before sharing them out
‏بَيعُ الفِضَّةِ بِالفِضَّةِ مُتَفَاضِلًا‏

Selling silver against silver in the Excess [Al-Fadl] Usury
‏بَيعُ الفُضُولِيِّ‏

Selling by the unauthorized agent
‏بَيعُ القَطَائِعِ‏

Selling feudal estates
‏بَيعُ الكَلبِ‏

Selling dogs
‏بَيعُ المَجهُولِ‏

‏مَجهُولُ الصِّفَةِ أَو القَدرِ أَو الثَّمَنِ‏
Selling unknown or unseen objects
‏بَيعُ المُخَاضَرَةِ‏

Sale of Al-Mukhadarah : The sale of grain or vegetables before they are ripe
‏بَيعُ المُزَايَدَةِ‏

‏هُوَ طَرحُ السِّلعَةِ لِلبَيعِ عَلَى أَن يَكُونَ البَيعُ لِمَن يَعرِضُ ثَمَنَاً أَكثَرَ‏
Selling in auction or a public sale
‏بَيعُ المَسرُوقَاتِ‏

Selling stolen objects

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏بَيعُ المِسكِ وَالرَّوَائِحِ‏

Selling musk and perfumes
‏بَيعُ المَشَاعِ‏

Selling common property
‏بَيعُ المُصَرَّاةِ‏

Selling the sheep whose milk has been made to accumulate in the udder
‏بَيعُ المُقَايَضَةِ‏

‏وَهُوَ أَن تُبَاعَ السِّلعَةُ بِسِلعَةٍ أُخرَى لَا بِنَقدٍ‏
Barter sale
Bartering
‏بَيعُ المُكَاتَبِ‏

Selling Al-Mukatab : Slave who has a contract of manumission
‏بَيعُ المُكرَهِ‏

The sale managed by a coerced person
‏بَيعُ المِلحِ بِالمِلحِ مُتَفَاضِلًا‏

Selling salt against salt in the Excess [Al-Fadl] Usury
‏بَيعُ المَيتَةِ‏

Selling a dead animal
‏بَيعُ النَّجِسِ‏

Selling filthy things
‏بَيعُ النَّجشِ‏

‏هُوَ أَن يَزِيدَ الرَّجُلُ فِي ثَمَنِ السِّلعَةِ وَلَا يُرِيدُ شِرَاءَهَا وَلَكِن لِيُغَرِّرَ بِغَيرِهِ وَيَزِيدَ فِي سِعرِهَا‏
Al-Najsh [Exciting] : The prohibited practice of enhancing the price of goods, by making a tender for them without any intention of buying, but merely to incite others to offer a higher price.
‏بَيعُ النَّخلِ بِالتَّمرِ‏

Selling palms against dates
‏بَيعُ الهِرَّةِ‏

Selling cats
‏بَيعُ الوَرِقِ بِالوَرِقِ مُتَفَاضِلًا‏

Selling silver against silver in the Excess [Al-Fadl] Usury
‏بَيعُ الوَضِيعَةِ‏

‏وَهُوَ قَولُ البَائِعِ لِلمُشتَرِي أَبِيعُكَ هَذِهِ السِّلعَةَ بِالثَّمَنِ الَّذِي اِشتَرَيتَهَا بِهِ وَهُوَ كَذَا، وَأَضَعُ عَنكَ مِنهُ كَذَا‏
Resale at a loss
‏بَيعُ الوَلَاءِ‏

Sale of Al-Wala' : An emancipator's selling of his right of loyalty over his freed slave
‏بَيعٌ بِالأَجَلِ‏

‏وَهُوَ أَخذُ السِّلعَةِ مَعَ تَأخِيرِ الثَّمَنِ‏
Sale on credit
‏بَيعٌ بِالخِيَارِ‏

Optional sale
‏بَيعُ ثِمَارٍ بِأُخرَى‏

Selling fruits against other fruits
‏بَيعُ حَبَلِ الحَبَلَةِ‏

‏وَهُوَ بَيعُ وَلَدِ الحَملِ الَّذِي فِي بَطنِ الحَيَوَانِ، وَهُوَ مِن بُيُوعِ الجَاهِلِيَّةِ‏
Selling a fetus before it is born
‏بَيعُ عَسبِ الفَحلِ‏

Hiring a male animal for fertilization

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏بَيعُ فَضلِ المَاءِ‏

‏القَدرُ المُتَبَقَّى مِن المَاءِ‏
Selling the remainder of water
‏بَيعُ مَا لَا يُقدَرُ عَلَى تَسلِيمِهِ‏

Selling undeliverable things
‏بَيعُ مَا لَا يُملَكُ‏

Selling what cannot be possessed
‏بَيعُ مَا لَيسَ عِندَهُ‏

Selling what one does not possess
‏بَيعُ وَلَدِ الزِّنَى‏

Selling a bastard
‏بَيعَتَانِ فِي بَيعَةٍ‏

The double sale
‏تَأبِيرُ النَّخلِ‏

‏التَّأبِيرُ هُوَ تَلقِيحُ النَّخلِ بِشَقِّ طَلعِ النَّخلَةِ الأُنثَى، وَوَضعِ شَيءٍ مِن طَلعِ النَّخلَةِ الذَّكَرِ فِي هَذَا الشَّقِّ‏
Pollination of palms (artificial fertilization)
‏تَأجِيرُ الرَّجُلِ نَفسَهُ‏

Offering oneself to be hired
‏تَأجِيرُ المُستَأجَرِ‏

Hiring an object already hired before
‏تَأخِيرُ الوَصِيَّةِ‏

Delaying the will
‏تَحجِيرُ الأَرضِ لِإِحيَائِهَا‏

Reclaiming sterile land by adding fertile soil
‏تَحدِيدُ مُدَّةِ الإِجَارَةِ‏

Specifying the term of hiring
‏تَحرِيشُ البَهَائِمِ‏

Stirring up beasts
‏تَخَاصُمٌ‏

Mutual disputing and recrimination
‏تَدبِيرٌ اِحتِرَازِيٌّ‏

Precautionary measure
Precaution
Safety measure
‏تَدلِيسِيٌّ‏

Fraudulent
Deceitful
Deceptive
‏تَرتِيبُ سَقيِ الأَشجَارِ‏

Regulating the irrigation of trees
‏تَركُ الأَجِيرِ أَجرَهُ‏

The hired person relinquishing his hire
‏تَركُ اللُّقَطَةِ‏

Ignoring a finding
‏تَسعِيرُ البَضَائِعِ وَالسِّلَعِ‏

‏وَضعُ سِعرٍ ثَابِتٍ لِلسِّلعَةِ‏
Pricing goods and articles

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏تَسمِينُ الأَنعَامِ‏

Fattening cattle
‏تَسوِيَةُ الأَرضِ‏

‏تَسهِيلُهَا وَإِزَالَةُ مَا فِيهَا مِن عِوَجٍ‏
Leveling the ground
‏تَصَرُّفُ الوَكِيلِ دُونَ إِذنٍ‏

‏دُونَ إِذنِ مُوَكِّلِهِ‏
The agent dispensing without permission
‏تَعجِيلُ الأُجرَةِ‏

Hastening in paying the hire
‏تَعجِيلُ الكِتَابَةِ‏

‏سُرعَةُ تَسجِيلِ المُعَامَلاتِ المَالِيَّةِ‏
Prompt recording
Hastening to record deals and financial transactions
‏تَعرِيفُ اللُّقَطَةِ‏

‏وَصفُهَا بِعَلَامَاتِهَا وَالإِدلَالُ عَلَيهَا‏
Declaring the finding of something lost
‏تَعوِيضٌ‏

Compensation
‏تَفوِيضُ الوَكِيلِ إِلَى رَأيِهِ‏

Authorizing the agent to do whatever he thinks right
‏تَقوِيمُ الأَشيَاءِ المُشتَرَكَةِ‏

‏تَقدِيرُ قِيمَتِهَا‏
Valuation of common objects
‏تَلَفُ الثِّمَارِ‏

Fruit damage
‏تَلَقِّي الرُّكبَانِ‏

‏تَلَقِّي القَادِمِينَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ ، وَشِرَاءُ السِّلَعِ المُعَدَّةِ لِلبَيعِ مِنهُم‏
Receiving caravans
‏تَوثِيقُ البُيُوعِ‏

‏كِتَابَتُهَا‏
Documenting sales
‏تَوثِيقُ الدُّيُونِ‏

‏إِثبَاتُهَا وَكِتَابَتُهَا‏
Documentation of debts
‏تَوثِيقُ المُضَارَبَةِ‏

Documenting the contract of Al-Mudarabah [Speculation]
‏تَوَقِّي‏

‏حَذَرٌ وَاِتِّقَاءٌ‏
Avoiding
Cautiousness
‏تَوَقِّي الحَرَامِ فِي البَيعِ وَالشِّرَاءِ‏

‏اِتِّقَاءُ الحَرَامِ وَالحَذَرُ مِن الوُقُوعِ فِيهِ‏
Avoiding what is unlawful in buying and selling
‏تَوكِيلُ الشَّرِيكِ شَرِيكَهُ‏

Appointing one's partner as an agent
‏ثُغَاءُ الشَّاةِ‏

Bleat of sheep
‏ثَمَنٌ‏

Price
Charge
Cost
‏جَدَعَ‏

‏قَطَعَ، فَالشَّاةُ الجَدعَاءُ أَي الَّتِي اِستُؤصِلَت أُذُنُهَا‏
To cut off

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏جَرِيبٌ (مِسَاحَةٌ)‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ المِسَاحَةِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 373,248 مِترًا‏
Jarib : A standard measure of area used for land survey that equals 373.248 meters
‏جَرِيبٌ (مِكيَالٌ)‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ المَكَايِيلِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 10425 جِرَامًا‏
Jarib : A standard measure that equals 10425 grams
‏جَرِيدٌ‏

Palm branches
‏جَعَائِلُ‏

‏هِيَ مَا يُجعَلُ مِن العِوَضِ عَلَى عَمَلٍ مُعَيَّنٍ‏
Allowances
Wages
Payments
Hire or reward of labor
‏حَاجَ‏

‏فِي حَاجَةٍ إِلَى‏
To be in need of
‏حَبَّةٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 0,0586 جِرَامًا‏
Habbah : A standard measure of weight that equals 0.0586 grams
‏حَبسُ الرَّهنِ وَغَلقُهُ‏

‏حَبسُ شَيءٍ مَالِيٍّ ضَمَانًا لِحَقِّ الغَيرِ‏
Refraining from delivering the mortgage
‏حَبَلُ الحَبَلَةِ‏

‏هُوَ مَاَ سَتَلِدُهُ الأَجِنَّةُ الَّتِي مَا زَالَت فِي بُطُونِ أُمَّهَاتِهَا‏
The offspring of the fetus of a pregnant animal
‏حَرَّةٌ‏

Stony ground
‏حَرثٌ‏

‏الزَّرعُ وَالحَقلُ‏
Field
Cultivated ground
Fruits of the earth
Arable land
‏حُرمَةُ الأَموَالِ‏

Sanctity of money
‏حَرِيمُ الآبَارِ‏

‏حَرِيمُ البِئرِ مَا يُحِيطُ بِهَا، وَيَملِكُهُ مَن يَملِكُهَا، وَهِيَ خَمسَةٌ وَعِشرُونَ ذِرَاعًا‏
The precincts of wells
Unapproachable surroundings of wells
‏حَرِيمُ الأَشجَارِ‏

‏مَا يَصِلُ إِلَيهِ ظِلُّهَا‏
The precincts of trees
‏حَصَادٌ‏

Reaping
Harvesting
‏حَصَدَ‏

‏قَطَعَ الزَّرعَ‏
To reap
To harvest
To crop
‏حَصِيدٌ‏

Harvest
‏حَقُّ التَّمَلُّكِ‏

Right of possession
‏حَقُّ الشُّربِ‏

Right to water
‏حَقُّ الشُّفعَةِ‏

Preemption
‏حَقُّ العَبدِ‏

Right of one's fellow man

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏حُقُوقُ النَّاسِ مِن الزَّرعِ‏

People's rights to what is cultivated
‏حُكمُ إِضَاعَةِ المَالِ‏

‏تَضيِيعُهُ وَإِهدَارُهُ مَعَ عَدَمِ الحِفَاظِ عَلَيهِ‏
Judgment on wasting money
‏حُكمُ الرِّبَا‏

Judgment on usury (interest-taking)
‏حُكمُ الغَصبِ‏

Judgment on extortion
‏حُكمُ رِبَا الفَضلِ‏

Judgment pertaining to the Excess [Al-Fadl] Usury
‏حُكمُ رِبَا النَّسِيئَةِ‏

Judgment pertaining to the Delay [Al-Nasi'ah] Usury
‏حَلبُ المَاشِيَةِ دُونَ إِذنٍ‏

Milking cattle without permission
‏حُلُولُ الدَّينِ‏

‏حُلُولُ مَوعِدِ سَدَادِهِ‏
Debt's maturity
‏حُلُولُ الدَّينِ عَلَى المَيِّتِ‏

‏قُدُومُ وَقتِ سَدَادِهِ‏
Debt's maturity after the debtor's death
‏حِمَايَةُ المِلكِيَّةِ‏

Protection of property
‏خَالَطَ‏

To mix oneself up in the affairs of others
‏خَرَاجٌ‏

‏غَلَّةُ الأَرضِ‏
Land taxation
‏خَردَلٌ‏

Mustard seed
‏خَردَلَةٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 0,000976 جِرَامًا‏
Khardalah : A standard measure of weight that equals 0.000976 grams
‏خَرصُ الثِّمَارِ‏

‏هُوَ التَّقدِيرُ وَالحَرزُ أَي البَيعُ بِغَيرِ وَزنٍ‏
Estimating fruits
‏خَسِرَ‏

To suffer loss
To lose
‏خَصَاصَةٌ‏

‏الفَقرُ وَالحَاجَةُ وَسُوءُ الحَالِ‏
Poverty
Privation
Need
‏خُصُوصُ الجِنسِ‏

Specification of genus
‏خُصُوصُ العَينِ‏

Specification of the object in question
‏خُصُوصُ النَّوعِ‏

Specification of species

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏خَطفٌ‏

Abduction
Kidnapping
‏خَطوَة‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَطوَالِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 93,31 سَنتِيمِترًا‏
Khatwah : A standard measure of length that equals 93.31 centimeters
‏خِيَارٌ‏

‏وَهُوَ اختِيَارُ الأَفَضلِ لِلإِنسَانِ‏
Option : A term used to express a certain period after the conclusion of a bargain, during which either of the parties may cancel it
‏خِيَارُ التَّعيِينِ‏

‏هُوَ أَن يَشتَرِيَ الشَّخصُ أَحَدَ الشَّيئَينِ عَلَى أَن يَتِمَّ تَعيِينُ المَعقُودِ عَلَيهِ مِنهُمَا فِيمَا بَعدُ‏
Option of determination : In this case a person, having purchased two or three things, stipulates a period to make his selection
‏خِيَارُ التَّغرِيرِ‏

‏وَسَبَبُهُ أَن يَفعَلَ البَائِعُ فِي المَبِيعِ فِعلًا، أَو يَقُولَ فِيهِ قَولًا يَظُنُّهُ المُشتَرِي كَمَالًا فَإِذَا هُوَ لَيسَ كَذَلِكَ‏
Option of deceit : The buyer's choice not to conclude the bargain because of the seller's deceit
‏خِيَارُ الرُّؤيَةِ‏

‏وَهُوَ أَن يَشتَرِيَ شَيئًا لَم يَرَهُ، فَإِن رَآهُ كَانَ بِالخِيَارِ إِن شَاءَ أَمضَى البَيعَ وَإِن شَاءَ فَسَخَهُ‏
Option of inspection : The option of rejecting the thing purchased after sight
‏خِيَارُ الشَّرطِ‏

‏وَسَبَبُهُ أَن يَشتَرِطَ أَحَدُ المُتَعَاقِدَينِ أَو كِلَاهُمَا أَن يَكُونَ لَهُ حَقُّ فَسخِ العَقدِ إِلَى مُدَّةٍ مُعَيَّنَةٍ‏
Option of stipulation : Optional condition where one of the parties stipulates for a certain period
‏خِيَارُ العَقدِ‏

‏أَن يَكُونَ لِكُلٍّ مِن المُتَعَاقِدَينِ أَو أَحَدِهِمَا حَقُّ فَسخِ العَقدِ وَإِمضَائِهِ‏
Option of contract
‏خِيَارُ العَيبِ‏

‏وَسَبَبُهُ ظُهُورُ عَيبٍ قَدِيمٍ فِي المَبِيعِ يُنقِصُ الثَّمَنَ أَو يُخِلُّ بِالمَقصُودِ، لَم يَطَّلِع عَلَيهِ المُشتَرِي حِينَ الشِّرَاءِ‏
Option of defect
Option of fault : The option of dissolving the contract on discovery of defect
‏خِيَارُ الغَبنِ‏

‏وَسَبَبُهُ بَيعُ السِّلعَةِ بِسِعرٍ زَائِدٍ عَن تَقوِيمِ المُقَوِّمِينَ‏
Option of deception : To sell a certain commodity for a price more than its true or actual value
‏خِيَارُ المَالِ‏

Option of money
‏خِيَارُ المَجلِسِ‏

‏وَذَلِكَ بِأَن يَكُونَ لِكُلٍّ مِن المُتَعَاقِدَينِ حَقُّ فَسخِ العَقدِ مَا دَامَا فِي مَجلِسٍ وَاحِدٍ‏
Option during the session : Right of unilateral repudiation of contract during the session of sale
‏خَيرُ الشُّهُودِ‏

The best of witnesses
‏دَائِنٌ‏

‏هُوَ مَن دَفَعَ لِآخَرَ مَالًا لِيَرُدَّ مِثلَهُ فِي المُستَقبَلِ‏
Creditor
Debtor
‏دَابَّةٌ‏

Beast
Animal
‏دَانِق‏

‏هُوَ سُدُسُ الدِّرهَمِ‏
Daniq : Coin equal to one-sixth of a dirham
‏دَانِقٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 0,486 جِرَامًا‏
Daniq : A standard measure of weight that equals 0.468 grams
‏دِرهَمٌ‏

Dirham (silver coin)
‏دِرهَمُ الأَشيَاءِ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 2,988 جِرَامًا‏
Dirham weight for things : A standard measure of weight that equals 2.988 grams
‏دِرهَمُ الفِضَّةِ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 2,812جِرَامًا‏
Silver dirham : A standard measure of weight that equals 2.812 grams

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏دِرهَمٌ بَغلِيٌّ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 3,75 جِرَامًا‏
Dirham Baghli : A standard measure of weight that equals 3.75 grams
‏دَلَّسَ‏

To swindle
To cheat
To counterfeit
To falsify
‏دَوَابُّ‏

Riding animals
Beasts
‏دَومٌ‏

Continuance
Duration
‏دَينُ الشَّهِيدِ‏

The debt of a martyr
‏دَينُ المَيِّتِ‏

The debt of a dead person
‏دَينٌ مُستَغرِقٌ‏

‏كُلُّ مَا يَملِكُ الشَّخصُ مِن أَموَالٍ لَا تَفِي قِيمَةَ دَينِهِ، أَو أَنَّ تَرِكَتَهُ تُسَاوِي قِيمَةَ الدَّينِ‏
Gross debt : Claims against an estate which exceed or equal the assets
‏دَينٌ مُطلَقٌ‏

Absolute debt : Debt not bound to the physical person of the debtor, but outliving him
‏دَينٌ مُوَحَّدٌ‏

Consolidated debt
‏دِينَارٌ‏

Dinar (gold coin)
‏دُيُونُ الجَاهِلِيَّةِ‏

Debts of the pre-Islamic period
‏ذِرَاعُ العَامَّةِ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَطوَالِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 46,656 سَنتِيمِترًا‏
Common Dhira` [Cubit] : A standard measure of length that equals 46.656 centimeters
‏ذَرَّةٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 0,0000002 جِرَامًا‏
Dharrah : A standard measure of weight that equals 0.0000002 grams
‏ذَهَبٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ المَكَايِيلِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 39,96 جِرَامًا‏
Dhahab : A standard measure that equals 39.96 grams
‏ذَوِي الحَاجَةِ‏

‏أَصحَابُ الحَاجَاتِ‏
The needy
Indigent
‏رَابَى‏

‏أَي زَادَ زِيَادَةً مَشرُوطَةً فِي العَقدِ خَالِيَةً عَن عِوَضٍ مَشرُوعٍ‏
To lend money to any one upon usury
Practice usury
‏رَاعِي‏

Shepherd
Herdsman
‏رَبُّ المَالِ‏

‏صَاحِبُ المَالِ‏
Possessor of property
Proprietor
‏رِبًا‏

Usury (Interest-taking)
‏رَبَا‏

To increase
To grow
To mount up

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏رِبَا الفَضلِ‏

‏هُوَ بَيعُ شَيءٍ مِن الأَموَالِ الرِّبَوِيَّةِ بِجِنسِهِ مُتَفَاضِلًا‏
Excess [Al-Fadl] Usury : To sell a certain amount of anything for a greater quantity of the same thing
‏رِبَا النَّسِيئَةِ‏

‏هُوَ الزِّيَادَةُ المَشرُوطَةُ فِي الدَّينِ مُقَابِلَ الأَجَلِ‏
Delay [Al-Nasi'ah] Usury : Conditioned excess for delay
To take interest on lent money
‏رُبَاعٌ‏

Four by four
‏رَبَضَةُ العَنزِ‏

Goat stable
Stall
‏رُبُعٌ‏

One-fourth
‏رُجُوعُ الضَّامِنِ عَلَى المَضمُونِ‏

‏هُوَ أَن يَرجِعَ الشَّخصُ فِيمَا غَرِمَ عَلَى المَضمُونِ عَنهُ‏
Guarantor's responsibility toward the guaranteed
‏رَدُّ السُّؤَالِ‏

Turning the beggar away
‏رَدُّ المِثلِ‏

Returning an equal amount
‏رَدُّ الهَدِيَّةِ‏

Rejecting a present
‏رَدَاءَةُ الثِّمَارِ‏

Fruit badness
‏رَشَا‏

To bribe
‏رَطلٌ‏

Rotl
‏رَطلُ الفِضَّةِ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 1350,144 جِرَامًا‏
Silver rotl : A standard measure of weight that equals 1350.144 grams
‏رَطلٌ لِلأَشيَاءَ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 384,240 جِرَامًا‏
Rotl for things : A standard measure of weight that equals 384.240 grams
‏رَعيُ الغَنَمِ‏

‏وَهِيَ حِرفَةٌ بِمَعنَى تَربِيَةِ الغَنَمِ وَرِعَايَتِهِم‏
Pasturage of sheep
‏رَهنٌ‏

‏الرَّهنُ هُوَ الحَبسُ وَهُوَ حَبسُ شَيءٍ مَالِيٍّ ضَمَانًا لِحَقٍّ عَلَى الغَيرِ‏
Mortgage : A legal term which signifies the detention of a thing on account of a claim which may be answered by means of that thing, as in the case of debt
‏رَهنُ الدِّرعِ‏

Mortgaging a shield
‏رَهنُ السِّلَاحِ‏

Mortgaging a weapon
‏رَهِينٌ‏

Given in pledge
Pawned
Given as security
‏زَارِعٌ‏

Farmer
Sower
Planter
Cropper
Cultivator

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏سُؤَالُ الهِبَةِ‏

Asking for a gift
‏سُدُسٌ‏

Sixth part
One-sixth
‏سَدَسَ‏

‏أَخَذَ نَصِيبَ السُّدسِ‏
To take a sixth part
‏سَكرُ الأَنهَارِ‏

Blocking rivers (dams)
‏شَاةٌ‏

‏الشَّاةُ الوَاحِدَةُ مِن الغَنَمِ، لِلذَّكَرِ وَالأُنثَى ضَأنًا كَانَت أَو مَعِزًا‏
Sheep
‏شَافِعٌ‏

‏فِي المِلكِيَّةِ‏
Preemptor
One who has the right of purchasing before others
‏شِبرٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَطوَالِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 23,328 سَنتِيمِترًا‏
Shibr : A standard measure of length that equals 23.328 centimeters
‏شُبهَةُ العَقدِ‏

‏مَا وُجِدَ فِيهِ العَقدُ صُورَةً لَا حَقِيقَةً كَالزَّوَاجِ بِغَيرِ شُهُودٍ‏
Confusedness of a contract
‏شِرَاءٌ‏

Purchasing
Buying
‏شَرطُ الخِيَارِ‏

‏هُوَ مَا يَشتَرِطُهُ أَحَدُ المُتَعَاقِدَينِ أَو كِلَاهُمَا مِن حَقِّهِ فِي فَسخِ البَيعِ أَو إِجَازَتِهِ خِلَالَ مُدَّةٍ مُعَيَّنَةٍ‏
Stipulated right of cancellation : Condition of the right of withdrawal from a contract, a commercial transaction, an obligation, and the like.
‏شَرطُ الصِّحَّةِ‏

‏مَا يَجِبُ وُجُودُهُ لِصِحَّةِ الشَّيءِ ، كَاِشتِرَاطِ النِّيَّةِ لِصِحَّةِ العِبَادَةِ‏
Condition of validity
‏شَرطُ العَمَلِ فِي المُسَاقَاةِ‏

‏المُسَاقَاةُ أَن يَدفَعَ الرَّجُلُ شَجَرَهُ إِلَى آخَرَ لِيَقُومَ بِسَقيِهِ وَعَمَلِ سَائِرِ مَا يَحتَاجُ إِلَيهِ بِجُزءٍ مَعلُومٍ لَهُ مِن ثَمَرِهِ‏
Condition of work in Al-Musaqah contract
‏شَرطُ اللُّزُومِ‏

‏مَا يُشتَرَطُ وُجُودُهُ لِلِزُومِ الشَّيءِ ، كَأَهلِيَّةِ التَّصَرُّفِ فَهِيَ شَرطٌ لِلِزُومِ البَيعِ‏
Condition of irrevocability
‏شَرطُ النَّفَاذِ‏

‏مَا يُشتَرَطُ وُجُودُهُ لِيَكُونَ العَقدُ نَافِذًا‏
Condition of efficacy
‏شَرِكَةُ اليَتِيمِ وَأَهلِ المِيرَاثِ‏

Partnership with orphans and inheritors
‏شُرُوطُ البَيعِ‏

Conditions of selling
‏شُرُوطُ السَّلَمِ‏

Conditions of the payment in advance [Al-Salam]
‏شُرُوطٌ بِالقَولِ‏

Verbal requisites
‏شَعرَةُ البَغلِ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَطوَالِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 0,054 سَنتِيمِترًا‏
Sha`rat Al-Baghl [An hair of a mule] : A standard measure of length that equals 0.054 centimeters
‏شَعِيرَةٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَطوَالِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 0,324 سَنتِيمِترًا‏
Sha`irah : A standard measure of length that equals 0.324 centimeters

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏شَفَّعَ‏

To give the right of preemption to
‏شَفِيعٌ‏

‏هُوَ الجَارُ أَو الشَّرِيكُ الَّذِي يَأخُذُ العَقَارَ المُبَاعَ مِن مُشتَرِيهِ جَبرًا عَنهُ بِالثَّمَنِ الَّذِي تَمَّ عَلَيهِ العَقدُ‏
Preemptor
‏صَاحِبٌ‏

Owner
Possessor
‏صَارِمٌ‏

‏قَاطِعٌ‏
One who cuts or gathers fruit
‏صَاعٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ المَكَايِيلِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 2172 جِرَامًا‏
Sa` : A standard measure that equals 2172 grams
‏صِحَّةُ العَقدِ‏

Contract validity
‏صُرَّةٌ‏

‏مَا يُجمَعُ فِيهِ الشَّيءُ وَيُشَدُّ‏
Purse [money bag]
‏صَرَّحَ‏

To make manifest
To declare
To express
To announce
‏صَفقَةٌ‏

Conclusion of a contract
Deal
Bargain
Transaction
‏صَكٌّ‏

‏هُوَ وَثِيقَةٌ بِمَالٍ مَقبُوضٍ وَنَحوِهِ، وَهِيَ نَمُوذَجٌ مَطبُوعٌ عَلَى شَكلٍ مُعَيَّنٍ يَستَعمِلُهُ المُودِعُ فِي أَحَدِ المَصَارِفِ لِلأَمرِ بِصَرفِ المَبلَغِ المُحَرَّرِ بِهِ مِن النَّقدِ‏
Contract
Legal instrument or document
‏صَلَاحُ الثِّمَارِ‏

Fruit edibility
‏ضَارَبَ فِي المَالِ‏

To traffic with one's property for a share in the profit
‏ضَالَّةُ الإِبِلِ‏

Wandering camels
Lost camel
‏ضَالَّةُ الغَنَمِ‏

Wandering sheep
Lost sheep
‏ضَامِنٌ‏

‏مَسئُولٌ‏
Responsible
Liable
‏ضَمَانٌ‏

‏الكَفَالَةُ وَالِالتِزَامُ‏
Responsibility
Insurance
Guarantee
‏ضَمَانُ الرَّهنِ‏

Guarantee of mortgage
‏ضَمَانُ العَارِيَةِ‏

Guaranteeing the lent object
‏ضَمَانُ مَن حَفَرَ بِئرًا‏

‏ضَمَانُ مَا قَد يُحدِثُهُ الحَفرُ مِن ضَرَرٍ لِلآخَرِينَ‏
Guarantee by whoever digs a well
‏طَالِبُ الشُّفعَةِ‏

‏الشُّفعَةُ هِيَ تَمَلُّكُ الجَارِ أَو الشَّرِيكِ العَقَارَ المُبَاعَ جَبرًا عَن مُشتَرِيهِ بِالثَّمَنِ الَّذِي تَمَّ عَلَيهِ‏
Preemptor

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏طَسُّوجُ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 0,1127 جِرَامًا‏
Tassuj : A standard measure of weight that equals 0.1127 grams
‏طَلَبَ‏

To seek
To demand
To ask for
‏طَلَبُ التَّمَلُّكِ‏

‏التَّمَلُّكُ هُوَ الحِيَازَةُ بِطَرِيقٍ مَشرُوعٍ مَعَ الِانفِرَادِ بِالتَّصَرُّفِ‏
Demand of possession
‏طَلَبَ حَقَّ الشُّفعَةِ‏

Asking for the right of preemption
‏طَهَارَةُ المَبِيعِ‏

‏كَونُهُ حَلَالًا‏
Selling a lawful object
‏طِيبُ المَالِ‏

Pure money
‏عَارِيَةٌ‏

‏هِيَ تَملِيكُ المَنَافِعِ بِغَيرِ عِوَضٍ‏
Loan
Gift
‏عَاقِدٌ‏

Contracting party
Legally competent to contract
‏عَاهَدَ‏

‏أَخَذَ عَلَى نَفسِهِ عَهدًا وَوَعَدَ بِالوَفَاءِ‏
To make a covenant
To promise
To vow
‏عَجمَاءُ‏

‏هِي البَهِيمَةُ‏
Beast
‏عَدَمُ تَحدِيدِ المَوقُوفِ‏

Non-identification of the endowed object
‏عَدَمُ تَحدِيدِ جِهَةِ الوَقفِ‏

Unspecified recipient of the endowment
‏عَرَاء‏

Bare place
‏عَرجَنَ‏

To stamp cloth with the figure of date-stalk
‏عُرجُونٌ‏

‏العِذقُ وَهُوَ مِن النَّخلِ كَالعُنقُودِ مِن العِنَبِ‏
A dry date-stalk
‏عَرَضَ‏

To make an offer
‏عَرَضٌ‏

Temporal goods or advantage
‏عَرضُ الشُّفعَةِ عَلَى صَاحِبِهَا‏

‏مُعَايَنَتُهُ لَهَا‏
Offering preemption to one who deserves it
‏عُرُوضٌ‏

‏السِّلَعُ التُّجَارِيَّةُ‏
Belongings
Supplies
Goods
‏عُرُوضُ التِّجَارَةِ‏

Commercial commodities

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏عَسبٌ‏

‏جَرِيدَةٌ مِن النَّخلِ مُستَقِيمَةٌ يُكشَطُ خُوصُهَا‏
A palm branch stripped of its leaves
Palm-leaf stalks
‏عَسَّرَ‏

‏صَعَّبَ‏
To demand with harshness the repayment of a loan
‏عُسرَةٌ‏

Difficulty
Adversity
‏عَطَاءٌ‏

Gift
Donation
Present
‏عَطِيَّةُ الرَّجُلِ وَلَدَهُ‏

Man's donation to his son
‏عَطِيَّةُ الزَّوجَةِ دُونَ إِذنِ زَوجِهَا‏

The wife offering a donation without her husband's permission
‏عَقَارٌ‏

Real estate
‏عَقَدَ‏

To strike a bargain
To conclude a contract
‏عَقدٌ‏

Contract
Agreement
‏عَقدُ الحِرَاسَةِ‏

Contract of guarding
‏عَقدُ الذِّمَّةِ‏

Contract of Dhimmah : Covenant of protection giving to free non-Muslims living in Muslim countries for a tribute they pay
‏عَقدُ المُعَاوَضَةِ‏

Commutative contract
‏عَقدُ المُوَالَاةِ‏

Contract of allegiance
‏عَنزٌ‏

‏الأُنثَى مِن المَعِزِ‏
She-goat
‏عَهِدَ‏

To enjoin
To command
To stipulate
o covenant
‏عَهدٌ‏

‏اِلتِزَامٌ‏
Pledge
Vow
Promise
Commitment
Engagement
Covenant
‏عُهدَةٌ‏

Obligation
Responsibility
Charge
Custody
‏عِوَضٌ‏

‏بَدِيلٌ‏
Compensation
Recompense
Substitute
‏عَينُ الرِّبَا‏

Evident usury
‏غَارِمٌ‏

‏الَّذِي يَلتَزِمُ مَا ضَمِنَهُ وَيَتَكَفَّلُ بِهِ‏
One in debt
Indebted

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏غَبنٌ‏

‏الغَبنُ هُوَ النَّقصُ فِي البَيعِ‏
Fraud or deceit in sales
Cheating
‏غَبَنَ‏

To deceive
To defraud
To cheat
‏غَبنٌ فَاحِشٌ‏

Criminal fraud
Grave deception
‏غَرَامَةٌ‏

‏هِيَ مَا يَلزَمُ أَدَاؤُهُ تَعوِيضًا وَتَأدِيبًا‏
Fine
‏غَرِمَ‏

To be in debt
‏غُرمٌ‏

Damage
Loss
‏غَصبُ الأَرَاضِي‏

‏أَخذُهَا عَنوَةً وَعَن غَيرِ طِيبِ نَفسٍ‏
Extortion of lands
‏غَلوَةٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَطوَالِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 186,624مِترًا‏
Ghalwah : A standard measure of length that equals 186.624 meters
‏فَادَى‏

To ransom
To redeem
‏فَتِيلٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 0,0001356 جِرَامًا‏
Fatil : A standard measure of weight that equals 0.0001356 grams
‏فَرسَخٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَطوَالِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 559875 مِترًا‏
Farsakh : A standard measure of length that equals 559875 meters
‏فَرقٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ المَكايِيلِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 6516 جِرَامًا‏
Farq : A standard measure that equals 6516 grams
‏فَسَادُ العَقدِ‏

Invalidity of the contract
‏فَضلُ الزَّرعِ وَالغَرسِ‏

The merit of cultivation and planting
‏فَضلُ الفَقرِ‏

The merit of poverty
‏فَضلُ المَاءِ‏

The remainder of water
‏فَلسٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 0,000813 جِرَامًا‏
Fils : A standard measure of weight that equals 0.000813 grams
‏فِي ذِمَّتِهِ‏

Indebted to someone
In someone's charge
‏فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ‏

In the cause of Allah
‏قَبَضَ‏

To take out
To take hold of
To catch

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏قَبضُ الهِبَةِ‏

‏أَخذُهَا‏
The delivery of a gift
‏قَبضَةٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَطوَالِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 7,776 سَنتِيمِترًا‏
Qabdah : A standard measure of length that equals 7.776 centimeters
‏قُبُولٌ‏

Consent
Acceptance
Approval
Assent
‏قَدَمٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَطوَالِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 31,104 سَنتِيمِترًا‏
Qadam : A standard measure of length that equals 31.104 centimeters
‏قِربَةٌ‏

‏مِن مَكَايِيلِ المَاءِ وَتُسَاوِي = 6848 جِرَامًا‏
Qirbah : A measuring unit of water that equals 6848 grams
‏قِسطٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ المَكَايِيلِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 1086 جِرَامًا‏
Qist : A standard measure that equals 1086 grams
‏قِسمَةُ الشَّرِكَةِ‏

Division of partnership
‏قِسمَةٌ ضِيزَى‏

‏قِسمَةٌ ظَالِمَةٌ غَيرُ عَادِلَةٍ‏
Unfair division
‏قَصَبَةٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ المِسَاحَةِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 3,73248 مِترًا مُرَبَّعًا‏
Qasabah : A standard measure of area, used for land survey, that equals 3.73248 square meters
‏قَضَاءُ الدَّينِ‏

‏تَسدِيدُهُ‏
Repaying debts
‏قِطمِيرٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 0,0000028 جِرَامًا‏
Qitmir : A standard measure of weight that equals 0.0000028 grams
‏قَفِيزٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ المَكَايِيلِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 26064 جِرَامًا‏
Qafiz : A standard measure that equals 26064 grams
‏قُلَّتَانِ‏

‏مِن مَكَايِيلِ المَاءِ وَتُسَاوِي = 160,5جِرَامًا‏
Qullatan : A measuring unit of water that equals 160.5 grams
‏قُوطَلِي‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 27,839 جِرَامًا‏
Qautali : A standard measure of weight that equals 27.893 grams
‏قِيرَاطُ الذَّهَبِ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 0,2004 جِرَامًا‏
Gold Qirat [Carat] : A standard measure of weight that equals 0.2004 grams
‏قِيرَاطٌ لِلأَشيَاءَ وَالفِضَّةِ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 0,234جِرَامًا‏
Qirat [Carat] of silver and other things : A standard measure of weight that equals 0.234 grams
‏قَيَّضَ‏

‏القَيِّضُ هُوَ أَحَدُ المُتَقَايِضَينِ‏
To prepare or destine for anyone
‏كِتَابَةُ القَطَائِعِ‏

Writing contracts of feudal estates
‏كِتَابَةُ الوَقفِ‏

Registering an endowment
‏كَتَبَ‏

To write down
To prescribe
To scribe
To record
To register

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏كُرٌّ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ المَكَايِيلِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 1563840 جِرَامًا‏
Kurr : A standard measure that equals 1563840 grams
‏كِرَاءٌ‏

‏هُوَ الإِجَارَةُ ، وَأُجرَةُ الشَّيءِ المُستَأجَرِ‏
Renting
Leasing
‏كِرَاءُ الأَرضِ‏

‏إِجَارَتُهَا‏
Renting land
Leasing land
‏كَرَاهِيَةُ الدَّينِ وَالقَرضِ‏

Disapproval of the taking of debts and loans
‏كَسبٌ‏

Earnings
Gain
‏كَسَبَ‏

To gain
To acquire
To seek after
To gather (riches)
‏كَسبُ الحَدَّادِ‏

The gain of a blacksmith
‏كَسبُ الخَيَّاطِ‏

The gain of a tailor
‏كَسبُ الصُّوَّاغِ‏

‏الصُّوَّاغُ الَّذِينَ يَصُوغُونَ الذَّهَبَ وَيُشَكِّلُونَهُ‏
The gain of a goldsmith
‏كَسبُ القَصَّابِ‏

‏القَصَّابُ هُوَ مَن كَانَت مِهنَتُهُ تَقطِيعَ اللُّحُومِ وَبَيعَهَا‏
The gain of a butcher
‏كَسبُ النَّجَّارِ‏

The gain of a carpenter
‏كَسبُ النَّسَّاجِ‏

The gain of a weaver
‏كَسبٌ طَيِّبٌ‏

Honestly-earned money
‏كَسبٌ غَيرُ شَرعِيٍّ‏

‏كَسبٌ مُحَرَّمٌ‏
Ill-gotten money
‏كَفَالَةُ النَّفسِ‏

‏هِيَ الكَفَالَةُ بِشَخصٍ‏
Bail : Bail especially for due appearance of a person in a court
‏كَفَالَةُ اليَتِيمِ‏

‏تَكَفُّلُهُ بِالرِّعَايَةِ وَالإِنفَاقِ عَلَيهِ‏
Assuming guardianship over an orphan
‏كَفَلَ‏

‏ضَمِنَ‏
To guarantee
To warrant
To ensure
‏كَيلُ الطَّعَامِ قَبلَ البَيعِ‏

‏وَزنُهُ قَبلَ البَيعِ‏
Measuring food before selling
‏كَيلَجَةُ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ المَكَايِيلِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 1086 جِرَامًا‏
Kailajah : A standard measure that equals 1086 grams
‏لِلضَّرُورَةِ أَحكَامٌ‏

Necessity has its (own) rules

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏مُؤتَمَنٌ‏

Entrusted
Trustee
‏مُؤَجَّلٌ‏

Delayed
Postponed
Deferred
‏مَا تَجُوزُ فِيهِ الشَّرِكَةُ‏

Objects valid for partnership
‏مَا لَا يُقدَرُ عَلَى تَسلِيمِهِ‏

Undeliverable objects
‏مَا يَجُوزُ إِعَارَتُهُ‏

‏الإِعَارَةُ هِيَ تَملِيكُ المَنَافِعِ بِغَيرِ عِوَضٍ عَلَى أَن تُرَدَّ العَينُ‏
What is permitted to be lent
‏مَا يُكرَهُ‏

What is detestable
‏مُبرِمٌ‏

‏هُوَ الشَّخصُ الَّذِي يُبرِمُ عَقدًا‏
One who concludes a bargain
‏مِثقَالٌ‏

‏نَوعٌ مِن أَنوَاعِ المَوَازِينِ مِقدَارُهُ دِرهَمٌ وَثَلَاثَةُ أَسبَاعِ الدِّرهَمِ، وَهُوَ المِثلُ فِي الوَزنِ‏
Mithqal : Special kind of weight
‏مِثقَالُ حَبَّةٍ مِن خَردَلٍ‏

The weight of a mustard seed
‏مِثقَالُ ذَرَّةٍ‏

‏وَزنُ ذَرَّةٍ‏
The weight of an atom
An atom's weight
‏مِثقَالٌ لِلأَشيَاءِ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ =4,031جِرَامًا‏
Mithqal weight for things : A standard measure of weight that equals 4.031 grams
‏مِثقَالٌ لِلذَّهَبِ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ =4,233 جِرَامًا‏
Gold Mithqal : A standard measure of weight that equals 4.233 grams
‏مَجلِسُ البَيعِ‏

‏هُوَ الِاجتِمَاعُ الوَاقِعُ لِعَقدِ البَيعِ‏
Session of contracting
‏مُحَابَاةٌ‏

‏هِيَ إِعطَاءُ أَحَدِ المُتَمَاثِلَينِ أَو الحَطُّ عَنهُ أَكثَرَ مِن الآخَرِينَ بِغَيرِ وَجهٍ صَحيحٍ كَالهِبَةِ لِأَحَدِ الأَولَادِ دُونَ الآخَرِينَ‏
Favoritism : The showing of special favor or interest in someone without doing the same with others
‏مُحتَكِرٌ‏

‏هُوَ الَّذِي يَجمَعُ السِّلَعَ لِيَنفَرِدَ بِالتَّصَرُّفِ فِيهَا‏
Forestaller
Monopolist
‏مُخَالَطَةُ اليَتِيمِ فِي الطَّعَامِ‏

Having food with an orphan
‏مُختَلِسٌ‏

‏اِسمُ فَاعِلٍ مِن اِختَلَسَ الشَّيءَ إِذَا اِختَطَفَهُ‏
Embezzler and defalcator
‏مَخرَفٌ‏

Garden
‏مُدٌّ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ المَكَايِيلِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 543 جِرَامًا‏
Mudd : A standard measure that equals 543 grams
‏مُدَّةُ الإِجَارَةِ‏

The term of hiring

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏مُدَّةُ تَعرِيفِ اللُّقَطَةِ‏

Term of announcing the finding
‏مُدَلِّسٌ فِي البَيعِ‏

‏وَهُوَ الَّذِي يُخفِي عَيبَ السِّلعَةِ عَلَى المُشتَرِي‏
A fraud who counterfeits the defect of a commodity in order to sell it
‏مُديٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ المَكَايِيلِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 48870 جِرَامًا‏
Mudi : A standard measure that equals 48870 grams
‏مَدِينٌ‏

‏مَن لَزِمَهُ الدَّينُ‏
Indebted
‏مُرَابِي‏

‏يَتَعَامَلُ بِالرِّبَا‏
Usurer
‏مَربَدٌ‏

‏مَوقِفُ الإِبِلِ وَمَحبَسُهَا‏
Camel yard
‏مَرحَلَةٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَطوَالِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 44789,76 مِترًا‏
Marhalah : A standard measure of length that equals 44789.76 meters
‏مُزَارَعَةُ الفُضُولِيِّ‏

Partnership in cultivation with an unauthorized agent
‏مُستَبضِعٌ‏

‏صَاحِبُ البِضَاعَةِ‏
Owner of goods
Property owner
‏مَشرُوعِيَّةُ إِقطَاعِ الأَرَاضِي‏

Legality of giving land as a fief
‏مَشرُوعِيَّةُ الإِعَارَةِ‏

Legality of lending
‏مَشرُوعِيَّةُ البَيعِ وَفَضلُهُ‏

Legality and merits of selling
‏مَشرُوعِيَّةُ الرَّهنِ‏

Legality of mortgage
‏مَشرُوعِيَّةُ السَّلَمِ‏

‏السَّلَمُ نَوعٌ مِن أَنوَاعِ البَيعِ وَهُوَ بَيعُ الآجِلِ المَوصُوفِ فِي الذِّمَّةِ بِثَمَنٍ حَالٍّ‏
Legality of Al-Salam [Paying in Advance]
‏مَشرُوعِيَّةُ الصَّرفِ‏

Legality of money exchange
‏مَشرُوعِيَّةُ الوَقفِ‏

Legality of endowment
‏مَشرُوعِيَّةُ عَقدِ المُوَالَاةِ‏

Legality of the contract of allegiance
‏مَصلَحَةٌ‏

Interest
Advantage
‏مُضَارَبَةٌ‏

‏عَقدُ شَرِكَةٍ يَكُونُ فِيهَا المَالُ مِن طَرَفٍ وَالعَمَلُ مِن طَرَفٍ آخَرَ وَالرِّبحُ بَينَهُمَا عَلَى مَا شَرَطَا وَالخَسَارَةُ عَلَى صَاحِبِ المَالِ‏
Al-Mudarabah [Speculation] : A legal term that signifies a contract of partnership, of which the proprietor of the stock is entitled to a profit on account of the stock and the other party is entitled to a profit on account of his labor
‏مُطَابَقَةٌ‏

Conformity

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏مُطَفِّفٌ‏

‏هُوَ الَّذِي يَبخَسُ المِكيَالَ‏
One who deals in fraud
‏مَطلٌ‏

‏الدَّفعُ عَن الحَقِّ بِوَعدٍ‏
Procrastination
‏مَطلُ الغَنِيِّ‏

Procrastination of the rich
‏مُطلَقُ التَّصَرُّفِ‏

Unrestricted authority
‏مَطِيَّةٌ‏

‏هِيَ الرَّاحِلَةُ الَّتِي تُركَبُ‏
Riding animal
‏مُعَامَلَةُ الشَّرِيكِ لِشَرِيكِهِ‏

One's treatment of his partner
‏مُعَدَّلٌ‏

Amount
Average
Rate
‏مُعسِرٌ‏

Poor
Straitened
Indigent
‏مَعلُومِيَّةُ الأُجرَةِ‏

Determining the hire
‏مَعنَى الجَائِحَةِ‏

‏هِيَ الآفَةُ الَّتِي تُهلِكُ الثِّمَارَ وَالأَموَالَ وَتَستَأصِلُهَا‏
What is meant by blight
‏مَغبُونٌ‏

Deceived
Defrauded
Cheated
‏مُفَاضَلَةٌ‏

With increase
‏مُقَايَضَةٌ‏

‏هِيَ بَيعُ السِّلعَةِ بِالسِّلعَةِ‏
Exchanging
Bartering
The sale of goods for goods
‏مَكُّوكٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ المَكَايِيلِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 3258 جِرَامًا‏
Makkuk : A standard measure that equals 3258 grams
‏مِلكِيَّةٌ‏

Possession
Ownership
‏مِلكِيَّةُ العَاقِدِ لِلمَبِيعِ‏

‏تَمَلُّكُهُ لِلسِّلعَةِ المَبِيعَةِ‏
The contracting party's possession of the sold object
‏مُمَاطَلَةٌ‏

‏هِيَ تَأجِيلُ وَتَأخِيرُ الوَفَاءِ بِالوَعدِ وَرَدِّ الحَقِّ‏
Procrastination
‏مَنٌّ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 768،480 جِرَامًا‏
Mann : A standard measure of weight that equals 768.480 grams
‏مُنَجَّمًا‏

In installments
‏مَنفَعَةٌ‏

Usefulness

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏مَوتُ المُشتَرِي مُفلِسًا‏

A purchaser dying in bankruptcy
‏مَوتُ الوَاهِبِ قَبلَ القَبضِ‏

‏الوَاهِبُ هُوَ الَّذِي يَهَبُ شَيئًا لِآخَرَ بِدُونِ عِوَضٍ‏
The death of a donator before delivery
‏مِيلٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَطوَالِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 24,1866 مِترًا‏
Mil : A standard measure of length that equals 1866.24 meters
‏نِتَاجُ النَّاقَةِ‏

‏وَلَدُهَا‏
Camel's offspring
‏نَسَخَ‏

To copy
To transcribe
‏نَسِيئَةُ المُوسِرِ‏

‏النَّسِيئَةُ هِيَ نَوعٌ مِن الرِّبَا وَهُوَ كُلُّ زِيَادَةٍ مَشرُوطَةٍ أَو فِي حُكمِ المَشرُوطَةِ يَتَقَاضَاهَا المُقرِضُ مِن المُستَقرِضِ مُقَابِلَ تَأخِيرِ الوَفَاءِ‏
Delaying the repayment of an obligation by the rich
‏نُضجُ الثِّمَارِ‏

‏إِدرَاكُهَا فَالثِّمَارُ نَضَجَت أَي طَابَت وَحَانَ وَقتُ قَطفِهَا‏
Ripeness
‏نَفَقَةُ القَيِّمِ لِلوَقفِ‏

‏القَائِمُ عَلَى الوَقفِ‏
Spending by the custodian of an endowment
‏نَفِيسٌ‏

Valuable
‏نَقَضَ‏

To annul
To nullify
To invalidate
‏نَقِيرٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 0,0000226 جِرَامًا‏
Naqir : A standard measure of weight that equals 0.0000226 grams
‏نَوَاةٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 14,064 جِرَامًا‏
Nawah : A standard measure of weight that equals 14.064 grams
‏نِيَّةُ أَخذِ اللُّقَطَةِ‏

Intention of taking a finding
‏هَبَاءَةٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ الأَوزَانِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 0,00000003 جِرَامًا‏
Haba'ah : A standard measure of weight that equals 0.00000003 grams
‏هِبَةُ الزَّوجَينِ‏

‏تَبَادُلُ الهِبَاتِ بَينَ الأَزوَاجِ‏
The gift of the couple : Exchanging donations between the two spouses
‏هِبَةُ العَبدِ‏

The gift of a slave
‏هِبَةُ المَرأَةِ لِغَيرِ زَوجِهَا‏

Woman's gift to someone other than her husband
‏هِبَةُ المَوهُوبِ‏

Giving the donated object as a gift
‏هَدِيَّةُ العُرسِ‏

The wedding gift
‏هَدِيَّةُ المُشرِكِينَ‏

A present from the polytheists

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏هَدِيَّةُ مَا يُكرَهُ لُبسُهُ‏

Offering what is detested to be worn as a present
‏هَلَاكُ العَارِيَةِ‏

Perishing of the lent object
‏وُجُودُ المَالِ عِندَ المُفلِسِ‏

Presence of money with the bankrupt
‏وَسقٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ المَكَايِيلِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 130320 جِرَامًا‏
Wasq : A standard measure that equals 130320 grams
‏وَضعُ الجَائِحَةِ‏

Giving a buyer back the price he paid for fruits if they are blighted
‏وَضَعَ الدَّينَ‏

‏تَنَازَلَ عَن جُزءٍ مِنهُ، أَو أَجَّلَهُ‏
To cancel or reduce a debt
‏وَضعُ الدَّينِ‏

Reduction or removal of a debt
Exempting someone from debt
‏وَقتُ السَّومِ‏

‏السَّومُ هُوَ طَلَبُ الشِّرَاءِ‏
Time of overbidding
‏وَقفُ الأَرضِ لِلمَسجِدِ‏

‏حَبسُهَا وَجَعلُهَا لِلمَسجِدِ‏
Endowment of land to the mosque
‏وَقفُ الجَمَاعَةِ‏

An endowment by a group of people
‏وَقفُ المَشَاعِ‏

Endowing a common property
‏وَقفُ المَنقُولِ‏

Endowing movable objects
‏وَكَالَةُ الأَمِينِ‏

The agency of an honest person
‏وَكَالَةُ الشَّاهِدِ وَالغَائِبِ‏

Agency of an attendee or an absentee
‏وَكَّلَ‏

To commission
To entrust
To deputize
‏وَيبَةٌ‏

‏مِن مَقَادِيرِ المَكَايِيلِ الشَّرعِيَّةِ = 11946 جِرَامًا‏
Waibah : A standard measure that equals 11946 grams
‏يَدًا بِيَدٍ‏

Delivered on the spot (hand to hand exchange

[أحمد سعد الدين]

الأطعمة والأشربة

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏آدَابُ الشُّربِ‏

Etiquette of drinking
‏آدَابُ الطَّعَامِ‏

Etiquette of eating
‏آلَةُ الذَّبحِ‏

The tool of slaughtering
‏آنِيَةٌ‏

‏جَمعُ إِنَاءٍ‏
Vessel
Container
Receptacle
Utensil
‏آنِيَةُ الذَّهَبِ‏

Gold vessels
‏آنِيَةُ الفِضَّةَ‏

Silver vessels
‏آنِيَةُ المَائِدَةِ‏

Tableware
‏آنِيَةُ المَطبَخِ‏

Kitchenware
‏آنِيَةٌ زُجَاجِيَّةٌ‏

Glassware
‏آنِيَةٌ مَعدِنِيَّةٌ‏

Metal ware
‏أَبُّ‏

‏الأَبُّ الكَلَأُ الَّذِي تَعتَلِفُهُ البَهَائِمُ وَتَرعَى فِيهِ‏
Grass
Herbage
Pasture
‏أَدمَنَ‏

‏وَاظَبَ عَلَى‏
To become addicted to
To addict oneself to
‏أَدَوَاتُ الصَّيدِ‏

Hunting tools
‏أَسكَرَ‏

To intoxicate
To inebriate
To make drunk
‏أَطعِمَةٌ مُبَاحَةٌ‏

Permissible foods
‏أَطعِمَةٌ مُحَرَّمَةٌ‏

Prohibited foods
‏أَطعِمَةٌ مُستَحَبَّةٌ‏

Preferable foods
‏أَطعِمَةٌ مَكرُوهَةٌ‏

Disliked foods
‏أَكلٌ‏

Eating
Having food
Devouring
‏أَكلُ الثُّومِ وَالبَصَلِ مَطبُوخًا‏

Eating cooked garlic and onion

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏أَكلُ الجَرَادِ‏

Eating locusts
‏أَكلُ الحُمُرِ الأَهلِيَّةِ‏

Eating the flesh of donkeys
‏أَكلُ الخَطفَةِ وَالنَّهبَةِ‏

Eating snatched or stolen food
‏أَكلُ الخَيلِ‏

Eating horse meat
‏أَكلُ السَّمَكِ‏

Eating fish
‏أَكلُ الضَّبِّ‏

‏الضَّبُّ حَيَوَانٌ مِن جِنسِ الزَّوَاحِفِ، غَلِيظُ الجِسمِ، وَلَهُ ذَنَبٌ عَرِيضٌ مُلتَوٍ‏
Eating Dabb : A type of lizards
‏أَكلُ الغُرَابِ‏

Eating crows
‏أَكلُ الكَلبِ مِن الصَّيدِ‏

‏أَي أَثنَاءَ اِنقِضَاضِ الكَلبِ عَلَى الصَّيدِ يَأكُلُ مِن هَذَا الصَّيدِ‏
The hound's eating from the game
‏أَكلُ المُضطَرِّ‏

‏الشَّخصُ الَّذِي يَضطَرُّ لِأَكلِ المُحَرَّمَاتِ لِلضَّرُورَةِ‏
Eating out of necessity
‏أَكلُ المَنِّ وَالسَّلوَى‏

‏المَنُّ مَادَّةٌ صَمغِيَّةٌ حُلوَةُ المَذَاقِ تُفرِزُهَا بَعضُ الأَشجَارِ كَالأَثلِ، وَالسَّلوَى طَائِرُ السِّمَّانِ وَهُوَ صَغِيرٌ مِن رُتبَةِ الدَّجَاجِيَّاتِ‏
Eating manna and quails
‏أَكلُ المَيتَةِ‏

Eating the flesh of a dead animal
Eating carrion
‏أَكلُ كُلِّ ذِي نَابٍ وَمِخلَبٍ‏

Eating whatever has canines or claws
‏أَكلُ لَحمِ الخِنزِيرِ‏

Eating pork
‏أَكلُ مَا يَتَغَذَّى بِالفَضَلَاتِ‏

‏أَكلُ الحَيَوَانَاتِ الَّتِي تَتَغَذَى عَلَى الفَضَلَاتِ‏
Eating what is fed on wastes
‏أَكلُ مَيتَةِ البَحرِ‏

Eating the meat of dead sea creatures
Eating the sea carrion
‏أَنوَاعُ الأَطعِمَةِ‏

Kinds of food
‏أَنوَاعُ المَيتَةِ‏

Kinds of dead animals
‏أَوَانِي المُزَفَّتِ‏

Tarred pots
‏أَوزَاغٌ‏

‏جَمعُ وَزَغٍ، وَالوَزَغُ سَامٌّ أَبرَصُ‏
Geckos
‏إِبِلٌ‏

Camels

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏إِخرَاجُ مَا بَينَ الأَسنَانِ مِن الطَّعَامِ‏

‏تَنظِيفُ الأَسنَانِ‏
Cleaning what remains between one's teeth
‏إِدَامٌ‏

‏مَا يُؤكَلُ مَعَ الخُبزِ‏
Any food eaten with bread
‏إِطعَامُ المِسكِينِ‏

Feeding the needy
‏إِنَاءٌ‏

Pot
Utensil
Vessel
Container
‏إِنهَارُ دَمِ الذَّبِيحَةِ‏

‏إِسَالَتُهُ عَلَى الأَرضِ‏
Letting the blood of the slaughtered animal gush out
‏إِيكَاءُ الأَسقِيَةِ‏

‏وَضعُ سُدَادَةٍ عَلَى فُوَّهَةِ السِّقَاءِ‏
Corking up bottles
‏اِحتِقَارُ الطَّعَامِ‏

‏بُغضُهُ وَعَدَمُ الرَّغبَةِ فِي تَنَاوُلِهِ‏
Showing dislike of some kinds of food
‏اِختَمَرَ‏

To ferment
To undergo fermentation
To yeast
‏اِختِنَاثُ الأَسقِيَةِ‏

‏أَي ثَنيُ فُوَّهَةِ السِّقَاءِ لِلشُّربِ مِنهَا‏
Twisting the spout of a water skin for drinking
‏اِستَطعَمَ‏

‏طَلَبَ الطَّعَامَ‏
To ask for food
To beg for food
‏اِغتَرَفَ‏

To scoop up
To ladle
‏الأَكلُ بِالمَعرُوفِ‏

Eating moderately
‏الأَكلُ بِاليَدِ اليُمنَى‏

Eating with one's right hand
‏الأَكلُ بِثَلَاثَةِ أَصَابِعَ‏

Eating with three fingers
‏الأَكلُ عَلَى الخِوَانِ‏

‏الخِوَانُ هِيَ مَا يُؤكَلُ عَلَيهِ كَالمَائِدَةِ‏
Eating on a table
‏الأَكلُ مِمَّا يَلِيهِ‏

‏الأَكلُ مِمَّا وُضِعَ أَمَامَهُ‏
Eating from the nearest side of the dish
‏الأَكلُ مِن جَوَانِبِ القَصعَةِ‏

Eating from all sides of the dish
‏الأَكلُ وِترًا‏

Eating things in odd numbers
‏الإِكثَارُ مِن الأَكلِ‏

Eating too much
Voracity
Gluttony
‏الاِجتِمَاعُ عَلَى الطَّعَامِ‏

Assembling at food

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏التَّسمِيَةُ عِندَ الصَّيدِ‏

‏أَي قَولُ بِسمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ عِندَ الصَّيدِ‏
Mentioning the name of Allah upon hunting
‏التَّسمِيَةُ قَبلَ الذَّبحِ‏

‏أَي ذِكرُ اِسمِ اللَّهِ عِندَ الذَّبحِ لِتَذكِيَةِ الذَّبِيحَةِ‏
Mentioning the name of Allah before slaughtering
‏اِلتِقَاطُ مَا سَقَطَ مِن الطَّعَامِ‏

‏أَثنَاءَ تَنَاوُلِ الطَّعَامِ إِذَا سَقَطَ شَيءٌ مِن الطَّعَامِ يُستَحَبُّ اِلتِقَاطُهُ‏
Picking up fallen food
‏التَّنَفُّسُ فِي الإِنَاءِ‏

Breathing in the drinking vessel
‏الجَرَّةُ‏

Jar
‏الجَمعُ بَينَ لَونَينِ مِن الأَكلِ‏

‏الجَمعُ بَينَ نَوعَينِ مِن الطَّعَامِ وَتَنَاوُلُهُمَا فِي نَفسِ الوَقتِ‏
Eating two kinds of food at the same meal
‏الحَمدُ وَالدُّعَاءُ بَعدَ الطَّعَامِ‏

Praising and invoking Allah after having food
‏الخَمرُ جِمَاعُ الإِثمِ‏

‏كُلُّ الذُّنُوبِ‏
Wine is the vessel of all sins
‏الخَمرُ يُجعَلُ خَلًّا‏

Alcohol made into vinegar
‏الذَّبحُ‏

‏الذَّبحُ هُوَ قَطعُ حُلقُومِ الحَيَوَانِ وَإَسَالَةُ دَمِهِ‏
Slaughtering
Butchering
‏الذَّبحُ لِغَيرِ اللَّهِ‏

Offering a sacrifice to other than Allah
‏الذَّبحُ وَالتَّسمِيَةُ لِغَيرِ اللَّهِ‏

Mentioning the name of other than Allah before slaughtering
‏الذَّكَاةُ فِي الحَلقِ وَاللَّبَّةِ‏

‏الذَّبحُ لَا يَكُونُ إِلَّا بِقَطعِ الحُلقُومِ، وَاللَّبَّةُ هِيَ مَوضِعُ القِلَادَةِ مِنَ العُنُقِ‏
Slaughtering by cutting the throat and the upper part of the chest
‏الرُطَبُ‏

‏هُوَ الطَّازَجُ مِن التَّمرِ‏
Fresh ripe dates
‏الشُّربُ بِاليَدِ اليُمنَى‏

Drinking with one's right hand
‏الشُّربُ قَائِمًا أَو رَاكِبًا‏

Drinking while standing or riding
‏الشُّربُ مِن فِيِ السِّقَاءِ‏

‏السِّقَاءُ وِعَاءٌ مِن جِلدٍ يُوضَعُ فِيهِ المَاءُ لِلشُربِ‏
Drinking from the skin's spout
‏الصَّيدُ‏

‏هُوَ أَخذُ الحَيَوَانِ، وَيُطلَقُ الصَّيدُ أَيضًا عَلَى الحَيَوَانِ المُتَوَحِّشِ الَّذِي لَا مَالِكَ لَهُ‏
Game
Hunting
Shooting
‏الصَّيدُ بِالخَذفِ‏

‏الخَذفُ هُوَ الرَّميُ بِالحَصَى‏
Throwing the game with small pebbles
‏الصَّيدُ بِالرُّمحِ‏

Hunting with a spear

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏الصَّيدُ بِالسَّهمِ‏

Hunting with an arrow
‏الصَّيدُ بِالقَوسِ‏

Using a bow in hunting
‏الصَّيدُ بِالكَلبِ‏

‏أَي اِستِخدَامُ الكَلبِ كَآلَةٍ لِلصَّيدِ‏
Using a dog in hunting
‏الصَّيدُ بِالمِعرَاضِ‏

‏وَهُوَ مَوتُ الحَيَوَانِ بِفِعلِ ضَغطِ الآلَةِ عَلَى جِسمِهِ لَا بِالجَرحِ‏
Hunting with a heavy featherless blunt arrow
‏الصَّيدُ بِسِبَاعِ الطُّيُورِ‏

Using birds of prey in hunting
‏الطَّعَامُ الحَارُّ‏

Hot foods
‏الغَرسُ صَدَقَةٌ‏

Planting is a charity
‏الغَرسُ فِي المَوَاتِ‏

Planting in uncultivated land
‏الكَافِرُ يَأكُلُ فِي سَبعَةِ أَمعَاءٍ‏

‏لَا يَشبَعُ قَطُّ‏
The unbeliever eats to fill seven guts : The unbeliever eats only for pleasure
‏المُؤمِنُ يَأكُلُ فِي مِعًى وَاحِدٍ‏

‏أَي يَكفِيهِ القَلِيلُ مِن الأَكلِ لِأَنَّ اللَّهَ يُبَارِكُ فِيهِ‏
The believer eats to fill just one gut : The believer eats just to allay his hunger (or keep barely alive)
‏المُزَفَّتُ‏

‏المُزَفَّتُ هُوَ الوَعَاءُ المَطلِيُّ بِالزِّفتِ يُحمَلُ فِيهِ الخَمرُ‏
A tarred vessel in which alcohol is carried
‏النَّهيُ عَن الخَذفِ‏

‏تَحرِيمُ رَميِ الحَيَوَانَاتِ بِالحَصَى‏
Prohibition of hunting by throwing small pebbles at the animal
‏الوُضُوءُ قَبلَ الطَّعَامِ وَبَعدَهُ‏

Performing ablution before and after having food
‏اِنتِشَالُ اللَّحمِ‏

Separating meat from bones
‏بُرٌّ‏

Wheat
‏تَأخِيرُالصَّلَاةِ فِي حَضرَةِ الطَّعَامِ‏

‏أَي تَأخِيرُ الصَّلَاةِ حَتَّى الاِنتِهَاءِ مِن الطَّعَامِ‏
Delaying Prayer in the presence of food : Postponing Prayer until finishing up food
‏تَجَرَّعَ‏

‏تَابَعَ جَرعَ المَاءِ كَالمُتَكَارِهِ‏
To drink
To swallow
To gulp down
‏تَحَرُّكُ الذَّبِيحَةِ بَعدَ الذَّبحِ‏

The animal's movement after slaughtering
‏تَحنِيكٌ‏

‏أَي دَلكُ الفَمِ بِبَعضِ الطَّعَامِ‏
Rubbing the (baby's) mouth with some food
‏تَذكِيَةٌ‏

‏هِيَ التَّطهِيرُ، وَهِيَ قَتلُ الحَيَوَانِ بِإِسَالَةِ دَمِهِ بِقَطعِ الحُلقُومِ وَأَحَدِ الوَدَجَينِ‏
Slaughtering
Butchering

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏تَغطِيَةُ الإِنَاءِ‏

Covering vessels
‏تَوجِيهُ الذَّبِيحَةِ نَحوَ القِبلَةِ‏

Directing the animal towards the Qiblah before slaughtering
‏جَائِعٌ‏

Hungry
Starved
Starving
Famished
‏جَاعَ‏

To be or become hungry
To feel hungry
To starve
‏جَرَادٌ‏

Locust
‏جَزُورٌ‏

‏هُوَ مَا يَصلُحُ أَن يُذبَحَ مِن الإِبِلِ‏
A she-camel that can be slaughtered
‏جَسَدُ الذَّبِيحَةِ‏

Carcass
‏جَفنَةٌ‏

‏القَصعَةُ أَو البِئرُ الصَّغِيرَةُ‏
Bowl
‏جَوَارِحُ الطَّيرِ‏

‏وَهِيَ ذَوَاتُ الصَّيدِ، وَسُمِّيَت جَارِحَةً لِأَنَّهَا تَجرَحُ لِأَهلِهَا أَي تَكسِبُ لَهُم‏
Predatory birds
‏جُوعٌ‏

‏هُوَ خَلَاءُ البَطنِ مِن الطَّعَامِ‏
Hunger
‏جَوفٌ‏

Belly
Abdomen
‏حَدُّ الشَّفرَةِ قَبلَ الذَّبحِ‏

‏أَي سَنُّ السِّكِّينِ المُستَخدَمَةِ فِي ذَبحِ الحَيَوَانِ‏
Sharpening the blade before slaughtering
‏حَلَالًا طَيِّبًا‏

Lawful and good
‏حَمَّصَ‏

To toast
‏حِنطَةٌ‏

Wheat
‏حُوتٌ‏

Whale
‏خِدمَةُ الصِّغَارِ وَالكِبَارِ‏

Serving the young and the old
‏خَلٌّ‏

Vinegar
‏خَلطُ البُسرِ وَالتَّمرِ‏

‏البُسرُ هُوَ ثَمَرُ النَّخلِ قَبلَ أَن يَرطُبَ‏
Mixing unripe and ripe dates
‏خَلطُ التَّمرِ وَالزَّبِيبِ‏

Mixing dates and raisins

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏خَمرٌ‏

‏هِيَ كُلُّ مَا يُذهِبُ العَقلَ‏
Wine
Alcohol
Liquor
Alcoholic beverage
Intoxicant
‏خِنزِيرٌ‏

Swine
Pig
Hog
Sow
Boar
‏دَرَّ‏

‏تَدَفَّقَ وَأَعطَى لَبَنًا كَثِيرًا‏
To give much milk
To milk abundantly
‏دَعوَةُ الأَتقِيَاءِ إِلَى الطَّعَامِ‏

‏دَعوَةُ الصَّالِحِينَ لِتَنَاوُلِ الطَّعَامِ‏
Inviting pious people to food
‏دَقِيقٌ‏

Flour
‏ذَبحُ ذَوَاتِ الدَّرِّ‏

Slaughtering dairy cattle
‏ذَبِيحَةُ الأَعرَابِ‏

Animals slaughtered by nomads
‏ذَبِيحَةُ الكِتَابِيِّ‏

‏الكِتَابِيُّ اِسمٌ يُطلَقُ عَلَى اليَهُودِيِّ وَالنَّصرَانِيِّ‏
Animals slaughtered by the People of the Book
‏ذَبِيحَةُ المَرأَةِ وَالأَمَةِ‏

Animals slaughtered by women or female slaves
‏ذَكَاةُ الجَنِينِ‏

Slaughtering a fetus
‏ذِو ظُفُرٍ‏

‏كُلُّ حَيَوَانٍ لَهُ أَظَافِرُ‏
Clawed animal
‏ذِو مِخلَبٍ‏

‏ذِو أَظَافِرَ‏
Birds and animals with talons
Clawed birds or animals
‏ذِو نَابٍ‏

Beasts with canines
‏رَبَعَت الدَّابَّةُ‏

‏سَرَحَت فِي المَرعَى وَأَكَلَت وَشَرِبَت كَيفَ شَاءَت‏
To leave the animal graze freely
‏رَغِيفٌ‏

Loaf of bread
‏زَرَعَ‏

To sow seed
To cultivate land
‏زَرعٌ‏

Plant
Crop
Sowing
Planting
‏زَنجَبِيلٌ‏

Ginger
‏سَاقِي القَومِ آخِرُهُم شُربًا‏

The one who serves drinks last
‏سِدرَةٌ‏

‏اِسمُ شَجَرَةٍ‏
The Lote-tree

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏سَقَى‏

To water
To give drink to
‏سَقيٌ‏

Watering
Giving drink to
‏سُكُرُّجَة‏

Platter
Plate
Dish
Bowl
‏سَلخُ الحَيَوَانِ‏

‏نَزعُ الجِلدِ مِن عَلَى الحَيَوَانِ‏
Flaying the slaughtered animal
Skinning the slaughtered animal
‏سِنَّورٌ‏

Cat
Wildcat
‏سَوِيقٌ‏

‏طَحِينٌ نَاعِمٌ‏
Fine flour
‏شَاةٌ‏

Ewe : A female sheep, especially when full grown
‏شَحمٌ‏

Fat
‏شَحمُ خِنزِيرٍ‏

Lard
‏شَرَابٌ‏

Drink
Beverage
Syrup
‏شَرَابٌ مُسكِرٌ‏

Intoxicating drink
Alcoholic drink
Intoxicant
‏شَرِبَ‏

To drink
‏شُربُ الخَمرِ‏

Drinking wine
Alcohol drinking
‏شُربُ الخَمرِ مِن عَلَامَاتِ السَّاعَةِ‏

‏شُربُ الخَمرِ عَلَامَةٌ مِن عَلَامَاتِ اِقتِرَابِ السَّاعَةِ‏
Drinking wine is an omen of the imminence of the Day of Judgment
‏شُربُ النَّاسِ وَالدَّوَابِّ مِن النَّهرِ‏

People and beasts drinking from the river
‏شَربَةٌ‏

‏المَرَّةُ مِن الشُّربِ‏
Mouthful
Draught
Quaff
Dose
‏شُرُوطُ أَكلِ الذَّبِيحَةِ‏

Conditions regulating eating from the slaughtered animal
‏شَرِيحَةٌ مِن لَحمِ الخِنزِيرِ‏

‏شَرِيحَةٌ مِن لَحمِ الخِنزِيرِ تُضَافُ إِلَى اللَّحمِ قَبلَ طَهوِهِ‏
Lardoon
‏شَفعٌ‏

Even number
‏شِقُّ تَمرَةٍ‏

‏نِصفُ تَمرَةٍ‏
Half a date

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏شَوَى‏

To roast
Grill
Broil
‏صَحفَةٌ‏

‏إِنَاءٌ مِن آنِيَةِ الطَّعَامِ‏
Dish
Bowl
Platter
‏صَرَمَ‏

To cut off dates (from a tree)
‏صَفحُ الذَّبِيحَةِ‏

‏صَفحَةُ الشَّيءِ: جَانِبُهُ‏
The side of the slaughtered animal
‏صَفِيفٌ‏

Jerked meat
‏صَهبَاءُ‏

‏مِن أَسمَاءِ الخَمرِ‏
Wine
‏صُوَاعٌ‏

‏إِنَاءٌ يُشرَبُ بِهِ‏
Drinking cup
‏صَيدُ المَجُوسِ‏

‏المَجُوسُ هُم عَبَدَةُ النَّارِ‏
Game hunted by the Magi
‏صَيدٌ قُطِعَت مِنهُ قِطعَةٌ‏

Game from which a piece was cut (by another animal)
‏ضَالَّةُ البَقَرِ‏

Wandering cows
‏طَعَامُ أَهلِ الكِتَابِ‏

The food of the People of the Book
‏طَعَامٌ مُحَرَّمٌ‏

Prohibited food
‏طِيبُ الثِّمَارِ‏

The good among the fruits
‏ظَبيٌ‏

Antelope
Buck
Gazelle
Deer
‏ظَمآنُ‏

Thirsty
‏ظَمَأٌ‏

Thirst
Thirstiness
‏ظَمِئٌ‏

To be thirst
To feel thirst
‏عَبٌّ‏

‏هُوَ الشُّربُ فِي نَفَسٍ وَاحِدٍ دُونَ تَوَقُّفٍ‏
Drinking up
‏عَتِيرَةٌ‏

‏شَاةٌ كَانَ يَذبَحُهَا المُشرِكُونَ لِآلِهَتِهِم فِي شَهرِ رَجَبٍ، فَأَبطَلَهَا الإِسلَامُ‏
`Atirah : Ewe which the polytheists used to offer in sacrifice to idols in the month of Rajab. Such practice was abolished by Islam.
‏عِجلٌ‏

Calf

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏عَذبٌ فُرَاتٌ‏

‏سَائِغٌ‏
Palatable and sweet
Tasty
‏عَسَلٌ‏

Honey
‏عَطَشٌ‏

Thirst
‏عَطشَانُ‏

Thirsty
‏عَقَرَ‏

‏ذَبَحَ‏
To slaughter
To butcher
To slay
‏عَقِيقَةٌ‏

‏العَقِيقَةُ هِيَ الشَّاةُ الَّتِي تُذبَحُ عَن المَولُودِ فِي اليَومِ السَّابِعِ مِن وِلَادَتِهِ‏
A sacrifice slaughtered on the seventh day of a child's birth
‏غَرسُ النَّخلِ فِي المَوَاتِ‏

‏زَرعُ النَّخلِ فِي الأَرضِ القَفرَاءِ لِإِحيَائِهَا‏
Planting palm trees in barren lands
‏غَرَفَ‏

To scoop
To ladle
‏غَرفَةٌ‏

Handful of water
‏غَزَالٌ‏

Deer
Gazelle
‏غَسلُ اليَدَينِ قَبلَ الطَّعَامِ وَبَعدَهُ‏

Washing one's hands before and after having food
‏فَرَعٌ‏

Eating Fara` : Fara` is the first born she-camel butchered for idols
‏فَضلُ سَقيِ المَاءِ‏

Excellence of offering water
‏قَتلُ الحَيَّاتِ‏

Killing snakes
‏قَتلُ الصَّيدِ‏

Killing the game
‏قِثَّاءُ‏

‏وَهُوَ الخِيَارُ وَالعَجُّورُ وَالفَقُّوسُ‏
Cucumber
‏قِسمَةُ الطَّعَامِ‏

Distributing food
‏قَضَمَ‏

To champ
To bite into
To gnaw
To nibble at
‏قَطعُ الشَّجَرِ وَالنَّخلِ‏

Cutting down trees and palm trees
‏قَطعُ العِرقِ‏

‏شُريَانُ الدَّمِ مِن الحُلقُومِ‏
Complete severance of the vein
Cutting the vein

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏قِطمِيرٌ‏

‏القِشرَةُ الرَّقِيقَةُ عَلَى النَّوَاةِ‏
The thin skin which envelops a date
The husk of a date
‏قَعبٌ‏

‏قَدَحٌ ضَخمٌ‏
Bowl
‏كُحُولٌّ‏

‏سَائِلٌ عَدِيمُ اللَّونِ يَنتُجُ مِن تَخَمُّرِ السُّكَّرِ وَالنِّشَاءِ، وَهُوَ رُوحُ الخَمرِ‏
Alcohol
‏كَرَاهَةُ أَكلِ الثُّومِ وَالبَصَلِ‏

Eating garlic and onion is disfavored
‏كَرَاهَةُ الطَّعَامِ‏

Disliking food
‏كَلبٌ مُعَلَّمٌ‏

‏الكَلبُ المُدَرَّبُ عَلَى الصَّيدِ أَو الحِرَاسَةِ‏
Trained hound
‏كَيفِيَّةُ الذَّبحِ‏

The manner of slaughtering
‏لَا عَقرَ فِي الإِسلَامِ‏

‏العَقرُ هُوَ قَطعُ إِحدَى قَوَائِمِ الحَيَوَانِ لِيَسقُطَ كَي يَتَسَنَّى ذَبحُهُ، وَهُوَ بِمَعنَى النَّحرِ‏
Cutting the animal's leg in order to fall for slaughtering is prohibited in Islam
‏لَبَنٌ‏

Milk
‏لَحمٌ‏

Meat
‏لَحمُ الخِنزِيرِ‏

Pork
‏لَحمُ المَيتَةِ‏

Dead animal's flesh
Carrion
‏لَعقُ الأَصَابِعِ بَعدَ الأَكلِ‏

‏اللَّعقُ هُوَ اللَّحسُ أَي لَحسُ الأَصَابِعِ بَعدَ الأَكلِ‏
Licking one's fingers after eating
‏لَعقُ القَصعَةِ‏

Licking the dish
‏لُقمَةٌ‏

Morsel of bread
‏مَأكَلٌ‏

Food
‏مَا ضَرَّ مِن الطَّيرِ‏

Birds of prey
Vicious birds
Harmful birds
‏مَا يَحرُمُ مِن الشَّرَابِ‏

Prohibited drinks
‏مَا يُستَحَبُّ مِن الشَّرَابِ‏

Preferred drinks
‏مَا يَكُونُ مِنهُ الخَمرُ‏

What alcohol is made of

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏مَا يُنهَى عَن ذَبحِهِ‏

What is prohibited to be slaughtered
‏مَائِدَةٌ‏

Table
‏مُتَرَدِّيَةٌ‏

‏وَهُوَ الحَيَوَانُ الَّذِي سَقَطَ وَتَرَدَّى حَيًّا، فَيَحرُمُ أَكلُهُ‏
An animal that fell from a high place : Its flesh is prohibited to eat
‏مَجَاعَةٌ‏

Famine
Starvation
Hunger
‏مَذبُوحٌ‏

Slaughtered
Butchered
‏مَرَقَ‏

‏اِختَرَقَ‏
Sauce
Gravy
‏مَسغَبَةٌ‏

Famine
Starvation
‏مَشرَبٌ‏

Drink
‏مَضَغَ‏

To chew
To masticate
‏مَضغُ الطَّعَامِ‏

‏هُوَ الطَّحنُ بِالأَسنَانِ‏
Chewing food
‏مِعًى‏

‏مُفرَدُ أَمعَاءٍ‏
Intestine
‏مُنخَنِقَةٌ‏

‏هِيَ الشَّاةُ إِذَا اِنخَنَقَت وَمُنِعَ الهَوَاءُ عَنهَا، فَمَاتَت مَخنُوقَةً، فَيَحرُمُ أَكلُهَا‏
An animal that has been killed by strangling : Its flesh is forbidden to eat
‏مَوقُوذَةٌ‏

‏هِيَ المَقتُولَةُ بِضَربَةِ عَصًا أَو حَجَرٍ‏
An animal fatally hit or on the point of death : Its flesh is forbidden to eat
‏نَاجِذٌ‏

‏جَمعُهُ نَوَاجِذُ وَهُوَ الضِّرسُ‏
Molar
‏نَافِرَةٌ‏

‏وَالنَّافِرَةُ أَي الحَيَوَانُ الهَارِبُ‏
An escaping animal
‏نَاقَةٌ‏

She-camel
‏نَبِيذٌ‏

Wine
‏نَشوَةٌ‏

‏هِيَ الطَّرَبُ الَّذِي يَحدُثُ لِلمَرءِ عِندَ شُربِهِ لِلمُسكِرِ أَو عِندَ زَوَالِ غُمَّةٍ‏
Drunkenness
Ecstasy
Rapture
‏نَعجَةٌ‏

Ewe
Female sheep
‏نَهَسَ اللَّحمَ‏

‏النَّهسُ هُوَ القَبضُ عَلَى اللَّحمِ وَنَترُهُ‏
To nibble at meat

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏نَهَشَ‏

To bite
‏هَيئَةُ تَنَاوُلِ الطَّعَامِ‏

Etiquette of having food
‏وَضعُ الحَيَوَانِ عِندَ الذَّبحِ‏

The position of the animal to be slaughtered
‏وَقتُ وَلِيمَةِ النِّكَاحِ‏

Time of the marriage banquet
‏وَلِيمَةٌ‏

‏الطَّعَامُ المُتَّخَذُ لِجَمعٍ أَو لِدَعوَةٍ، وَهِيَ طَعَامُ العُرسِ‏
Banquet
Repast

[أحمد سعد الدين]

اللباس والزينة

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏آدَابُ اللِّبَاسِ‏

Etiquette of dress
‏آدَابُ لُبسِ النِّعَالِ وَخَلعِهَا‏

Etiquette of putting footwear on and off
‏آيَةُ الحِجَابِ‏

‏الآيَةُ الَّتِي ذُكِرَت فِي القُرآنِ تَدُلُّ عَلَى مَشرُوعِيَّةِ الحِجَابِ‏
The Qur'anic verse enjoining the wearing of veil
‏أَثَاثٌ‏

Furniture
Furnishings
‏أَحكَامُ الشَّوَارِبِ‏

Judgment pertaining to the mustache
‏أُرجُوَان‏

‏نَوعٌ مِن أَنوَاعِ الصَّبغِ وَلَونُهُ أَحمَرُ‏
Red dyestuff
‏أَرِيكَةٌ‏

Couch
Sofa
‏أَفضَلُ الطِّيبِ‏

The best of perfumes
‏أَلوَانُ ثِيَابِ الرَّجُلِ‏

Approved colors of men's clothes
‏إِبدَاءُ الزِّينَةِ لِلمَحَارِمِ‏

‏ظُهُورُ المَرأَةِ بِكَامِلِ زِينَتِهَا أَمَامَ مَحَارِمِهَا كَأَبِيهَا وَأَخِيهَا‏
A woman showing her beauty and adornment to men unmarriageable to her
‏إِحفَاءُ الشَّارِبِ‏

‏تَقصِيرُ شَعرِ الشَّارِبِ وَالأَخذُ مِنهُ‏
Trimming one's mustache
‏إِزَارٌ‏

Loincloth
Wrapper
Wraparound
‏إِزَارٌ غَيرُ مَخِيطٍ‏

Unsewn waist wrapper
‏إِسبَالٌ‏

‏الإِسبَالُ هُوَ إِطَالَةُ الثَّوبِ‏
Lowering one's garment
‏إِستَبرَق‏

Brocade : A heavy fabric interwoven with a rich, raised design
‏إِطَالَةُ الرَّجُلِ شَعرَهُ‏

A man letting his hair grow long
‏إِطَالَةُ المَرأَةِ ثَوبَهَا‏

A woman dragging her clothes
‏إِظهَارُ أَثَرِ النِّعمَةِ‏

‏وَذَلِكَ بِلُبسِ الثِّيَابِ الحَسَنَةِ الجَيِّدَةِ‏
Manifesting the signs of Allah's grace upon oneself (through good dressing)
‏إِكرَامُ اللِّحيَةِ‏

‏الاِعتِنَاءُ بِهَا‏
Taking care of one's beard
‏اِئتَزَرَ‏

‏اِرتَدَى الإِزَارَ وَهُوَ الثَّوبُ الَّذِي يُغَطِّي أَسفَلَ البَدَنِ‏
To wear a waist wrapper

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏اِتَّخَاذُ الأَجرَاسِ‏

‏اِستِعمَالُ الأَجرَاسِ فِي البُيُوتِ أَو غَيرِهَا‏
Using bells
‏اِتَّخَاذُ التَّمَاثِيلِ‏

‏اِقتِنَاؤُهَا‏
Keeping statues
‏اِتِّخَاذُ الصُّوَرِ‏

‏تَعلِيقُهَا عَلَى الجُدرَانِ فِي المَنَازِلِ‏
Keeping pictures in one's house
‏اِتِّخَاذُ لُعَبٍ لِلأَطفَالِ‏

Getting toys for children
‏اِتَّكَأَ‏

‏الاِتِّكَاءُ هُوَ الاِعتِمَادُ بِإِسنَادِ الظَّهرِ أَو الجَنبِ إِلَى شَيءٍ‏
To lean on
To recline on
‏اِستَثفَرَ‏

‏اِستَثفَرَ الرَّجُلُ أَي جَمَعَ أَطرَافَ ثَوبِهِ وَأَخَذَهَا بَينَ فَخذَيهِ فَرَبَطَهَا فِي وَسَطِهِ‏
To cover one's private parts
‏اِستِحبَابُ الطِّيبِ‏

Desirability of applying perfume
‏اِستِحبَابُ اللَّونِ الأَبيَضِ‏

‏اِرتِدَاءُ اللَّونِ الأَبيَضِ فِي الثِّيَابِ‏
Desirability of wearing white clothes
‏اِستِخدَامُ الحِنَّاءِ‏

Applying Henna
‏اِعتَمَّ‏

‏اِرتَدَى العِمَامَةَ‏
To wear a turban
‏اِفتِرَاشُ الحَرِيرِ‏

‏اِتِّخَاذُ فِرَاشٍ مِن الحَرِيرِ لِلنَّومِ أَو الجُلُوسِ عَلَيهِ‏
Sitting or sleeping on silk
‏اِكتَحَلَ‏

‏دَلَّكَ جَفنَهُ بِالكُحلِ لِلزِّينَةِ أَو لِلتَّدَاوِي‏
To apply Kohl
‏الأَدَمُ‏

‏الجِلدُ المَصبُوغُ‏
Tanned skin
‏الأَعلَامُ فِي الثِّيَابِ‏

Colored marks on clothes
‏الإِهَابُ‏

‏الجِلدُ‏
Leather
Skin
Hide
‏الاِحتِجَابُ عَن العَبدِ‏

‏التَّسَتُّرُ عَنهُ بِارتِدَاءِ المَرأَةِ لِلحِجَابِ‏
Women taking veil in the presence of their slaves
‏الاِحتِجَابُ عَن المُكَاتَبِ‏

Women taking veil in the presence of Al-Mukatab slave : Al-Mukatab is the slave who has a contract of manumission
‏البَزُّ‏

‏نَوعٌ مِن أَنوَاعِ المَلَابِسِ‏
Bazz (some kind of clothes)
Linen
Clothes
Drapery
‏البَشَرَةُ‏

‏ظَاهِرُ الجِلدِ‏
Outer skin
Complexion
‏التَّبَذُّلُ وَالتَّقَشُّفُ فِي اللِّبَاسِ‏

‏تَركُ التَّرَفِ وَالبَذَخِ, وَلُبسُ خَشَنِ الثِّيَابِ‏
Commonness and asceticism in dress

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏التَّبَرُّجُ‏

‏هُوَ السُّفُورُ وَإِظهَارُ المَرأَةِ لِزِينَتِهَا وَمَحَاسِنِهَا‏
Bedecking oneself
Primping
‏التَّزَيُّنُ لِلزَّوجِ‏

‏تَزَيُّنُ المَرأَةِ لِزَوجِهَا‏
The wife's adornment for her husband
‏التَّزَيُّنُ لِلزَّوجَةِ‏

The husband's adornment for his wife
‏التَّطَيُّبُ عِندَ الجِمَاعِ‏

‏وَضعُ العِطرِ قَبلَ الجِمَاعِ‏
Applying perfume before sexual intercourse
‏التَّفَلُّجُ‏

‏وَهُوَ عَمَلُ فَرَاغٍ وَتَبَاعُدٍ بَينَ الأَسنَانِ الأَمَامِيَّةِ لِإِحدَاثِ نَوعٍ مِن التَّجمِيلِ‏
Spacing between teeth : Spacing between one's front teeth for beautification
‏التَّنَمُّصُ‏

‏هُوَ إِزَالَةُ النَّمصِ وَهُوَ الشَّعرُ النَّاعِمُ الَّذِي يُغَطِّي الجِلدَ مِن الوجهِ وَالجَبهَةِ‏
Removing the hair from the face and forehead : Removing the soft hair on one's face
‏التَّوَاضُعُ فِي لُبسِ الثِّيَابِ‏

Showing modesty in one's clothes
‏التَّيَامُنُ‏

‏هُوَ اِستِعمَالُ اليَدِ اليُمنَى أَو البَدءُ بِالجَانِبِ الأَيمَنِ عِندَ اللُّبسِ وَغَيرِهِ‏
Using one's right hand
Starting with the right side
‏الخِضَابُ‏

‏مَا يُخَضَّبُ بِهِ مِن حِنَّاءَ وَغَيرِهَا‏
Henna
Dye
‏الذَّهَبُ‏

Gold
Gold ornaments
‏الذَّهَبُ عِندَ الحَاجَةِ لِلرِّجَالِ‏

Wearing gold ornaments by men in case of necessity
‏الرُّخصَةُ بِالحَرِيرِ لِلحَاجَةِ‏

‏السَّمَاحُ بِلُبسِ الحَرِيرِ إِذَا كَانَ هُنَاكَ حَاجَةٌ لِأَنَّهُ مُحَرَّمٌ عَلَى الرِّجَالِ‏
Wearing silk clothes by men in case of necessity
‏الزَّبَرجَدُ‏

Aquamarine
‏الزِّينَةُ فِي لِبَاسِ المَرأَةِ‏

Female ornamented clothes
‏السُّفُورُ‏

Unveiling of the face
Bedecking oneself
Primping
Dazzling display
Woman's displaying of her charms
‏الصُّوفُ‏

Wool
Fleece
‏الطُّنبُورُ‏

‏آلَةٌ ذَاتُ أَوتَارٍ مِن آلَاتِ اللَّهوِ وَالطَّرَبِ‏
Mandolin : A musical instrument with a usually pear-shaped body and a fretted neck over which several pairs of strings are stretched
‏الغِنَاءُ‏

Singing
‏القَبَاطِيُّ‏

‏الثَّوبُ الكَتَّانِيُّ الرَّقِيقُ الأَبيَضُ, مَنسُوبٌ إِلَى القِبطِ يُصنَعُ بِمِصرَ‏
Al-Qabati : White Egyptian clothes made of light tissue
‏الكَاسِيَاتُ العَارِيَاتُ‏

‏هُنَّ اللَّائِي يَرتَدِينَ مَلَابِسَ تَشِفُّ الجَسَدَ فَيَظهَرنَ وَكَأَنَّهُنَّ عَارِيَاتٍ‏
Women dressed in diaphanous clothes that describe their bodies

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏اللُّؤلُؤُ‏

Pearls
‏اللَّعِبُ‏

Play
Fun
Amusement
‏اللَّهوُ‏

Amusement
Distraction
‏اللَّهوُ بِالغِنَاءِ‏

Amusement by singing
‏اللَّهوُ وَاللَّعِبُ فِي العِيدِ‏

Amusement and playing on the Feast
‏المَاسُ‏

Diamond
‏المَرجَانُ‏

Coral
‏المُسبِلُ‏

One who lets his clothes down
‏المَعَازِفُ‏

Musical instruments
‏المُعَصفَرُ‏

‏الثَّوبُ المَصبُوغُ بِالعُصفُرِ, وَالعُصفُرُ نَبَاتٌ بِهِ صَبغٌ أَحمَرُ يُستَخرَجُ مِنهُ يُصبَغُ بِهِ الحَرِيرُ‏
Dress dyed with safflower
‏المُغَنِّيَاتُ‏

Female singers
‏النَّظَافَةُ وَحُسنُ الثَّوبِ‏

Being clean and well-dressed
‏الوَشرُ‏

Spacing between one's front teeth (for beautification)
‏الوَشمُ‏

Tattoo
Tattooing
‏اِنتَعَلَ‏

To put on shoes or sandals
To be shod
‏بَابُوج‏

Slipper
Pantofle
Scuff
Mule
‏بَاسِرٌ‏

‏عَابِسٌ غَيرُ مُبتَسِمٍ‏
Austere
Sad
Gloomy
‏بَرَجٌ‏

‏جَمِيلٌ حَسَنُ الوَجهِ, وَإِذَا المَرأَةُ أَظهَرَت زِينَتَهَا وَمَحَاسِنَهَا‏
To display one's charms
To play up one's charms (woman)
To adorn oneself
‏بُردٌ‏

‏كِسَاءٌ مُخَطَّطٌ يُلتَحَفُ بِهِ, أَسوَدُ صَغِيرٌ‏
Gown
Garment
‏بُردَةٌ‏

Garment
Gown

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏تَغطِيَةُ الرَّأسِ‏

Covering one's head
‏تَغطِيَةُ وَجهِ المَرأَةِ‏

Covering woman's face
‏تَغيِيرُ الشَّيبِ‏

‏إِخفَاءُ لَونِهِ بِالخِضَابِ‏
Dyeing hoary hair
‏تَلَفَّعَ بِ‏

To wrap oneself in
To cover oneself with
To put a scarf around one's neck
‏تُلَفَّفُ بِ‏

To wrap oneself in
To cover oneself with
‏تِمثَالٌ‏

Statue
Sculpture
Idol
Icon
‏تَهذِيبُ اللِّحيَةِ‏

‏أَخذُ جُزءٍ مِن شَعرِ اللِّحيَةِ مَعَ تَنمِيقِهَا‏
Trimming one's beard
‏ثَوبٌ‏

Garment
Dress
Robe
Cloth
‏ثَوبٌ مَسَّهُ الطِّيبُ‏

‏ثَوبٌ مُطَيَّبٌ بِقَدرٍ مِن الطِّيبِ‏
Perfumed garment
‏ثِيَابٌ مُصبَغَةٌ‏

‏مُلَوَّنَةٌ‏
Dyed clothes
‏جُبَّةٌ‏

‏ثَوبٌ سَابِغٌ وَاسِعُ الكُمَّينِ مَشقُوقُ المُقَدَّمِ يُلبَسُ فَوقَ الثِّيَابِ‏
Jubbah : Long outer garment, open in front, with wide sleeves
‏جَدَلَ‏

To braid
To plait
‏جَدِيلَةٌ‏

Braid
Plait
Queue
Pigtail
‏جَرُّ الثَّوبِ خُيَلَاءَ‏

‏الاِختِيَالُ فِي المَشيِ مَعَ إِطَالَةِ الثَّوبِ‏
Dragging one's clothes in vanity
‏جِرَابٌ‏

‏وَعَاءٌ مِن جِلدٍ يُحفَظُ فِيهِ الزَّادُ وَنَحوُهُ, وَهُوَ قُرَاب السَّيفِ‏
Sheath
Scabbard
‏جِلبَابٌ‏

‏الثَّوبُ المُشتَمِلُ عَلَى الجَسَدِ كُلِّهِ‏
Gown
Loose garment
‏جَلبَبَ‏

To put on a loose garment
To dress in
To garb with a gown
‏جِلدُ الحِمَارِ‏

Donkey leather
‏جِلدُ السِّبَاعِ‏

Lion leather
‏جَلَمٌ‏

‏الجَّلَمُ هُوَ مَا يُجَزُّ بِهِ أَو يُقَصُّ بِهِ الشَّعرُ أَو الصُّوفُ‏
Scissors

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏جَورَبٌ‏

Sock
Stocking
Hose
‏جَيبٌ‏

Pocket
Breast
Bosom
‏حَبَرَةٌ‏

‏ثَوبٌ يَمَانِي مِن كِتَانٍ مُخَطَّطٍ‏
Wrap
Veil
‏حِجَابٌ‏

‏غِطَاءٌ لِرَأسِ المَرأَةِ‏
Hijab
eil
Yashmak : Women's head covering
‏حَجَبَ‏

To veil
To screen
To hide
To mask
To cloak
To cover
‏حِذَاءٌ‏

‏لِبَاسُ القَدَمِ‏
Shoes
Boots
Sandals
Footgear
Footwear
‏حَرِيرٌ‏

Silk
‏حِزَامٌ‏

Belt
Girdle
Waistband
‏حِشمَةٌ‏

Decency
Modesty
Chastity
‏حِقَاءُ‏

‏الحِقَاءُ هُوَ الإِزَارُ أَو مَعقِدُهُ, أَو هُوَ رِبَاطُ الجُلِّ عَلَى بَطنِ الفَرَسِ‏
Wrapper
‏حُكمُ الصُّوَرِ عَلَى الوَسَائِدِ‏

Judgment concerning pictures drawn on pillows
‏حُكمُ الصُّوَرِ فِي الثِّيَابِ‏

Judgment pertaining to pictures drawn on clothes
‏حُكمُ اللِّحيَةِ‏

Judgment pertaining to letting the beard grow
‏حُكمُ حَلقِ المَرأَةِ رَأسَهَا‏

Judgment pertaining to a woman cutting her hair short
‏حُلَّةٌ‏

Garment
Dress
Robe
Vestment
‏حَلَقٌ‏

Earring
Eardrop
‏حَلقُ الشَّارِبِ‏

Shaving one's mustache
‏حُلِيٌّ‏

‏مَا تَتَزَيَّنُ بِهِ المَرأَةُ مِن أَسَاوِرَ وَغَيرِهَا‏
Jewelry
Jewels
Trinketry
Ornaments
‏حِليَةٌ‏

Jewel
Trinket
Ornament
Finery
Decoration
‏حِنَّاءُ‏

‏نَبَاتٌ يُتَّخَذُ وَرَقُهُ لِلخِضَابِ‏
Henna

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏حَنُوطٌ‏

‏هُوَ كُلُّ مَا يُخلَطُ بِأَجسَامِ المَوتَى وَأَكفَانِهِم مِن الطِّيبِ, مِثلَ المِسكِ وَالعَنبَرِ وَالكَافُورِ‏
Hanut : A kind of scent for embalming the dead
‏خُرُوجُ المَرأَةِ فِي زِينَتِهَا‏

Women going out in full adornment
‏خِصَالُ الفِطرَةِ‏

‏الفِطرَةُ هِيَ الطَّبِيعَةُ السَّلِيمَةُ الَّتِي خُلِقَ بِهَا الإِنسَانُ وَلَم تَشُبهَا أَيُّ شَائِبَةٍ‏
Acts of natural disposition
‏خَضَّبَ‏

To dye
To tint
To pigment
To apply henna
‏خُفٌّ‏

‏الخُفُّ بِضَمِّ الخَاءِ جَمعُهُ أَخفَافُ وَخِفَافٌ وَهُوَ الحِذَاءُ السَّاتِرُ لِلكَعبَينِ‏
Shoe
Scuff
Mule
Sandal
‏خَلخَالٌ‏

Anklet
‏خَلَّقَ‏

To perfume
‏خَلُوقٌ‏

Khaluq : A type of perfume
‏خِمَارٌ‏

‏الخِمَارُ هُوَ ثَوبٌ تَستُرُ بِهِ المَرأَةُ رَأسَهَا‏
Khimar : A veil or yashmak
‏خَيطٌ‏

Thread
Fiber
Yarn
‏دِرعٌ‏

‏الدِّرعُ هُوَ القَمِيصُ‏
Gown
Shirt
Attire
‏دَمِيمٌ‏

‏قَبِيحُ المَنظَرِ‏
Ugly
Unsightly
‏دِيبَاجٌ‏

‏ثَوبٌ مِن حَرِيرٍ‏
Silk garment
Silk brocade
‏ذَوَائِبُ‏

‏جَمعُ ذُؤَابَةٍ وَهِيَ مِن كُلِّ شَيءٍ أَعلَاهُ, وَهِيَ شَعرُ مُقَدَّمِ الرَّأسِ‏
Forelocks
Tresses
Locks of hair
Plaits
Braids
‏رَثُّ الهَيئَةِ‏

‏رَدِيءُ الشَّكلِ وَالثِّيَابِ‏
Shabby
Ragged
Slovenly
Frowzy
‏رَجَّلَ‏

‏رَجَّلَ شَعرَهُ أَي سَوَّاهُ وَزَيَّنَهُ‏
To comb one's hair
‏رِدَاءٌ‏

Dress
Robe
Garment
Apparel
Attire
‏رُدنٌ‏

Sleeve
‏زِيٌّ‏

Dress
Garment
Uniform
‏زِينَةٌ‏

Adornment
Ornament
Decoration
Embellishment

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏زِينَةُ الحَادَّةِ‏

‏زِينَةُ المَرأَةِ فِي حِدَادِهَا عَلَى زَوجِهَا, أَو أَثنَاءَ عِدَّتِهَا‏
Woman's adornment during mourning period
‏زِينَةُ النِّسَاءِ‏

Women's adornment
‏سَترُ العَورَةِ بِاللِّبَاسِ‏

‏تَغطِيَةُ العَورَةِ وَسَترُهَا, وَعَورَةُ المَرأَةِ كُلُّ جَسَدِهَا‏
Covering one's private parts with clothes
‏سَجَّادَةٌ‏

‏بِسَاطٌ صَغِيرٌ يُصَلَّى عَلَيهِ‏
Carpet
Mat
Rug
‏سِجفٌ‏

Curtain
Veil
‏سِدرٌ‏

Christ's thorn
Lotus jujube
‏سُدلٌ‏

‏هُوَ السِّتَارُ أَو القِلَادَةُ‏
Necklace
‏سَرَاوِيلُ‏

‏لِبَاسٌ يُغَطِّي السُّرَّةَ وَالرُّكبَتَينِ وَمَا بَينَهُمَا‏
Underpants
Drawers
Trousers
Knickerbockers
Panties
‏سَفَرَت‏

‏كَشَفَت المَرأَةُ عَن وَجهِهَا أَو عَن عَورَتِهَا أَي لَم تَحجُبهَا عَن الأَعيُنِ‏
To unveil oneself (for women)
‏سِقَاءٌ‏

‏وَعَاءٌ مِن الجِلدِ يُوضَعُ فِيهِ المَاءُ‏
Water skin
‏سُندُسٌ‏

‏نَسِيجٌ حَرِيرِيٌّ‏
Sarcenet
Silk brocade
‏سِوَارٌ‏

‏حِليَةٌ مِن الذَّهَبِ مُستَدِيرَةٌ كَالحَلَقَةِ تُلبَسُ فِي المِعصَمِ أَو الزَّندِ‏
Bracelet
Bangle
Armlet : Ornament of the arm
‏شَدُّ الهِميَانِ فِي الوَسَطِ‏

‏الهِميَانُ هُوَ كِيسٌ لِلنَّفَقَةِ يُشَدُّ فِي الوَسَطِ‏
Wearing a belt pocket around one's waist
‏شَعرٌ مُستَعَارٌ‏

Wig
Peruke
Periwig
Toupee
‏شَملَةٌ‏

‏هِيَ الرِّدَاءُ الوَاسِعُ, كَمَا تُطلَقُ عَلَى عِصَابَةِ الرَّأسِ‏
Cloak
Mantle
Toga
Turban
Headband
‏صَبغُ الثِّيَابِ‏

‏تَلوِينُهُ بِالصَّبغَةِ‏
Dyeing clothes
‏صَبغُ الشَّعرِ‏

Dying one's hair
‏صَبِيغٌ‏

‏هُوَ الثَّوبُ المَصبُوغُ‏
Tainted
Dyed
‏صُورَةٌ‏

Sculpture
Picture
Image
Painting
Photo
Description
‏ضَربُ الدُّفِّ‏

Beating the tambourine

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏ضَفِيرَةٌ‏

Braid
Plait
Queue
Pigtail
‏ضِمَادَةٌ‏

‏الضِّمَادَةُ هِيَ كُلُّ مَا يُضَمَّدُ بِهِ العُضوُ الجَرِيحُ مِن عِصَابَةٍ وَلِفَافَةٍ تُشَدُّ عَلَيهِ وَتُربَطُ‏
Bandage
Dressing
‏طَربُوش‏

Fez
‏طَرحُ الخَاتَمِ‏

‏خَلعُهُ وَتَركُهُ‏
Abandoning rings
‏طِيبٌ‏

‏عِطرٌ طَيِّبُ الرَّائِحَةِ‏
Perfume
Aroma
Odor
Scent
‏طِيبُ الحَادَّةِ‏

‏تَعَطُّرُ المَرأَةِ وَهِيَ مُحتَدَّةٌ أَو أَثنَاءَ عِدَّتِهَا‏
The female mourner's perfume
‏طِيبُ المَرأَةِ‏

Approved women's perfumes
‏طَيلَسَان‏

‏ضَربٌ مِن الأَوشِحَةِ يُلبَسُ عَلَى الكَتِفِ أَو يُحِيطُ بِالبَدَنِ وَهُوَ خَالٍ مِن التَّفصِيلِ‏
Tailasan : A shawl-like garment worn over head and shoulders
‏عَبَاءَةٌ‏

‏كِسَاءٌ مَشقُوقٌ وَاسِعٌ ذُو فَتحَتَينِ تَخرُجُ مِنهُمَا اليَدَانِ, يُلبَسُ فَوقَ الثِّيَابِ‏
Cloak
Outer garment
Mantle
‏عِدلٌ‏

Sack
Bag
‏عِقَالٌ‏

‏جَدِيلَةٌ مِن الصُّوفِ أَو الحَرِيرِ, تُلَفُّ عَلَى الكُوفِيَّةِ فَتَكُونَانِ غِطَاءً لِلرَّأسِ‏
Headband
‏عَقدٌ‏

Necklace
Collar
‏عَقدُ اللِّحيَةِ‏

‏فَتلُ شَعرِ اللِّحيَةِ‏
Knotting one's beard
‏عَقَصَ شَعرَهُ‏

‏لَوَاهُ وَأَدخَلَ أَطرَافَهُ فِي أُصُولِهِ‏
To braid one's hair
‏عَقِيصَةٌ‏

Braid
Plait
‏عَكمٌ‏

‏مَا شُدَّ وَجُمِعَ بِهِ مِن ثَوبٍ أَو سِوَاهُ‏
Wrap
‏عِمَامَةٌ‏

‏مَا يُلَفُّ عَلَى الرَّأسِ‏
Turban
‏عَنبَر‏

Amber
Ambergris
‏عِهنٌ‏

‏هُوَ الصُّوفُ المَصبُوغُ أَلوَانًا‏
Wool
Colored wool
‏فَرشٌ‏

‏بِسَاطٌ‏
Mat
Rug
Carpet

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏فَرقُ الشَّعرِ‏

Parting one's hair
‏فَصُّ الخَاتَمِ‏

The ring stone
‏فَضلُ الشَّيبِ‏

Merit of hoariness
‏قَبَاءٌ‏

Outer garment
‏قَبَّةٌ‏

‏قَبَّةُ الثَّوبِ هِيَ طَوقُ الثَّوبِ الَّذِي يُحِيطُ بِالعُنُقِ‏
Collar
‏قُبَّعَةٌ‏

Cap
Hat
Bonnet
‏قُرطٌ‏

Earring
Eardrop
‏قَزَعٌ‏

‏وَهُوَ حَلقُ جُزءٍ مِن شَعرِ الرَّأسِ مَعَ تَركِ جُزءٍ آخَرَ بِدُونِ حَلقٍ مُتَفَرِّقًا فِي الرَّأسِ‏
Qaza` : Shaving part of one's hair and leaving another part unshaved
‏قَطِيفَةٌ‏

‏نَسِيجٌ مِن الحَرِيرِ أَو القُطنِ‏
Velvet
Plush
‏قُفَّازٌ‏

‏لِبَاسٌ لِلكَفِّ‏
Glove
‏قُفطَان‏

‏ثَوبٌ فَضفَاضٌ سَابِغٌ مَشقُوقُ المُقَدَّمِ, تُلبَسُ فَوقَهُ الجُبَّةُ‏
Caftan : A full-length garment with elbow-length or long sleeves
‏قِلَادَةٌ‏

‏القِلَادَةُ هِيَ مَا يُوضَعُ فِي العُنُقِ‏
Necklace
Necklet
‏قَلَنسُوَةٌ‏

‏لِبَاسٌ لِلرَّأسِ‏
Cap
Bonnet
‏قُمَاشٌ غَيرُ مَخِيطٍ‏

Unsewn clothes
‏قَمِيصٌ‏

Gown
Shirt
Garment
‏كُحلٌ‏

Kohl
‏كِسَاءٌ‏

Garment
Dress
Robe
‏كَشفُ عَورَةِ المَرأَةِ‏

‏خُرُوجُهَا سَافِرَةً عَارِيَةً غَيرَ سَاتِرَةٍ لِعَورَتِهَا‏
Unveiling parts of the woman's body
‏كُمٌّ‏

Sleeve
‏كُوفِيَّةٌ‏

‏مِندِيلٌ يُلَفُّ بِهِ الرَّأسُ‏
Kaffiyeh : A cloth headdress fastened by a band around the neck

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏كَيفَ تَكُونُ الشَّوَارِبُ وَاللِّحَى‏

How mustaches and beards should be
‏لِبَاسٌ‏

Dress
Clothes
‏لِبَاسُ الرَّجُلِ‏

Man's dress
‏لِبَاسُ المَرأَةِ‏

Woman's dress
‏لِبَاسُ النَّمِرَةِ‏

Striped clothes
‏لُبسُ التُّبَّانِ‏

‏التُّبَّانُ هِيَ سَرَاوِيلُ قَصِيرَةٌ إِلَى الرُّكبَةِ أَو مَا فَوقَهَا تَستُرُ العَورَةَ‏
Wearing short underpants
‏لُبسُ الحَرِيرِ‏

‏هُوَ حَلَالٌ لِلنِّسَاءِ وَحَرَامٌ عَلَى الرِّجَالِ‏
Wearing silk clothes : Lawful for women not for men
‏لِعبُ المَيسِرِ‏

Playing games of chance
Gambling
‏لَونُ لِبَاسِ المَرأَةِ‏

‏يَجِبُ أَلَّا يَكُونَ مُثِيرًا أَو لَافِتًا لِلأَنظَارِ أَي قَاتِمَ اللَّونِ‏
Color of the woman's dress : Woman's dress should not be of showy or eye-catching colors
‏مَا لَيسَ فِيهِ رُوحٌ‏

Lifeless objects
Pictures with no living objects
‏مُتَنَمِّصَةٌ‏

A woman who removes the soft hair on her face or forehead
‏مَتَى لَا يُستَعمَلُ الطِّيبُ‏

‏الوَقتُ الَّذِي يَحرُمُ فِيهِ اِستِعمَالُ الطِّيبِ كَوَقتِ الإِحرَامِ مَثَلًا‏
Times in which perfume should not be applied
‏مُجَوهَرَاتٌ‏

Jewelry
Jewels
Gems
‏مُحتَشِمٌ‏

Decent
Modest
Demure
‏مُحَجَّبَةٌ‏

Veiled woman
A woman who wears veil
‏مُخَدَّرَةٌ‏

A woman who remains at home
‏مَخِيطٌ‏

Sewn clothes
‏مَدبُوغٌ‏

‏الَّذِي دُبِغَ بِالدِّبَاغِ‏
Tanned
‏مُذَهَّبٌ‏

Gilded
‏مُرُوطٌ‏

‏مُفرَدُهَا مِرطٌ وَهُوَ كِسَاءٌ مِن خَزٍّ أَو صُوفٍ أَو كَتَّانٍ تَتَلَفَّعُ بِهِ المَرأَةُ‏
Silk-flax clothes

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏مُستَوشِرَةٌ‏

A woman who spaces between her front teeth (for beautification)
‏مُستَوشِمَةٌ‏

‏الوَشمُ هُوَ أَن تَغرِزَ المَرأَةُ ظَهرَ كَفِّهَا وَمِعصَمَهَا بِإِبرَةٍ أَو مِسَلَّةٍ حَتَّى تُؤَثِّرَ فِيهِ ثُمَ تَحشُوَهُ بِالكُحلِ أَوِ النِّيلِ فَيَزرَقُّ أَثَرُهُ أَو يَخضَرُّ‏
Female being tattooed
‏مُستَوصِلَةٌ‏

A woman who adds artificial hair to her own (for beautification)
‏مِسكٌ‏

‏وَهُوَ مِن دَمِ الغَزَالِ, وَهُوَ ضَربٌ مِن الطِّيبِ‏
Musk
‏مَسنَدٌ‏

Back
Cushion
Pillow
‏مِشَدٌّ‏

Corset
Stays
Girdle
‏مُصَوِّرٌ‏

Sculptor
Woodcarver
Painter
Photographer
‏مَضجَعٌ‏

‏مَكَانُ النَّومِ‏
Sleeping place
Resting place
‏مَفرَقُ الشَّعرِ‏

Part of the hair
‏مَلبَسٌ‏

Clothes
Garment
Wear
‏مِلحَفَةٌ‏

Overgarment
‏مِنطَقٌ‏

Belt
Girdle
‏مُوضَة‏

Mode
Fashion
Style
‏مَوضِعُ الخَاتَمِ‏

Where a ring is worn
‏نَامِصَةٌ‏

A woman whose job is to beautify women by removing the soft hair on their faces or foreheads
‏نَتفُ الشَّيبِ‏

Plucking out hoary hair
‏نِعَالٌ سَبتِيَّةٌ‏

‏وَهِي نِعَالٌ مَصنُوعَةٌ مِن جِلدٍ‏
Footwear made of tanned skin
‏نَعلٌ‏

‏لِبَاسُ القَدَمِ‏
Shoes
Boots
Sandals
Footgear
Footwear
‏نِقَابٌ‏

Veil
‏نَقشُ الخَاتَمِ‏

Carved ring

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏هَيئَةٌ‏

Outward appearance
Fashion
‏وَاشِرَةٌ‏

A woman whose job is to beautify women be spacing between their front teeth
‏وَاشِمَةٌ‏

Female tattooer
‏وَاصِلَةٌ‏

A woman whose job is to beautify women by adding to their hair
‏وَرسٌ‏

Wars : Wars was applied as dyestuff to the clothes
‏وَصفُ الثَّوبِ لِلبَدَنِ‏

‏كَونُ الثَّوبِ شَفَّافًا وَاصِفًا لِعَورَةِ البَدَنِ‏
Wearing a tight or thin dress that defines one's body
‏وَصلُ الشَّعرِ‏

‏تَكمِلَتُهُ وَإِطَالَتُهُ بِخُيُوطٍ تُشبِهُ الشَّعرَ وَلَكِن لَيسَت مِن جِنسِ الشَّعرِ‏
Adding to one's hair

[أحمد سعد الدين]

الأخلاق والآداب

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏آدَابٌ‏

‏مَجمُوعَةٌ مِنَ القَوَاعِدِ الأَخلَاقِيَّةِ الَّتِي يَجِبُ السَّيرُ عَلَيهَا‏
Proprieties : Accepted standards of behavior
‏آدَابُ السُّؤَالِ‏

Proprieties of asking questions
roprieties of directing a question
‏آدَابُ الطَّرِيقِ‏

Proprieties to be observed in the road
‏آدَمِيٌّ‏

Human
‏آذَى‏

To injure
To harm
To hurt
To offend
To annoy
‏آلَاء‏

‏نِعَمٌ وَعَطَايَا‏
Benefits
Favors
‏آمِرٌ بِالمَعرُوفِ‏

‏الشَّخصُ الَّذِي يُحِثُّ النَّاسَ عَلَى المَعرُوفِ وَيَدعُوهُم إِلَى العَمَلِ بِهِ‏
One who enjoins good
‏أَثَرَةٌ‏

Selfishness
Egoism
‏أَثِيمٌ‏

‏شِرِّيرٌ‏
Evil-doing
Sinful
‏أَجرُ الشَّيبِ‏

Reward of attaining hoariness
‏أَحَبُّ‏

More beloved
More pleasing
Preferable
‏أَحكَمُ‏

‏أَكثَرُ حِكمَةً وَمَعرِفَةً‏
Wiser and more knowledgeable
‏أَخَذَهُ بِالحُسنَى‏

To be friendly to someone
To be nice to someone
‏أَخزَى‏

‏أَخزَى فُلَانًا أَي أَهَانَهُ وَأَخجَلَهُ وَالخِزيُ هُوَ الذُّلُّ وَالهَوَانُ‏
To humiliate
To denigrate
To degrade
To humble
‏أَخشَى‏

‏أَكثَرُ خَوفًا أَو إِخَافَةً‏
More to be feared
‏أَخلَاقٌ‏

‏سَجَايَا الإِنسَانِ وَأَعمَالُهُ الَّتِي تَتَّصِفُ بِالقُبحِ وَالحُسنِ‏
Morals
Moralities
Manners
‏أَخلَاقٌ إِسلَامِيَّةٌ‏

Islamic morals
‏أَخلَاقُ المَرأَةِ‏

Women's morals
‏أَخلَاقٌ كَرِيمَةٌ‏

Gracious manners
‏أَخلَفَ‏

‏لَم يَفِ بِوَعدِهِ‏
To break (a promise)

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏أُخُوَّةٌ فِي الدِّينِ‏

‏تَجمَعُهُم عَقِيدَةٌ وَاحِدَةٌ وَدِينٌ وَاحِدٌ‏
Brotherhood in faith
‏أَدَاءُ الأَمَانَةِ‏

‏إِعطَاؤُهَا وَإِيصَالُهَا لِأَصحَابِهَا‏
Rendering trusts back
Repayment of deposits
‏أَرأَفُ‏

‏أَكثَرُ حُبًّا وَرَأفَةً‏
Kindlier
More gracious
More merciful
‏أَرذَلُ‏

‏أَكثَرُ فُحشًا وَقُبحًا‏
Viler
More abject
‏أَرضَى‏

To satisfy
To content
To please
To appease
‏أَسَاءَ الظَّنَّ‏

‏ظَنَّ السَّوءَ وَلَم يُحسِن النِّيَّةَ‏
To mistrust
To distrust
To doubt
To suspect
To think ill (of)
‏أَسَرَّ‏

‏تَحَدَّثَ سِرًّا‏
To speak in private
‏أَسرَفَ‏

‏الإِسرَافُ هُوَ تَجَاوُزُ الحَدِّ المُعتَادِ فِي الإِنفَاقِ‏
To spend extravagantly
To be prodigal
To exceed bounds
‏أُسوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ‏

‏مِثَالٌ حَسَنٌ يُحتَذَى بِهِ‏
Good model of conduct
Example
Pattern
‏أَشَدُّ النَّاسِ بَلَاءً‏

‏أَكثَرُ النَّاسِ اِبتِلَاءً‏
The most afflicted people
‏أَصبَرُ‏

‏أَكثَرُ صَبرًا‏
More patient
‏أَصلَحَ سُلُوكَهُ‏

‏قَوَّمَهُ وَحَسَّنَهُ‏
To amend one's conduct
‏أَعرَضَ‏

‏صَدَّ وَتَوَلَّى, وَأَشَاحَ بِوَجهِهِ وَبَعُدَ‏
To turn away
To avert
To avoid
To eschew
‏أَعمَالٌ تُعَدُّ صَدَقَةً‏

Deeds that are considered as charity
‏أَغلَظَ القَولَ‏

To speak rudely
To use harsh language
‏أُفٍّ لَكُمَا‏

‏أُفٍّ بِمَعنَى أَتَضَجَّرُ وَتُقَالُ عِندَ الضِّيقِ‏
Fie on you both
‏أَفَّاكٌ‏

‏كَثِيرُ الإِفكِ وَالإِفكُ هُوَ الِافتِرَاءُ وَالكَذِبُ‏
Great liar
‏أَفشَى السَّلَامَ‏

‏قَالَهُ عَلَى مَلَإٍ مِثلُ السَّلَامُ عَلَيكُم, أَو قَالَ لِشَخصٍ بِمُفرَدِهِ‏
To say, "peace be upon you"
‏أَقرَى‏

‏ضَايَفَ‏
To give hospitality
To entertain a guest
‏أَلَّفَ‏

‏جَمَعَ وَرَابَطَ بَينَ القُلُوبِ‏
To reconcile
To conciliate
To make peace between
To unite
To join together

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏أُلفَةٌ‏

‏حُبٌّ وَمَوَدَّةٌ وَائتِلَافٌ‏
Familiarity
Intimacy
Cordiality
Love
Harmony
‏أَمَانٌ‏

Security
Safety
Protection
Indemnity
‏أَمَانَةٌ‏

Honesty
Faithfulness
Sincerity
Trust
‏أَنَاةٌ‏

‏التَّأَنِّي وَالصَّبرُ وَعَدَمُ التَّسَرُّعِ‏
Endurance
‏أَوَاصِرُ‏

‏رَوَابِطُ‏
Ties
Bonds
Relations
‏أَوصَى‏

To enjoin
‏أَوعَى‏

‏أَكثَرُ وَعيًا وَدِرَايَةً‏
More aware than
‏أُولُو الأَلبَابِ‏

‏أَصحَابُ العُقُولِ وَالأَفئِدَةِ السَّلِيمَةِ‏
People of understanding
Those gifted with understanding hearts
‏إِثمُ البَادِئِ بِالسِّبَابِ‏

‏الذَّنبُ الَّذِي يَرتَكِبُهُ مَن يَبدَأُ بِالسِّبَابِ‏
The sin of the first person who starts abusing others
‏إِخفَاءُ الأَعمَالِ‏

Concealing deeds
‏إِخفَاءُ الصَّدَقَةِ‏

‏إِخرَاجُهَا سِرًّا بَعِيدًا عَن أَعيُنِ النَّاسِ اِبتِغَاءً لِوَجهِ اللَّهِ فَقَط‏
Giving charity in secret
‏إِخلَاصٌ‏

‏وَضَعَ الإِسلَامُ فَضِيلَةَ الإِخلَاصِ مِعيَارًا لِقَبُولِ الأَعمَالِ وَأَكَّدَ عَلَى أَنَّ الأَعمَالَ المُخلَصَةَ تَحظَى بِالقَبُولِ وَالثَّوَابِ وَإِن قَلَّت وَأَنَّ الرِّيَاءَ وَالنِّفَاقَ مُفسِدٌ لِعَظَائِمِ الأُمُورِ وَمُبطِلٌ لِأَثَرِهَا وَمُمحِقٌ لِلثَّوَابِ وَالبَرَكَةِ وَنَصَحَ المُسلِمِينَ بِأَن يُخلِصُوا أَعمَالَهُم جَمِيعًا لِلَّهِ تَعَالَى لَا يُشرِكُونَ بِهِ شَيئًا فَالَّذِي يَعمَلُ لِلَّهِ يَلقَى جَزَاءَهُ مِنَ اللَّهِ وَالَّذِي يُرَائِي النَّاسَ يَخسَرُ الثَّوَابَ مِنَ اللَّهِ وَلَا يَكُونُ لَهُ فِي الآخِرَةِ نَصِيبٌ . قَالَ تَعَالَى "قُل إِنِّي أُمِرتُ أَن أَعبُدَ اللَّهَ مُخلِصًا لَهُ الدِّينَ".‏
Sincerity : a prerequisite for accepting a man's deeds. All acts of man should be directed for the sake of Allah alone. Ostentation and hypocrisy are disapproved, and will render all deeds of man null and void, deserving no reward but incurring punishment. Allah, the Almighty, says in the Holy Qur'an, "Say: "Verily, I am commanded to serve Allah with sincere devotion." (Surah Al-Zumar, No. 39, Verse 11).
‏إِسرَافٌ‏

Exceeding bounds
Extravagance
Prodigality
Transgression
‏إِشَاعَةُ الفَاحِشَةِ‏

‏المُسَاعَدَةُ عَلَى اِنتِشَارِهَا‏
Circulating abominable crimes
‏إِطعَامٌ‏

Feeding
Nourishing
‏إِطعَامُ الطَّعَامِ مِنَ الإِيمَانِ‏

Offering food is part of faith
‏إِعَانَةُ النَّاسِ‏

Helping people
Assisting others
‏إِعَانَةُ النَّاسِ صَدَقَةٌ‏

Assisting people is a charity
‏إِفشَاءُ السَّلَامِ‏

Propagation of greetings by saying, "peace be upon you"
‏إِكرَامٌ‏

Generosity
Hospitable reception

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏إِكرَامُ الضَّيفِ وَالجَارِ مِنَ الإِيمَانِ‏

Generosity to one's guests and neighbors is part of faith
‏إِلقَاءُ السَّلَامِ مِنَ الإِيمَانِ‏

Delivering greetings is part of faith
‏إِمَاطَةُ الأَذَى عَنِ الطَّرِيقِ‏

‏إِبعَادُ الأَذَى وَكُلِّ مَا يَعُوقُ الحَرَكَةَ فِي الطَّرِيقِ صَدَقَةٌ‏
Removing obstacles from roads is part of faith
‏إِنسَانِيٌّ‏

Human
‏إِيثَارٌ‏

‏الإِيثَارُ مِنَ الأَخلَاقِ الَّتِي تُمَيِّزُ المُجتَمَعَ الإِسلَامِيَّ وَيَتَحَلَّى بِهَا أَفرَادُهُ الَّذِين تُهِمُّهُم الآخِرَةُ أَكثَرَ مِمَّا تُهِمُّهُم الدُّنيَا وَزُخرُفُهَا وَلَقَد عَلَّمَهُم دِينُهُم أَنَّ المَرءَ لَا يَكُونُ مُؤمِنًا حَقًّا حَتَّى يُحِبَ لِأَخِيهِ مَا يُحِبُ لِنَفسِهِ وَأَلَّا يَنَالَ مَأرَبًا أَو مَنفَعَةً تَتَحَقَّقُ بِوُقُوعِ الضَّرَرِ عَلَى غَيرِهِ . قَالَ تَعَالَى " وَيُؤثِرُونَ عَلَى أَنفُسِهِم وَلَو كَانَ بِهِم خَصَاصَةٌ".‏
Altruism : One of the basic qualities of a Muslim community is the close link that binds its members. Islam has taught its followers that the true Muslim should not be self-centered and self-seeking. Rather, he should be concerned for the affairs of his fellow Muslims. The Prophet, peace be upon him, said, "None among you will be a truthful believer until he likes for his brother that which he loves for himself." Praising altruistic people of Medina who received the Immigrants of Mecca, Allah, the Almighty, says in the Holy Qur'an, "But give them preference over themselves, even though poverty was their (own lot)." (Surah Al-Hashr, No. 59, Verse 9).
‏إِيلَافٌ‏

‏مَصدَرُ آلَفَ أَي جَمَعَ القُلُوبَ مَعًا وَجَعَلَهَا مُتَرَابِطَةً‏
Patching up
‏اِئتَسَى بِ‏

‏اِتَّخَذَ شَخصًا مَا مِثَالًا لَهُ يَتَأَسَّى وَيَقتَدِي بِهِ وَيَتبَعُهُ‏
To follow someone's example
To imitate
To be guided by
‏اِتِّبَاعُ السُّنَّةِ الحَسَنَةِ‏

‏السَّيرُ عَلَيهَا وَالعَمَلُ بِهَا‏
Following good traditions
‏اِجتِنَابُ قَولِ الزُّورِ‏

‏قَولُ الزُّورِ هُوَ القَولُ غَيرُ الصَّادِقِ‏
Avoidance of perjury
‏اِحتِرَامٌ‏

Respect
Esteem
Regard
Appreciation
‏اِحتِرَامُ العَمَلِ‏

‏لَم يَعرِف النَّاسُ دِينًا يُقَدِّسُ العَمَلَ وَيُعلِي قَدرَهُ كَدِينِ الإِسلَامِ فَمُنذُ اللَّحظَةِ الأُولَى يَأمُرُ الإِسلَامُ أَتبَاعَهُ بِالإِيمَانِ مَقرُونًا بِالعَمَلِ . قَالَ تَعَالَى " الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ" "وَقُلِ اِعمَلُوا فَسَيَرَى اللَّهُ عَمَلَكُم وَرَسُولُهُ وَالمُؤمِنُونَ" وَلَا يُفَرِّقُ بَينَ الفُرُوضِ الدِّينِيَّةِ وَبَينَ السَّعيِ فِي الأَرضِ طَلَبًا لِلمَعَاشِ "فَإِذَا قُضِيَتِ الصَّلَاةُ فَانتَشِرُوا فِي الأَرضِ وَابتَغُوا مِن فَضلِ اللَّهِ" وَلَم يَحتَقِر الإِسلَامُ مُطلَقًا أَيَّ نَوعٍ مِن أَنوَاعِ العَمَلِ طَالَمَا كَانَ وَسِيلَةً شَرِيفَةً لِكَسبِ العَيشِ وَعَفِّ النَّفسِ عَنِ السَّرِقَةِ أَو ذُلِّ السُّؤَالِ.‏
Respect for work : No religion ever known respects work as much as Islam does. Islam teaches that a man cannot be a true believer unless he combines good deeds with belief. Absorption in worship and ignoring one's work can never be a valid excuse for a Muslim or a merit on his behalf. Islam does not despise any kind of work, so long as it serves as an honorable means for earning one's livelihood.
‏اِحتَسَبَ‏

‏يَطلُبُ ثَوَابَ اللَّهِ يَومَ الحِسَابِ‏
To hope for divine reward
‏اِحتَسَبَ عِندَ اللَّهِ‏

‏جَعَلَ ثَوَابَ وَأَجرَ الشَّيءِ عِندَ اللَّهِ يُحَاسِبُهُ وَيُكَافِئُهُ عَلَيهِ‏
To sacrifice something in anticipation of Allah's reward in the Hereafter
‏اِحتِشَامٌ‏

Decency
Modesty
‏اِختَانَ‏

To deceive
To defraud
‏اِختِلَاطُ الجِنسَينِ‏

Intermingling of the two sexes
‏اِختِيَالٌ‏

Conceit
Vanity
Arrogance
‏اِخشَوشَنَ‏

‏تَقَشَّفَ فِي عَيشِهِ وَعَاشَ حَيَاةً خَشِنَةً‏
To lead a rough life
‏اِرتَضَى‏

‏رَضِيَ‏
To be pleased with
To approve
To assent
To accept
‏اِستَأذَنَ‏

‏طَلَبَ الإِذنَ أَو التَّصرِيحَ‏
To ask permission
To take leave

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏اِستِئذَانُ الزَّوجِ‏

Taking the husband's permission
‏اِستِئذَانُ المَوَالِي‏

‏اِستِئذَانُ العَبِيدِ مِن أَسيَادِهِم‏
A slave should ask the permission of his masters
‏اِستِئذَانُ الوَالِدَينِ‏

‏عِندَ الدُّخُولِ عَلَيهِم‏
Taking permission from one's parents
‏اِستِئذَانٌ بِالدُّخُولِ‏

Asking permission to enter someone's house
‏اِستِبَاقُ رَجُلَينِ بِفَرَسَيهِمَا‏

Two men racing with their horses
‏اِستَحَبَّ‏

To prefer
To favor
To appreciate
To like
To love
‏اِستَحَى‏

To blush
To be ashamed (of)
To be embarrassed (by)
‏اِستِحيَاءٌ‏

‏هُوَ الخَجَلُ‏
Shyness
Bashfulness
Modesty
‏اِستَخَفَّ بِ‏

To find light
To belittle
To underestimate
To despise
‏اِستِخفَافٌ‏

‏الِاستِخفَافُ هُوَ الِاستِهَانَةُ وَالِاحتِقَارُ‏
Disdain
Scorn
Contempt
‏اِستِرحَامٌ‏

Plea for mercy
Petition
‏اِستِرضَاءٌ‏

‏طَلَبُ رِضَاءِ الآخَرِينَ‏
Conciliation
Propitiation
Appeasement
‏اِستَعَفَّ‏

‏طَلَبَ العَفَافَ وَالبُعدَ عَنِ الشَّهَوَاتِ‏
To adhere to chastity
‏اِستَقَامَ‏

‏صَارَ عَلَى الطَّرِيقِ المُستَقِيمِ‏
To act uprightly in the paths of religion
‏اِستِقَامَةٌ‏

Steadfastness
Righteousness
Tenacity
Standing erect
‏اِستِقَامَةُ السُّلُوكِ‏

Uprightness of conduct
‏اِستِكبَارٌ‏

Arrogance
Haughtiness
‏اِستَكبَرَ‏

‏تَكَبَّرَ وَتَعَالَى‏
To be puffed up with pride
To behave with insolence
To be arrogant
‏اِستِنزَالُ اللَّعَنَاتِ‏

‏الدُّعَاءُ بِنُزُولِهَا‏
To call curses down on
‏اِصطَبَرَ‏

To be patient or constant

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏اِصطَفَىَ‏

‏اِنتَقَى وَاِختَارَ‏
To choose
To select
To elect
‏اِعتِدَالٌ‏

‏هُوَ التَّوَسُّطُ بَينَ حَالَينِ وَهُوَ الِاستِقَامَةُ وَالِاستِوَاءُ‏
Moderation
Temperance
‏اِغتَابَ‏

‏خَاضَ فِي سِيرَةِ الآخَرِينَ بِالغِيبَةِ وَتَحَدَّثَ عَنهُم بِمَا لَا يُحِبُّونَ فِي غَيبَتِهِم‏
To backbite
‏اِغتِيَابُ أَهلِ الكَبَائِرِ‏

‏الخَوضُ فِي سِيرَتِهِم‏
Backbiting those who commit grave sins
‏اِغتِيَابُ الظَّالِمِ‏

Backbiting the unjust
‏اِغتِيَابُ المَدِينِ المُمَاطِلِ‏

‏المَدِينُ المُمَاطِلُ هُوَ الَّذِي يُؤَخِّرُ سَدَادَ دَينِهِ عَن مِيعَادِهِ‏
Backbiting a procrastinating debtor
‏الآمِرُ النَّاهِي‏

Absolute Master
Vested with unlimited authority
‏الأُخُوَّةُ‏

Brotherhood
Fraternity
‏الأَدَبُ‏

Good manners
‏الأَرَامِلُ‏

‏جَمعُ أَرمَل لِلرَّجُلِ وَأَرمَلَة لِلمَرأَةِ وَهِيَ الَّتِي لَا زَوجَ لَهَا وَالأَرمَلُ هُوَ الَّذِي مَاتَت عَنهُ زَوجَتُهُ‏
Widows or widowers
‏الأَرذَلُونَ‏

The meanest
‏الأَصلُ إِبَاحَةُ الطَّيِّبَاتِ‏

The basic rule is that all good things are lawful
‏الأَعمَالُ أَبوَابُ الخَيرِ‏

Good deeds are the path to righteousness
‏الأَمرُ بِاِجتِنَابِ الظَّنِّ‏

Commands to avoid suspicion
‏الأَمرُ بِالمَعرُوفِ‏

‏الحَثُّ عَلَى فِعلِ الخَيرِ‏
Enjoining good actions
Enjoining what is right and just
‏الأَمرُ بِالمَعرُوفِ صَدَقَةٌ‏

Commanding to do good is a charity
‏الأَمرُ وَالنَّهيُ‏

‏الأَمرُ بِالشَّيءِ هُوَ الحَثُّ عَلَى فِعلِهِ وَالنَّهيُ عَنِ الشَّيءِ هُوَ الحَثُّ عَلَى تَركِهِ كَالأَمرِ بِالمَعرُوفِ وَالنَّهيِ عَنِ المُنكَرِ‏
Commanding and prohibitory decrees
Command and interdiction
‏الإِحسَانُ‏

‏هُوَ المُعَامَلَةُ بِالحُسنَى‏
Benevolence
Kind treatment
Conferring favors
‏الإِحسَانُ إِلَى العَبدِ فِي مَعِيشَتِهِ‏

Kind treatment to one's slave
‏الإِحسَانُ إِلَى الوَالِدَينِ‏

‏مُعَامَلَتُهُم مُعَامَلَةً حَسَنَةً مَعَ بِرِّهِم وَالتَّرَفُّقِ بِهِم‏
Filial gratitude and obedience to parents

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏الإِخلَاصُ فِي العَمَلِ‏

Sincerity in performing good deeds
‏الإِصلَاحُ بَينَ النَّاسِ‏

Patching up (differences and disputes) among people
‏الإِنصَاتُ‏

‏الإِصغَاءُ وَحُسنُ الِاستِمَاعِ‏
Listening attentively
‏الِابتِعَادُ‏

Avoidance
Shunning
Keeping away from
‏الِابتِعَادُ عَنِ الحَسَدِ وَالظُّلمِ‏

Avoiding envy and oppression
‏الِابتِعَادُ عَنِ الشُّبُهَاتِ‏

Avoiding doubtful matters
‏الِاحتِرَامُ وَالتَّوقِيرُ‏

Respect and reverence
‏الِاختِيَالُ فِي الحَربِ‏

Arrogance in war
‏الِاستِئذَانُ‏

‏هُوَ طَلَبُ الإِذنِ‏
Asking for permission
‏الِاعتِنَاءُ بِصَلَاحِ القَلبِ‏

Taking Care of the righteousness of one's heart
‏الِامتِنَاعُ عَنِ الغِيبَةِ‏

Abstention from backbiting
‏البِرُّ‏

‏هُوَ الصَّلَاحُ وَالطَّاعَةُ‏
Beneficence
Righteousness
Obedience
‏البَشَاشَةُ‏

‏هِيَ طَلَاقَةُ الوَجهِ وَالتَّبَسُّمُ فِي وُجُوهِ الآخَرِينَ‏
Cheerfulness
Happy mien
Gaiety
‏البَشَاشَةُ وَالوَدَاعَةُ‏

‏البَشَاشَةُ هِيَ طَلَاقَةُ الوَجهِ‏
Cheerfulness and gentleness
‏التُّؤَدَةُ‏

Deliberation
‏التَّبَسُّمُ صَدَقَةٌ‏

Smiling is a charity
‏التَّحلِيلُ مِنَ الظُّلمِ وَالحَقِّ‏

Making reparation for wrong done to others
‏التَّرَدُّدُ‏

Hesitation
‏التَّرغِيبُ فِي أَدَاءِ الأَمَانَةِ‏

‏التَّرغِيبُ هُوَ تَحبِيبُ الشَّيءِ إِلَى النَّفسِ‏
Urging Muslims to repay trusts
‏التَّرَفُّقُ‏

Leniency

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏التَّعَوُّذُ مِنَ الفِتَنِ‏

‏التَّعَوُّذُ هُوَ طَلَبُ العَوذِ وَاللُّجُوءِ إِلَى اللَّهِ‏
Seeking refuge in Allah from sedition
‏التَّعَوُّذُ مِن فِتنَةِ الدُّنيَا‏

‏طَلَبُ العَوذِ إِلَى اللَّهِ مِن فِتَنِ الدُّنيَا‏
Seeking protection from worldly temptations
‏التَّفَاخُرُ بِالآبَاءِ‏

Boast of one's forefathers
‏التَّقَشُّفُ‏

‏هُوَ تَركُ التَّرَفِ وَالتَّنَعُّمِ‏
Austerity : Neglecting adornment and ornamentation and adherence to asceticism
‏التَّلَطُّفُ فِي رَدِّ السُّؤَالِ‏

Gentleness in turning a beggar away
‏التَّمَنِّي المَذمُومُ‏

Disapproved desires
‏التَّنَابُزُ بِالأَلقَابِ‏

‏المُعَايَرَةُ وَالتَّدَاعِي بِالأَلقَابِ‏
Calling one another by hateful nicknames
‏التَّنفِيرُ مِنَ الغِيبَةِ‏

‏تَبغِيضُهَا إِلَى القُلُوبِ‏
Causing people to be averse to backbiting
‏التَّيسِيرُ عَلَى المُعسِرِ‏

‏تَفرِيجُ كَربِهِ وَمُعَاوَنَتُهُ‏
Helping those who are in difficulties
‏الجِلسَةُ‏

Manner of sitting
Sitting
‏الحُبُّ فِي اللَّهِ‏

Love for Allah's sake
‏الحَثُّ عَلَى الرَّميِ‏

‏الحَثُّ عَلَى تَعلِيمِ الرِّمَايَةِ بِالقَوسِ‏
Exhortation to practice archery
‏الحِسبَةُ‏

‏فِعلُ الشَّيءِ حِسبَةً أَي بِدُونِ أَجرٍ طَلَبًا لِثَوَابِ اللَّهِ‏
To do good deeds in anticipation of Allah's reward in the Hereafter
‏الحِلمُ‏

‏هُوَ العَقلُ وَهُوَ الأَنَاةُ وَضَبطُ النَّفسِ‏
Understanding
Forbearance
Self-restraint
‏الخَطَأُ الفَاحِشُ‏

Fatal error
‏الخَيرُ وَالشَّرُّ‏

Good and evil
‏الخَيرَاتُ‏

Charity
Good deeds
Virtuous acts
Blessings
‏الخِيَرَةُ‏

‏الِاختِيَارُ بَينَ أَمرَينِ‏
Preference
Choice
Selection
‏الرَّميُ‏

Slander
‏السِّبَاقُ‏

Racing

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏السَّبقُ‏

Precedency
‏السَّعيُ عَلَى الأَرَامِلِ‏

Working to provide for widows
‏السَّمَاحَةُ‏

Leniency
‏السَّمَرُ مَعَ الأَهلِ‏

‏الجُلُوسُ مَعَهُم لَيلًا وَمُسَامَرَتُهُم‏
Night cordial talk with one's wife
‏السَّمعُ وَالطَّاعَةُ فِي غَيرِ مَعصِيَةٍ‏

‏إِطَاعَةُ الإِمَامِ أَو وَلِيِّ الأَمرِ فِي رِضَا اللَّهِ لَا فِي مَعصِيَتِهِ‏
Obedience to the ruler except in committing sins
‏الشَّخصِيَّةُ الإِسلَامِيَّةُ‏

Islamic character
‏الشَّكُّ‏

Doubt
Suspicion
Dubiety
‏الشُّكرُ‏

Thanks-giving
Gratitude
Showing thankfulness
‏الشَّمَاتَةُ‏

‏هِيَ الفَرَحُ بِمَكرُوهٍ أَصَابَ الغَيرَ‏
Rejoicing others' misfortune
‏الصَّالِحَاتُ‏

‏هُنَّ صَاحِبَاتُ الأَعمَالِ الصَّالِحَةِ الخَيِّرَةِ‏
Righteous women
‏الصَّبرُ عَلَى مَوتِ الأَبنَاءِ‏

Patience when one's children die
‏الطُّرُقَاتُ العَامَّةُ‏

Public roads
‏العَاقُّ وَالِدَيهِ‏

‏الَّذِي يُغضِبُهُمَا وَلَا يُحسِنُ إِلَيهِمَا‏
Whoever maltreats his parents
‏العِظَةُ‏

‏المَرَّةُ مِنَ الوَعظِ وَهُوَ التَّذكِيرُ بِمَا يَردَعُ عَنِ الشَّرِّ‏
Exhortation
Oration
Sermon
‏العَمَلُ بِالفَضَائِلِ‏

Practicing good righteous deeds
‏العَينُ الحَسُودُ‏

Envious eye
‏الغَضَبُ فِي المَوعِظَةِ‏

‏عِندَ سَمَاعِ النَّصِيحَةِ يَستَاءُ الإِنسَانُ مِنهَا‏
Feeling angry when admonished
‏الغِلظَةُ‏

‏الشِّدَّةُ‏
Severity
Roughness
‏الفُجَّارُ‏

The wicked
‏الفَخرُ بِالأَنسَابِ‏

‏هُوَ الِافتِخَارُ وَالزَّهوُ بِالأَنسَابِ‏
Boast of one's noble descent

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏الفَخرُ بِكَثرَةِ العِيَالِ‏

Boast of one's numerous children
‏الفَخرُ بِكَثرَةِ المَالِ‏

Boast of one's abundant wealth
‏الفُرُوسِيَّةُ‏

Horsemanship
‏القِرَى‏

‏هُوَ إِكرَامُ الضَّيفِ‏
Entertaining guests
‏الكَبِيرُ‏

The elderly
‏الكَذِبُ عَلَى‏

Attributing lies to
‏الكَرعُ مِن الحَوضِ‏

‏الكَرعُ هُوَ تَنَاوُلُ المَاءِ بِالفَمِ‏
Drinking with the mouth from a well
‏الكَرَمُ‏

‏العَطَاءُ وَالسَّخَاءُ‏
Generosity
‏الكَلِمُ الخَبِيثُ‏

Bad words
Profane language
‏الكَلِمُ الطَّيِّبُ‏

Good words
Decent language
‏الكَلِمَةُ الطَّيِّبَةُ صَدَقَةٌ‏

Uttering a good word is a charity
‏المُؤمِنُ لَا يَحسُدُ‏

‏أَي لَا يَتَمَنَّى زَوَالَ النِّعمَةِ مِن أَخِيهِ وَلَا يَحقِدُ عَلَيهِ بَل يَغتَبِطُ وَيَسعَدُ لَهُ‏
A true believer does not envy
‏المُؤمِنُ لَا يَخُونُ‏

A true believer can never be a traitor
‏المُؤمِنُ لَا يَزنِي‏

A true believer does not commit adultery
‏المُؤمِنُ لَا يَسرِقُ‏

A true believer does not steal
‏المُؤمِنُ لَا يَشرَبُ الخَمرَ‏

A true believer does not drink wine
‏المُؤمِنُ لَا يَغدِرُ‏

A true believer does not betray
‏المُؤمِنُ لَا يَكذِبُ‏

A true believer does not tell lies
‏المُؤمِنُ لَا يَنجُسُ‏

‏المُؤمِنُ طَاهِرٌ بِطَبعِهِ لَا يُنَجِّسُهُ شَيءٌ‏
A true believer is not impure
‏المَرأَةُ المُتَرَجِّلَةُ‏

‏وَهِيَ المُتَشَبِّهَةُ بِالرَّجُلِ‏
Mannish women

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏المُرَاءَاةُ‏

‏مِن الرِّيَاءِ وَهُوَ أَن يُظهِرَ الإِنسَانُ مِن نَفسِهِ خِلَافَ مَا هُوَ عَلَيهِ‏
Ostentation : Pretentious display meant to impress others
‏المِزَاحُ‏

Joking
‏المَسَاكِينُ‏

The miserable
The indigent
‏المُصَارَعَةُ‏

Wrestling
‏المَعرُوفُ صَدَقَةٌ‏

‏الإِحسَانُ لِلنَّاسِ وَمُعَامَلَتُهُم بِالمَعرُوفِ صَدَقَةٌ‏
Doing good is a charity
‏المَعصِيَةُ سَبَبُهَا عَدَمُ الحَيَاءِ‏

‏اِنعِدَامُ الحَيَاءِ يُكثِرُ مِن وُقُوعِ المَعصِيَةِ‏
Lack of modesty leads to committing sins
‏المَكرُ‏

‏هُوَ إِيصَالُ المَكرُوهِ لِلإِنسَانِ خُفيَةً‏
Contriving plots
‏المَنُّ فِي الصَّدَقَةِ‏

‏هُوَ إِتبَاعُ الصَّدَقَةِ بِالمَنِّ وَهُوَ أَن يُشعِرَ المُتَصَدِّقُ المُتَصدَّقَ عَلَيهِ أَنَّهُ ذُو فَضلٍ عَلَيهِ‏
Reproach in charity : Priding over the poor when giving them charity
‏المَنَّانُ‏

‏كَثِيرُ المَنِّ بِفَضلِهِ‏
One who counts his favors to others
‏المُنكَرُ‏

Evil
‏النُّصحُ لِلإِمَامِ‏

Offering advice to the Imam
‏النَّفثُ عَلَى اليَسَارِ‏

‏النَّفثُ هُوَ النَّفخُ وَهُوَ التَّفلُ مِن غَيرِ خُرُوجِ شَيءٍ مِن رِيقِ الفَمِ وَمِنهُ النَّفثُ فِي الرُّقيَةِ‏
Spitting on one's left
‏النَّهيُ عَنِ المُنكَرِ‏

Forbidding what is wrong or evil
‏النَّهيُ عَنِ المُنكَرِ صَدَقَةٌ‏

Forbidding what is evil is a charity
‏الهَرَمُ وَالعَجزُ‏

‏هُوَ كِبَرُ السِّنِّ مَعَ تَهَدُّلِ البَدَنِ‏
Senility and decrepitude
‏الوَحدَةُ بَينَ أَفرَادِ المُجتَمَعِ‏

‏هَدَفٌ أَصِيلٌ تَبَنَّتهُ شَرِيعَةُ الإِسلَامِ السَّمحَاءُ وَعَمِلَت عَلَى تَدعِيمِهِ فَنَجِدُ هَذَا المَبدَأَ مَقصَدًا كَامِنًا فِي جَمِيعِ تَعَالِيمِ الإِسلَامِ سَوَاءٌ فِي العِبَادَاتِ أَو المُعَامَلَاتِ. قَالَ تَعَالَى "وَاعتَصِمُوا بِحَبلِ اللَّهِ جَمِيعًا وَلَا تَفَرَّقُوا" فَبِالوَحدَةِ يُحَقِّقُ الإِسلَامُ أَهدَافَهُ السَّامِيَةَ وَتَنتَشِرُ رِسَالَتُهُ فِي أَرجَاءِ الدُّنيَا كُلِّهَا وَلَا يَكُونُ لِأَعدَاءِ الإِسلَامِ عَلَى أَبنَائِهِ سَبِيلٌ.‏
Unity of the community : This principle is stressed in all the rules of Islam, in devotion as well as in practical life. Islam teaches that the community cannot advance to achieve its aims successfully unless it is bound together representing a sole entity. Allah, the Almighty, says in the Holy Qur'an, "And hold fast, all together, by the Rope which Allah (stretches out for you), and be not divided among yourselves." (Surah Aal Imran, No. 3, Verse 103)
‏الوِشَايَةُ‏

‏هِيَ النَّمِيمَةُ وَالتَّنكِيلُ بِالآخَرِينَ , وَالسَّعيُ بَينَهُم بِالفَسَادِ‏
Calumny
Slander
Informing against
‏الوَفَاءُ بِالعَهدِ‏

‏الِالتِزَامُ بِهِ وَالمُحَافَظَةُ عَلَى إِتمَامِهِ‏
Fulfilling one's commitment
‏الوِقَايَةُ مِنَ المَرَضِ‏

Protection against disease
‏الوَيلُ لَكَ‏

‏الهَلَاكُ وَالعَذَابُ‏
Woe to you

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏اِنحِلَالٌ‏

Corruption
Immorality
Depravity
‏اِنحِلَالٌ خُلُقِيٌّ‏

Immorality
Dissolution
Moral deterioration
‏اِنغَمَسَ فِي المَلَذَّاتِ‏

To indulge in pleasures
To give way to one's desires
To dissipate
‏بِأَبِي أَنتَ‏

‏أَي فِدَاكَ أَبِي‏
May I ransom you with my father
‏بَارٌّ‏

‏تَقِيٌّ‏
Pious
Righteous
Obedient
‏بِالتَّرَاضِي‏

‏بِالرِّضَا وَالِاتِّفَاقِ‏
Consensually
By mutual consent
‏بُخلٌ‏

‏وَهُوَ أَن يَضِنَّ الإِنسَانُ بِمَا عِندَهُ وَيَتَّصِفَ بِالشُّحِّ وَالتَّقتِيرِ‏
Parsimony
Niggardliness
Excessive frugality
‏بَخِيلٌ‏

Stingy
Niggardly
Miserly
Close
Close-fisted
Penurious
Tight
Tight-fisted
‏بِدَائِيَّةٌ‏

Primitiveness
‏بَذَاءَةٌ‏

‏البَذَاءَةُ هِيَ الفَاحِشُ مِنَ القَولِ‏
Obscenity
Ribaldry
Indecency
Foulness
Vulgarity
‏بَذَّرَ‏

‏أَسرَفَ فِي إِنفَاقِ مَالِهِ فِي غَيرِ وَجهِ حَقٍّ‏
To spend wastefully
To waste
To squander
To dissipate
‏بَذلُ الذَّاتِ‏

‏التَّضحِيَةُ بِالنَّفسِ‏
Devotedness
Readiness to sacrifice oneself
‏بذَلَ نَفسَهُ دُونَ‏

To devote oneself to
‏بَذِيءٌ‏

‏قَبِيحٌ رَذِيلٌ‏
Obscene
Ribald
Vulgar
Indecent
‏بَرَّ‏

To be pious
To be devoted
To obey
‏بِرُّ الوَالِدَينِ‏

‏الإِحسَانُ إِلَيهِمَا‏
Filial gratitude to parents
Kindness to parents
‏بَرَّ الوَالِدَينِ‏

‏كَانَ عَطُوفًا بِهِمَا مُحسِنًا لِكِلَيهِمَا‏
To be kind to one's parents
‏بِغَاءٌ‏

‏هُوَ زِنَا المَرأَةِ بِأَجرٍ‏
Prostitution
Whoredom
Harlotry
‏بَغَّضَ‏

‏جَعَلَ شَخصًا مَا يَكرَهُ شَيئًا مَا أَو شَخصًا مَا‏
To make someone hate something or someone
To make hateful to
‏بَغَضَ‏

‏كَرِهَ‏
To hate
To detest

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏بُغضٌ‏

Hatred
Hate
Detestation
‏بَغضَاءٌ‏

‏الكَرَاهِيَةُ وَالشَّحنَاءُ‏
Hatred
Hate
Detestation
‏بَغِيٌّ‏

‏هِيَ الزَّانِيَةُ بِأَجرٍ‏
Harlot
Prostitute
Adulteress
‏بُهتَانٌ‏

‏هُوَ الكَذِبُ وَالِافتِرَاءُ‏
Calumny
‏تَآخِي‏

Fraternity
Brotherhood
‏تَآلُفٌ‏

‏هُوَ الِانسِجَامُ وَالِاتِّفَاقُ فِي الطِّبَاعِ‏
Harmony
Familiarity
Intimacy
Mutual affection
Concord
Rapport
Affinity
‏تَأَدَّبَ‏

‏تَأَسَّى وَتَخَلَّقَ بِالأَخلَاقِ الحَمِيدَةِ‏
To behave oneself according to established morals
‏تَأدِيبٌ‏

Education
Disciplining
‏تَبَادُلُ السَّلَامِ‏

Exchange of greetings (peace be upon you)
‏تَبَاغَضَ‏

To hate one another
‏تَبجِيلٌ‏

‏الِاحتِرَامُ وَالتَّوقِيرُ‏
Veneration
Reverence
Respect
Honor
Homage
‏تَبذِيرٌ‏

‏هُوَ الإِسرَافُ وَالبَذَخُ فِي الإِنفَاقِ‏
Extravagance
Wastefulness
Prodigality
Dissipation
Squandering
‏تَبكِيتٌ‏

Blame
Reproach
Rebuke
Remorse
‏تَبكِيتُ الضَّمِيرِ‏

Remorse of conscience
‏تَثَاؤُبٌ‏

‏فَتحُ الفَمِ مِنَ النُّعَاسِ‏
Yawning
‏تَجَسُّسٌ‏

‏هُوَ التَّفَحُّصُ عَن الأَخبَارِ وَالتَّفتِيشُ عَن العَورَاتِ خُفيَةً‏
Spying
Espionage
‏تَحَاسُدٌ‏

‏التَّحَاسُدُ هُوَ الحَسَدُ وَهُوَ أَن يَتَمَنَّى الشَّخصُ زَوَالَ النِّعمَةِ مِن أَخِيهِ وَتَحَوُّلَهَا إِلَيهِ‏
Envy
‏تحاسَدَ‏

To envy one another
‏تَحِيَّةٌ‏

Salutation
Greeting
‏تخَافَتَ‏

‏تَكَلَّمَ بِصَوتٍ مُنخَفِضٍ‏
To converse in a low tone

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏تَخَوَّفَ‏

To worry about
To fear
‏تَخوِيفٌ‏

‏تَرهِيبٌ وَتَروِيعٌ‏
Terrifying
Frightening
Intimidating
Alarming
‏تَدَابَرَ‏

To disagree
To disaccord
To dispute
To harbor mutual enmity
‏تَذكِرَةٌ‏

‏مَوعِظَةٌ‏
Admonition
Exhortation
Sermon
‏تَرَاحَمَ‏

‏تَعَامَلَ بِالرَّحمَةِ مَعَ الآخَرِينَ‏
To be merciful toward one another
To have mercy on others
‏تَرَاضَى‏

‏تَصَالَحَ مَعَ شَخصٍ آخَرَ‏
To come to terms
To reach an agreement
‏تَربِيَةٌ‏

Education
Pedagogy
Pedagogics
‏تَرَحَّمَ عَلَيهِ‏

‏طَلَبَ مِنَ اللَّهِ أَن يَرحَمَهُ‏
To supplicate Allah to have mercy upon someone
‏تَرغِيبٌ‏

Awakening of a desire
Arousal of an interest
‏تَرَكَ‏

To quit
To give up
‏تَشَاؤُمٌ‏

Pessimism
‏تَشَبُّهُ الرِّجَالِ بِالنِّسَاءِ‏

Effeminacy
‏تَشَبُّهُ النِّسَاءِ بِالرِّجَالِ‏

Women's acting or behaving like men
‏تَصَافُحٌ‏

Handshake
Shaking hands
‏تَصدِيقٌ بِالقَلبِ‏

Assent of the heart
‏تَصَوَّفَ‏

‏أَصبَحَ صُوفِيًّا‏
To become a Sufi or mystic
‏تَطهِيرُ النُّفُوسِ‏

Purification of souls
‏تَطَيَّرَ‏

‏تَشَاءَمَ‏
To be pessimistic
To see evil omen in things
To draw an evil augury from
‏تَعَاضُدٌ‏

‏تَضَافُرٌ وَتَكَاتُفٌ وَتَعَاوُنٌ‏
Cooperation
Collaboration
Mutual aid
Mutual assistance
‏تَعَاوُنٌ‏

‏كَانَ التَّعَاوُنُ وَلَا يَزَالُ خَصِيصَةً مِن خَصَائِصَ المُجتَمَعِ الإِسلَامِيِّ فَلَا يَقوَى أَيُّ مُجتَمَعٍ عَلَى النُّهُوضِ إِلَّا إِذَا اِتَّحَدَ أَفرَادُهُ وَتَعَاوَنُوا وَشَرَطَ الإِسلَامُ أَن يَكُونَ التَّعَاوُنُ بِنَاءً يَهدِفُ إِلَى فِعلِ الخَيرِ لَا اِجتِمَاعًا عَلَى الشَّرِّ أَو الإِفسَادِ فِي الأَرضِ. قَالَ تَعَالَى "وَتَعَاوَنُوا عَلَى البِرِّ وَالتَّقوَى وَلَا تَعَاوَنُوا عَلَى الإِثمِ وَالعُدوَانِ".‏
Cooperation : A Muslim should cooperate with his fellow Muslims for the welfare of the community and to promote the Islamic faith. Joint efforts are more effective for achieving one's goals than working alone. All Muslims are commanded to work hand in hand for the good of man and not to collaborate to do evil and mischief on earth. Allah, the Almighty, says in the Holy Qur'an, "Help ye one another in righteousness and piety, but help ye not one another in sin and rancor." (Surah Al-Ma'idah, No. 5, Verse 2).

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏تَعلِيمٌ‏

Teaching
Instruction
Tuition
Schooling
Education
‏تَفَاخُرٌ‏

Vying in boasting with one another
Vying in glory with one another
‏تَفَحُّشٌ‏

‏التَّلَفُّظُ بِالقَولِ القَبِيحِ‏
Using obscene language
‏تَقتِيرٌ‏

Niggardliness
Miserliness
‏تَقِيٌّ‏

‏التَّقِيُّ هُوَ الَّذِي يَتَّقِي غَضَبَ اللَّهِ وَيَخشَى سَخَطَهُ‏
Righteous
Devout
Pious
‏تَمثِيلٌ‏

‏هُوَ تَشوِيهُ الخِلقَةِ‏
Mutilation
Defacement
Disfigurement
‏تَمَنِّي‏

Wishing
Desiring
Requesting
‏تَمَنِّي الدُّنيَا‏

‏طَلَبُهَا وَالتَّمَتُّعُ بِمَلَذَّاتِهَا‏
Desiring the glitters of life
‏تَنَاجِي‏

‏هُوَ الإِسرَارُ‏
Private conferring
‏تَنفِيسٌ‏

Abreaction
Giving vent to
‏تَوَاضُعٌ‏

Humility
Humbleness
Modesty
‏تَوَاكُلٌ‏

‏هُوَ الِاعتِمَادُ عَلَى الغَيرِ دُونَ سَعيٍ وَلَا أَخذٍ بِالأَسبَابِ‏
Dependence
Reliance on others
‏تَوبَةٌ‏

‏هِيَ النَّدَمُ عَلَى فِعلِ الذَّنبِ وَعَقدُ العَزمِ عَلَى عَدَمِ العَودَةِ إِلَيهِ وَالتَّوَجُّهُ إِلَى اللَّهِ طَلَبًا لِلمَغفِرَةِ‏
Repentance
Penitence
Contrition
‏تَوَسُّطٌ‏

Moderation
Temperance
Mediation
Intercession
‏تَوقِيرٌ‏

‏التَّبجِيلُ وَالِاحتِرَامُ‏
Reverence
Respect
‏تَوَكُّلٌ‏

‏هُوَ الِاعتِمَادُ عَلَى الغَيرِ‏
Trust
Confidence
Reliance
‏جَارٌ‏

Neighbor
‏جَبَرُوتٌ‏

‏القُوَّةُ وَالظُّلمُ‏
Possession of power
Tyranny
‏جِبِلَّةٌ‏

‏الطَّبِيعَةُ فِي أَصلِ الخِلقَةِ وَهِيَ الفِطرَةُ وَالغَرِيزَةُ‏
Disposition
Moral constitution
Instinct
‏جَزَاكَ اللَّهُ خَيرًا‏

‏كَافَأَكَ اللَّهُ وَأَعطَاكَ كُلَّ الخَيرِ ثَوَابًا لَكَ‏
May Allah reward you for your act

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏جَزَعٌ‏

Worry
Anxiety
Apprehension
Uneasiness
Fright
‏جَلِيلٌ‏

Dignified
Venerable
‏جُنَاحٌ‏

‏هُوَ الإِثمُ وَالحَرَجُ‏
Blame
Reproach
Sin
Misdemeanor
‏حَاسِدٌ‏

Envious
Invidious
‏حَافَ‏

To wrong
To oppress
To aggrieve
To be unjust or unfair to
‏حُبٌّ‏

Love
Passion
Affection
‏حُبُّ الخَيرِ لِلنَّاسِ‏

Altruism
Selflessness
Benevolence
Charitableness
‏حُبُّ الدُّنيَا‏

Fondness of worldly life
‏حُبُّ الفَضَائِلِ‏

Love of virtues
‏حُبُّ المَسَاكِينِ‏

Loving the poor and the needy
‏حُبُّ النِّسَاءِ‏

Loving one's wife
‏حُبُّ الوَالِدَينِ لِلأَبنَاءِ‏

Parental love
‏حَبِيبٌ‏

Dear
Beloved
‏حَثُّ الأَبنَاءِ عَلَى الخَيرِ‏

Exhorting children to do good
‏حَثوُ التُّرَابِ فِي وُجُوهِ المَدَّاحِينَ‏

‏رَميُ التُّرَابِ فِي وُجُوهِ المَدَّاحِينَ‏
Throwing dust in the faces of eulogists
‏حَرِزَ‏

To be pious
‏حَرَّمَ‏

To forbid
To prohibit
To ban
To make or declare unlawful
‏حُرمَةُ الأَعرَاضِ‏

‏تَحرِيمُ اِنتِهَاكِهَا فَهِيَ مِن حُرُمَاتِ اللَّهِ‏
Sanctity of honor
‏حَسَدٌ‏

‏الحَسَدُ هُوَ تَمَنِّي الإِنسَانِ زَوَالَ النِّعمَةِ عَنِ الغَيرِ وَتَحَوُّلَهَا إِلَيهِ‏
Envy
Jealousy
Covetousness
‏حَسَدَ‏

To envy
To grudge
To covet

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏حُسنٌ‏

Goodness
Beauty
Excellence
‏حُسنُ الخُلُقِ‏

Good disposition
Good manners
Politeness
‏حُسنُ الخُلُقِ مِنَ الإِيمَانِ‏

Having good morals is part of faith
‏حُسنُ السُّمعَةِ‏

Good reputation
‏حُسنُ الصُّحبَةِ‏

Good companionship
‏حُسنُ الظَّنِّ‏

Good opinion
Favorable judgment
‏حُسنُ القَصدِ‏

Good intention
Good will
‏حُسنُ القَعدَةِ‏

Sitting in a decent manner
‏حُسنُ المُعَاشَرَةِ‏

Kind treatment
‏حُسنُ النِّيَّةِ‏

Good intention
Good will
Good faith
‏حُسنُ الوِفَادَةِ‏

Hospitality
Hospitable reception
‏حُسنُ قَضَاءِ الدَّينِ‏

Generosity when repaying a debt
‏حُسنُ مَأكَلِ الخَادِمِ وَمشَرَبِهِ‏

Offering good food and drink to one's servant
‏حُسنُ مُعَامَلَةِ البَنَاتِ‏

Good treatment of girls
‏حُسنُ مُعَامَلَةِ الخَادِمِ‏

Good treatment of one's servant
‏حُسنَى‏

Kindness
Kindliness
Friendliness
Good outcome
Perfect
Beautiful
‏حَسُودٌ‏

‏كَثِيرُ الحَسَدِ‏
Envious
Invidious
Jealous
‏حَصُورٌ‏

‏هُوَ المُتَرَفِّعُ عَن شَهَوَاتِ الدُّنيَا‏
Chaste
Virtuous
Virgin
‏حِفظُ السِّرِّ‏

‏عَدَمُ إِفشَائِهِ لِلآخَرِينَ‏
Keeping secrets
‏حِفظُ اللِّسَانِ‏

‏صَونُهُ عَن قَبِيحِ القَولِ‏
Safekeeping one's tongue (from obscene language)

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏حِفظُ المَرءِ لِسَانَهُ عِندَ الإِمَامِ‏

Guarding one's tongue before the Imam
‏حِفظًا‏

As a guard
‏حَقَدَ‏

‏أَضمَرَ العَدَاوَةَ وَالكَرَاهِيَة فِي قَلبِهِ‏
To harbor feelings of hatred
‏حَقَّرَ‏

‏سَخِطَ وَاِستَهزَأَ‏
To underestimate
‏حَقُودٌ‏

‏كَثِيرُ الحِقدِ وَالضَّغِينَةِ وَالكَرَاهِيَةِ لِلآخَرِينَ‏
Malicious
Full of hatred
Malevolent
Resentful
‏حَقِيقَةُ الإِثمِ‏

Reality of sin
‏حُكمُ الطِّيَرَةِ‏

Judgment pertaining to bad auguring
‏حُكمُ المُخَنَّثِينَ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ‏

Judgment on effeminate men
‏حِكمَةٌ‏

Sagacity
Wisdom
‏حَكِيمٌ‏

Wise
‏حَلِيمٌ‏

‏عَطُوفٌ وَصَبُورٌ‏
Forbearing
Clement
Kind
Forgiving
‏حِمَايَةُ الحَيَاةِ‏

Preserving life
‏حِمَايَةُ الدِّينِ‏

‏الِاستِبسَالُ فِي الحِفَاظِ عَلَى الدِّينِ‏
Guarding religion
‏حِمَايَةُ العَقلِ‏

Guarding one's intellect
‏حَمِدَ‏

To praise
To laud
To commend
‏حَوبَةٌ‏

‏الحَوبَةُ هِيَ الإِثمُ‏
Sin
Offense
Misdeed
‏حَيُّ الضَّمِيرِ‏

‏يَقِظُ الضَّمِيرِ‏
Conscientious
High-principled
Scrupulous
‏حَيَّا‏

To salute
To greet
‏حَيَاءٌ‏

‏هُوَ الخَجَلُ, وَالحَيَاءُ مِنَ اللَّهِ هُوَ الإِمسَاكُ عَن مَحَارِمِهِ‏
Shyness
Pudency
Modesty
Bashfulness
‏حَيَّاكَ اللَّهُ‏

May Allah preserve your life

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏حَيفٌ‏

‏هُوَ الظُّلمُ وَالجَورُ وَالبُعدُ عَنِ الحَقِّ‏
Injustice
Oppression
Unfairness
‏خَائِفٌ‏

One who fears
Afraid
Frightened
‏خَائِنٌ‏

‏هُوَ الَّذِي يَنقُضُ العَهدَ‏
Traitor
Treacherous
Traitorous
Faithless
‏خَادَعَ‏

‏خَادَعَ إِنسَانًا أَي أَظهَرَ لَهُ خِلَافَ مَا يُخفِيهِ وَأَرَادَ بِهِ المَكرُوهَ مِن حَيثُ لَا يَعلَمُ‏
To endeavor to deceive
‏خَادِعٌ‏

Deceiver
Swindler
Impostor
‏خَاسِئٌ‏

‏وَهُوَ المَطرُودُ‏
Contemptible
Despicable
Ousted
Driven away
‏خَاسِرٌ‏

‏هَالِكٌ وَضَالٌّ‏
One who deviates from the right way
Loser
‏خَاشِعٌ‏

‏اِسمُ فَاعِلٍ مِن خَشَعَ وَالخُشُوعُ هُوَ التَّوَاضُعُ وَالخُضُوعُ وَخَفضُ الصَّوتِ وَخَشَعَ فِي صَلَاتِهِ أَي سَكَنَ وَاِنكَسَرَ بَصَرُهُ‏
One who shows reverence
Submissive
Humble
Heartfelt
Pious
‏خَاضِعٌ‏

Submissive
Obedient
‏خَاطِئٌ‏

Sinner
Sinful
‏خَافَ‏

To fear
To dread
To apprehend
‏خَافَ اللَّهَ‏

To fear Allah
‏خَافِضَاتُ البَصَرِ‏

‏هُنَّ اللَّائِي يَغضُضنَ أَبصَارَهُنَّ عَن غَيرِ أَزوَاجِهِنَّ أَي لَا يُطلِقنَ بَصَرَهُنَّ فِيمَا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ عَلَيهِنَّ‏
Women who lower their eyes
‏خَانَ‏

‏نَقَضَ العَهدَ وَلَم يَحفَظ الأَمَانَةَ‏
To deceive
To be unfaithful
To violate
To betray
To breach
‏خَبَتَ‏

‏تَوَاضَعَ وَخَشَعَ لِرَبِّهِ‏
To humble oneself (before Allah)
‏خَبَثٌ‏

‏الخَبَثُ هُوَ الرَّدِئُ المَكرُوهُ وَالمُستَقذَرُ مِن كُلِّ شَيءٍ‏
Refuse
Scum
Dross
‏خُبثٌ‏

Evil
Malice
Malignity
Wickedness
Badness
‏خَبُثَ‏

To become bad
‏خَبِيثَاتٌ‏

‏هُنَّ اللَّائِي يَأتِينَ المُحَرَّمَاتِ‏
Evil women
Wicked women
‏خَبِيثُونَ‏

Evil men
Wicked men

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏خَتَّارٌ‏

‏هُوَ كَثِيرُ الغَدرِ‏
Perfidious
‏خَتَرَ‏

‏خَدَعَ وَغَدَرَ‏
To deceive
‏خَجَلٌ‏

Bashfulness
‏خَجُولٌ‏

‏وَهُوَ شَدِيدُ الحَيَاءِ‏
Bashful
Shy
‏خَدَعَ‏

To deceive
To delude
To beguile
‏خِدمَةُ الرَّجُلِ أَهلَ بَيتِهِ‏

‏أَي مُعَاوَنَةُ الرَّجُلِ زَوجَتَهُ فِي شُئُونِ المَنزِلِ‏
A husband's assistance of his wife
‏خَذَلَ‏

‏بَانَ وَانقَطَعَ وَخَذَلَ فُلَانًا أَي تَخَلَّى عَن مُعَاوَنَتِهِ وَنُصرَتِهِ‏
To let down
To disappoint
To leave without assistance
‏خُذَلَانٌ‏

Disappointment
‏خَذُولٌ‏

One who deserts his friends
‏خَرَّاصٌ‏

‏هُوَ الكَذَّابُ الَّذِي يَقُولُ مَا لَا عِلمَ لَهُ بِهِ وَيَقُولُ عَلَى اللَّهِ غَيرَ الحَقِّ وَمِنهُ قَولُهُ تَعَالَى " قُتِلَ الخَرَّاصُونَ "‏
Liar
Falsehood-monger
‏خَرصٌ‏

‏الخَرصُ هُوَ الكَذِبُ, وَهُوَ الظَّنُّ بِلَا يَقِينٍ وَلَا تَقدِيرٍ‏
Lying
Telling falsehood
‏خِزيٌ‏

‏الخِزيُ هُوَ الذُّلُّ وَالهَوَانُ‏
Shame
Disgrace
Humiliation
‏خَسَأَ‏

‏طُرِدَ, وَالخَاسِئُ هُوَ البَعِيدُ الَّذِي لَا يُترَكَ أَن يَدنُوَ مِنَ الإِنسَانِ‏
To drive away
‏خِسَّةٌ‏

‏هِيَ الحَقَارَةُ وَالذُّلُّ وَالدَّنَاءَةُ فِي الطَّبعِ‏
Meanness
Ignobility
Vileness
Despicableness
Baseness
‏خُسرَانٌ‏

Perdition
Loss
‏خَشَعَ‏

To be low or humble
To humble oneself
To be submissive
‏خَشَعَ بِبَصَرِهِ‏

‏اِنكَسَرَ بَصَرُهُ عَلَى الأَرضِ وَلَم يَتَحَرَّك‏
To lower one's eyes
To cast down the eyes
‏خَشِيَ‏

To fear
To apprehend
To dread
‏خَشِيَ اللَّهَ‏

To fear Allah
‏خَشيَةٌ‏

Fear
Apprehension

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏خَضَعَ‏

‏خَشَعَ وَذَلَّ‏
To submit
To bow
‏خَطَأٌ‏

Fault
Error
Sin
‏خَطِئَ‏

To do wrong
To err
‏خِطَابٌ‏

Discourse
Talk
Chat
‏خَطِيئَةٌ‏

‏مُفرَدُ خَطَايَا وَهِيَ المَعَاصِي وَالذُّنُوبُ‏
Misdeed
Sin
Fault
Offense
Iniquity
‏خَفَّ‏

To be light
‏خَفَتَ‏

‏الخُفُوتُ هُوَ اِنخِفَاضُ الصَّوتِ‏
To be quiet or silent
‏خَفَضَ‏

‏حَطَّ وَاِستَقَرَّ بِالمَكَانِ بَعدَ عُلُوٍّ‏
To remain in a place
‏خَلَاعَةٌ‏

‏هِيَ تَركُ الحَيَاءِ وَاِتِّبَاعُ الهَوَى‏
Dissoluteness
Dissipation
Moral depravity
‏خُلُقٌ‏

‏طَبعٌ وَصِفَاتٌ‏
Disposition
Temper
Nature
Morality
‏خُلُقٌ عَظِيمٌ‏

‏خُلُقٌ رَفِيعٌ‏
Exalted standard of character
‏خُلُقِيٌّ‏

Moral
Ethical
‏خَوَّانٌ‏

‏كَثِيرُ الخِيَانَةِ‏
A perfidious person
A traitor
‏خَوفٌ‏

Fear
Terror
Fright
Dread
‏خَوَّفَ‏

To cause to fear
To frighten
To terrify
‏خِيَانَةٌ‏

Betrayal
Deception
Treachery
‏خِيَانَةُ الوُعُودِ‏

‏عَدَمُ الوَفَاءِ بِهَا‏
Breach of promise
‏خَيرٌ‏

Good
The best
Welfare
‏خِيفَةٌ‏

Fear
Fright
Dread
‏خُيَلَاءُ‏

‏تَكَبُّرٌ‏
Conceitedness
Arrogance
Haughtiness
Vanity

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏دَأَبَ‏

‏جَدَّ وَالدَّأبُ هُوَ العَادَةُ وَالشَّأنُ مِثلُ قَولِهِ تَعَالَى "كَدَأبِ آلِ فِرعَونَ"‏
To be diligent
To be constant
To be persistent
‏دَأبٌ‏

Custom
Habit
Perseverance
Persistence
‏دَاعِرٌ‏

‏الدَّاعِرُ هُوَ الفَاسِقُ الفَاجِرُ‏
Indecent
Unchaste
Lewd
Dissolute
Obscene
‏دَربٌ‏

‏طَرِيقٌ‏
Path
Pathway
Route
Road
‏دَعَّ اليَتِيمَ‏

‏دَفَعَهُ دَفعًا عَنِيفًا زَجرًا لَهُ وَمَنعًا لَهُ مِنَ الخَيرِ‏
To repulse the orphan
‏دَعَارَةٌ‏

‏الدَّعَارَةُ هِيَ الفِسقُ وَالخُبثُ وَالفُجُورُ‏
Immorality
Licentiousness
Prostitution
‏دَفعُ الحَرَجِ‏

Removing blame
‏دَفعُ الضَّرَرِ‏

Removing harm
‏ذِكرَى لِلذَّاكِرِينَ‏

‏تَذكِرَةٌ لَهُم وَمَوعِظَةٌ‏
Reminder to the mindful
‏ذِلَّةٌ‏

‏مَصدَرُ ذَلَّ وَهُوَ الضَّعفُ وَالهَوَانُ‏
Abasement
Ignominy
Vileness
‏ذَلَّلَ‏

‏سَهَّلَ وَمَهَّدَ, فَطَرِيقٌ مُذَلَّلٌ أَي مُمَهَّدٌ وَمُعَبَّدٌ‏
To humble
To render submissive
‏ذَلِيلٌ‏

Humble
Submissive
Mean
Low-spirited
Weak-hearted
‏ذَمَّ‏

‏عَابَ وَلَامَ‏
To dispraise
To vilify
‏ذَمٌّ‏

Vilification : Making vicious and defamatory statements about
‏ذَمُّ الأَسوَاقِ‏

Dispraise of markets
‏ذَمُّ الِاختِيَالِ‏

Disapproval of arrogance
‏ذَمُّ الغَضَبِ‏

Disapproval of anger
‏ذَمُّ الفَخرِ‏

Disapproval of pride
‏ذَمُّ القَتلِ‏

Disapproval of murder
‏ذَنبٌ‏

Sin
Crime
Fault

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏رَأَفَ‏

‏كَانَ رَفِيقًا رَحِيمًا‏
To be compassionate
‏رَأفَةٌ‏

Compassion
Clemency
Pity
‏رَاشِدٌ‏

‏بَالِغٌ عَاقِلٌ‏
Mature
Of age
Major
‏رَاضِيَةٌ‏

One who is content
Well pleased
‏رَاكِبًا‏

Riding
‏رَحمَةٌ‏

‏مِن أَبرَزِ الصِّفَاتِ الَّتِي يَتَحَلَّى بِهَا المُسلِمُ خُلُقُ الرَّحمَةِ فَهِيَ عُنوَانُ المُسلِمِ الَّذِي يَنتَمِي إِلَى الإِسلَامِ دِينِ الرَّحمَةِ وَإِلَى نَبِيِّ الإِسلَامِ الَّذِي أَرسَلَهُ رَبُّهُ رَحمَةً لِلعَالَمِينَ.قَالَ تَعَالَى "وَمَا أَرسَلنَاكَ إِلَّا رَحمَةً لِلعَالَمِينَ" وَيُؤمِنُ بِإِلَهٍ أَسمَى نَفسَهُ بِالرَّحمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ "إِنَّ رَبَّكُم لَرَءُوفٌ رَحِيمٌ", وَهَذِهِ الرَّحمَةُ لَيسَت قَاصِرَةً عَلَى البَشَرِ فَحَسبُ بَل تَمتَدُّ لِتَشمَلَ جَمِيعَ المَخلُوقَاتِ مِن حَيَوَانٍ أَو نَبَاتٍ, قَالَ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ "فِي كُلِّ ذَاتِ كَبِدٍ رَطبَةٍ أَجرٌ"‏
Mercy : Islam is the religion of mercy and Prophet Muhammad is the Prophet who was sent as a mercy to mankind. Allah called Himself the Most Merciful. All these facts indicate that the Muslim should be merciful towards all people. The concept of mercy in Islam extends to other living creatures such as animals and plants. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, "There is a reward for service to every living animal."
‏رَحمَةُ اللَّهِ‏

‏عَطفُهُ وَمَغفِرَتُهُ لِعِبَادِهِ‏
Allah's mercy
Allah's grace
‏رَحمَةٌ وَاسِعَةٌ‏

All-embracing mercy
‏رَدُّ السَّلَامِ‏

‏أَي رَدُّ التَّحِيَّةِ وَالسَّلَامِ عَلَى قَائِلِهَا‏
Returning of a greeting which is a collective duty upon Muslims
‏رَذِيلَةٌ‏

‏فَاحِشَةٌ‏
Vice
Depravity
‏رِعَايَةٌ‏

Care
Protection
Sponsorship
Guardianship
‏رِعَايَةُ الأَرَامِلِ وَالمَسَاكِينِ‏

‏التَّكَفُّلُ بِهِم وَالإِنفَاقُ عَلَيهِم‏
Taking care of widows and the destitute
‏رِعَايَةُ الوَالِدَينِ‏

‏حُسنُ مُعَامَلَتِهِم وَمُصَاحَبَتِهِم‏
Taking care of one's parents
‏رَفَقَ‏

‏الرِّفقُ هُوَ العَطفُ وَالحَنَانُ, وَحُسنُ الصَّنِيعِ‏
Leniency
Gentleness
Mildness
Kindness
‏رَفِيقٌ‏

Companion
Associate
Friend
‏رُكُوبٌ‏

Riding
‏رِيَاءٌ‏

‏هُوَ قَصدُ غَيرِ وَجهِ اللهِ تَعَالَى بِالقَولِ أَوِ العَمَلِ‏
Ostentation
Hypocrisy
‏زَاهِدٌ‏

‏الزَّاهِدُ هُوَ العَابِدُ‏
An ascetic person
‏زَهِدَ‏

‏أَعرَضَ عَن الشَّيءِ وَتَرَكَهُ, وَتَرَفَّعَ عَنهُ‏
To abstain
To renounce
‏زُهدٌ‏

‏الزُّهدُ هُوَ تَركُ مَا فِي الدُّنيَا اِبتِغَاءً لِمَا عِندَ اللَّهِ مِنَ الثَّوَابِ‏
Asceticism : Renouncing the pleasures of the worldly life and practicing strict self-denial as a measure of personal and spiritual discipline

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏زَهِدَ فِي الدُّنيَا‏

‏اِبتَعَدَ عَن شَهَوَاتِهَا وَأَعرَضَ عَن مَلَذَّاتِهَا اِبتِغَاءً فِيمَا عِندَ اللَّهِ‏
To renounce worldly pleasures
To lead a pious and ascetic life
‏زِيَارَةُ المَرِيضِ صَدَقَةٌ‏

Visiting the sick is a charity
‏سَبٌّ‏

‏السَّبُّ هُوَ الشَّتمُ بِقَبِيحِ القَولِ‏
Cursing
Insult
Abuse
‏سَبَّ‏

To swear
To revile
To rail
To abuse
To curse
‏سَبُّ الأَموَاتِ‏

‏شَتمُهُم‏
Abusing the dead
‏سَبُّ الدَّهرِ‏

Swearing at the time
‏سَبُّ المُشرِكِينَ‏

Insulting the polytheist
‏سِبَابٌ‏

Insulting others
‏سَبَّابٌ‏

‏وَهُوَ كَثِيرُ السَّبِّ وَالشَّتمِ‏
Abuser
Reviler
‏سِترٌ‏

Veiling
Covering
‏سُخرِيَّةٌ‏

‏الِاستِهزَاءُ وَالتَّحقِيرُ‏
Ridicule
Derision
Mockery
Scorn
‏سَرَّاءُ‏

‏السُّرُورُ وَالغِبطَةُ‏
Joyful state
Happiness
‏سَعَةُ صَدرٍ‏

‏رَحَابَتُهُ وَقُوَّةُ تَحَمُّلِهِ‏
Open-mindedness
‏سُلُوكٌ‏

Conduct
Behavior
‏سَمَرٌ‏

Night talk
‏سُمعَةٌ‏

‏السُّمعَةُ هِيَ الصِّيتُ وَالشُّهرَةُ‏
Ostentation
Reputation
Fame
‏سُوءُ الظَّنِّ‏

Mistrust
Distrust
Suspicion
Doubt
Evil thinking
‏شُؤمٌ‏

Evil omen
Evil portent
Bad luck
Misfortune
‏شُؤمًا‏

Ominous
‏شَاكِرٌ‏

Grateful
One who gives thanks
Thanks-giver
Thankful

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏شَجَاعَةٌ‏

‏المُسلِمُ شُجَاعٌ لَا يَهَابُ إِلَّا اللَّهَ وَلَا يَخشَى فِي الحَقِّ لَومَةَ لَائِمٍ فَهُوَ عَلَى يَقِينٍ أَنَّهُ لَن تَمُوتَ نَفسٌ حَتَّى تَستَوفِيَ أَجَلَهَا وَرِزقَهَا لِذَا فَإِنَّ حُبَّ الحَيَاةِ لَا يُثنِيهِ عَنِ التَّوَاجُدِ فِي مَيدَانِ القِتَالِ لِيَذُودَ عَن دِينِهِ وَعِرضِهِ وَمَالِهِ وَمَا هِيَ إِلَّا إِحدَى الحُسنَيَينِ إِمَّا النَّصرُ وَإِمَّا الشَّهَادَةُ كَذَلِكَ لَا يُثنِيهِ الخَوفُ مِن حَاكِمٍ جَائِرٍ أَن يَقُولَ لَدَيهِ قَولَةَ الحَقِّ وَإِن كَلَّفَهُ ذَلِكَ حَيَاتَهُ, فَأفَضَلُ الجِهَادِ كَلِمَةُ عَدلٍ عِندَ سُلطَانٍ جَائِرٍ.‏
Bravery : a sign of the strength of one's faith. One who firmly believes in Allah fears none but Him. A true Muslim can never be a coward or retreat in battle. Rather, he should fight courageously to defend his religion, honor and property. Struggling in the cause of Allah will bring about either of the two recommended results: victory or martyrdom. Besides, courage is recommended in all other aspects of life.
‏شُحٌّ‏

‏هُوَ الحِرصُ وَشِدَّةُ البُخلِ‏
Parsimony
Niggardliness
Miserliness
Avarice
Covetousness
‏شَحَّ‏

‏بَخِلَ وَضَنَى‏
To be avaricious
To become miser
‏شَحنَاءٌ‏

‏الشَّحنَاءُ هِيَ الحِقدُ وَالعَدَاوَةُ وَالبَغضَاءُ‏
Grudge
Rancor
Hatred
Enmity
‏شِدَّةٌ‏

Vehemence
Violence
‏شِدَّةُ الغَيظِ‏

Intensity of exasperation
‏شَدِيدٌ‏

Vehement
Strong
Severe
‏شِقوَةٌ‏

Misfortune
‏شَقِيَ‏

‏تَعِسَ وَسَاءَت حَالَتُهُ‏
To be miserable
To be wretched
‏شَقِيٌّ‏

‏التَّعِسُ: غَيرُ السَّعِيدِ, وَالضَّالُّ: غَيرُ المُهتَدِي‏
Wretched
Miserable
‏شَكَّ‏

To doubt
To suspect
To distrust
To mistrust
‏شَكَرَ‏

To give thanks
To be grateful
‏شُكرُ الصَّدَقَةِ‏

Thanking the almsgiver
‏شَكُورٌ‏

‏دَائِمُ الشُّكرِ وَكَثِيرُ الثَّنَاءِ‏
Thankful
Grateful
‏شَمَائِلُ‏

‏وَهِيَ الصِّفَاتُ‏
Attributes
Characteristics
‏شَمِتَ‏

To rejoice at the misfortunes of others
‏شَنَآنٌ‏

‏الشَّنَآنُ هُوَ الكُرهُ وَالبُغضُ‏
Hatred
Animosity
Hostility
‏شَنَأَ‏

‏كَرِهَ‏
To hate
‏شَهوَةٌ‏

‏الشَّهوَةُ هِيَ تَوَقَانُ النَّفسِ إِلَى المُستَلَذَّاتِ‏
Lust
Desire
‏شُورَى‏

‏كَانَت الشُّورَى المَبدَأَ الَّذِي قَامَ عَلَيهِ نِظَامُ الحُكمِ فِي الإِسلَامِ فَقَد كَانَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَستَشِيرُ المُسلِمِينَ فِيمَا يَعرِضُ لَهُ مِن أُمُورٍ خَاصَّةً فِي أُمُورِ الحَربِ فَكَانَ اِختِيَارُ مَوقِعِ المُسلِمِينَ فِي مَعرَكَةِ بَدرٍ نُزُولًا عَلَى رَأيِ أَحَدِ الصَّحَابَةِ وَكَانَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَد رَأَى غَيرَ ذَلِكَ فِي البِدَايَةِ وَكَذَلِكَ كَانَ حَفرُ الخَندَقِ أَخذًا بِرَأيِ سَلمَانَ الفَارِسِيِّ وَلَم يُعرَف عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَو الخُلَفَاءِ الرَّاشِدِينَ أَنَّ أَحَدًا مِنهُم قَد اِستَبَدَّ بِرَأيِهِ أَو رَفَضَ الِاستِمَاعَ إِلَى مَشُورَةِ أَهلِ الرَّأيِ بَل إِنَّ عُمَرَ بنَ الخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنهُ كَانَ يَقُولُ لِرَعِيَّتِهِ: "إِذَا رَأَيتُم فِيَّ اِعوِجَاجًا فَقَوِّمُونِي"ُ وَبِهَذِهِ الخَصلَةِ وَصَفَ القُرآنُ المُجتَمَعَ الإِسلَامِيَّ بِقَولِهِ "وَأَمرُهُم شُورَى بَينَهُم".‏
Consultation : A Muslim is advised to consult trustworthy people of more experience whenever embarking on an affair. Muslim rulers would consult their ministers and people of good judgment in matters related to war and other aspects of life. It was the habit of the Prophet to ask the Companions for their opinion in matters related to war and regarding practical aspects of life. Also the Rightly-Guided Caliphs who succeeded the Prophet were never opinionated dictators, but they listened to the pieces of advise addressed by others. Caliph `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, used to say to his subjects, "If you notice any deviation with me, straighten me right."

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏شَيبٌ‏

Hoariness
‏شَيخٌ‏

‏الرَّجُلُ الكَبِيرُ الهَرِمُ‏
Venerable old man
A man above fifty years of age
‏صَابِرٌ‏

Patient
‏صَابَرَ‏

‏تَجَلَّدَ وَتَحَمَّلَ‏
To excel in patience
‏صَادِقٌ‏

Sincere
Truthful
‏صَالِحٌ‏

Pious
Good
Perfect
Righteous
‏صَبَّارٌ‏

‏كَثِيرُ الصَّبرِ‏
Very patient
‏صَبرٌ‏

‏لَا بُدَّ لِلمُسلِمِ مِنَ التَّحَلِّي بِفَضِيلَةِ الصَّبرِ فَالصَبرُ خُلُقُ الأَنبِيَاءِ وَالمُرسَلِينَ وَبِهِ يُدرِكُ الإِنسَانُ غَايَتَهُ وَيُحَقِّقُ آمَالَهُ, وَهُوَ الدِّرعُ الَّذِي يَحتَمِي بِهِ المُسلِمُ فِي مُوَاجَهَةِ الشَّدَائِدِ وَالمَصَائِبِ الَّتِي تَنزِلُ بِهِ مَعَ التَّسلِيمِ وَالرِّضَا بِمَا قَسَمَ اللَّهُ, وَالأَمَلِ فِي الجَزَاءِ عَلَى هَذَا الصَّبرِ فَأَمرُ المُؤمِنِ كُلِّهُ خَيرٌ إِن أَصَابَتهُ سَرَّاءُ شَكَرَ فَكَانَ خَيرًا لَه وَإِن أَصَابَتهُ ضَرَّاءُ صَبَرَ فَكَانَ خَيرًا لَهُ.‏
Patience : A Muslim should meet trials and tests with true patience and submit to Allah's will. After the storm comes the calm, and the darkest hour precedes the dawn. All the affairs of a Muslim will bring him a reward whether they are pleasant or unpleasant. If pleasant he thanks Allah and gets his reward for being thankful, and if unpleasant, he will be patient and will get his reward for observing patience.
‏صَبَرَ‏

To be patient or constant
To endure patiently
‏صِدقٌ‏

‏الصِّدقُ خَصلَةُ المُؤمِنِينَ الصَّادِقِينَ وَبِهَا يُعرَفُونَ, فَالإِسلَامُ يَأمُرُهُم بِالصِّدقِ وَيَنهَاهُم عَن نَقِيضِهِ وَيَرَى أَنَّ الَّذِي يَكذِبُ عَلَى الخَلقِ لَا يُمكِنُ أَن يَكُونَ صَادِقًا مَعَ الخَالِقِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ . قَالَ تَعَالَى "يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا اِتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَكُونُوا مَعَ الصَّادِقِينَ" وَحَذَّرَ مِن سُوءِ عَاقِبَةِ الكَذِبِ الَّذِي لَا يُكسِبُ صَاحِبَهُ سِوَى الخُسرَانِ وَالوَبَالِ فَيَخسَرُ ثِقَةَ النَّاسِ فِي الدُّنيَا وَيَلقَى اللَّهَ وَهُوَ عَلَيهِ غَاضِبٌ . قَالَ تَعَالَى "وَيَومَ القِيَامَةِ تَرَى الَّذِينَ كَذَبُوا عَلَى اللَّهِ وُجُوهُهُم مُسوَدَّةٌ".‏
Truthfulness : a virtue that Islam exhorts its followers to adopt. A Muslim should be truthful in all his words and deeds. Telling lies will do no good to man. On the contrary, it will make him lose the trust of people and incur the wrath of Allah. Enjoining truthfulness, Allah, the Almighty, says in the Holy Qur'an, "O ye who believe! Fear Allah and be with those who are true (in word and deed)." (Surah Al-Taubah, No. 9, Verse 119). And warning against telling lies, Allah, the Almighty, says, "On the Day of Judgment wilt thou see those who told lies against Allah; their faces will be turned black." (Surah Al-Zumar, No. 39, Verse 60).
‏صَدَقَ‏

To be sincere and truthful
‏صَدَقَ فِي وَعدِهِ‏

‏حَافَظَ عَلَيهِ وَأَوفَاهُ‏
To keep one's promise
To live up to one's promise
‏صَدَقَةٌ‏

‏يُحِثُّ الإِسلَامُ أَتبَاعَهُ مِن الأَغنِيَاءِ وَالقَادِرِينَ عَلَى العَطفِ وَالرَّأفَةِ بِالمُحتَاجِينَ وَذَوِي العَاهَاتِ الَّذِينَ تُقعِدُهُم عَاهَاتُهُم عَن طَلَبِ الرِّزقِ وَالمَعَاشِ, فَفَرَضَ الزَّكَاةَ إِلزَامًا عَلَى الأَغنِيَاءِ لِضَمَانِ عَدَمِ ضَيَاعِ الفُقَرَاءِ وَهَلَاكِهِم بِسَبَبِ الحَاجَةِ وَحَثَّ عَلَى الصَّدَقَةِ لِإِيجَادِ مَجَالٍ لِلتَّنَافُسِ بَينَ الأَغنِيَاءِ لِلاِستِزَادَةِ مِن فِعلِ الخَيرَاتِ.‏
Charity : Islam exhorts its followers to be kind to the poor, the needy and the handicapped. Zakah was enjoined as a means of protecting such types of people and to guarantee an honorable life for them. Charity was also recommended, so that the rich could contest in doing good deeds.
‏صِدِّيقٌ‏

‏لَا يَقُولُ إِلَّا الصِّدقَ وَالحَقَّ فَهُوَ مُصَدَّقٌ فِيمَا يَقُولُ‏
Very truthful
A man of truth
‏صَعَّرَ خَدَّهُ‏

‏الصَّعرُ هُوَ المَيلُ فِي الخَدِّ وَصَعَّرَ خَدَّهُ أَي أَعرَضَ تَكَبُّرًا‏
To swell one's cheek
To turn away the face in disdain
‏صَغَارٌ‏

‏هُوَ الِانصِيَاعُ لِتَنفِيذِ الأَوَامِرِ جَبرًا‏
Humility
Humiliation
‏صَفَاءُ السَّرِيرَةِ‏

‏السَّرِيرَةُ هِيَ سَجَايَا الإِنسَانِ وَطَبَائِعُ أَخلَاقِهِ‏
Clearness of conscious
‏صَفحٌ‏

‏الصَّفحُ هُوَ العَفوُ وَالغُفرَانُ‏
Forgiveness
Pardon
‏صَلَاحٌ‏

Goodness
Righteousness
‏صِلَةُ الأَصدِقَاءِ‏

Keeping good relations with friends

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏صِلَةُ الرَّحِمِ‏

‏اِهتَمَّ الإِسلَامُ بِتَمَاسُكِ المُجتَمَعِ وَإِحكَامِ بِنَاءِ لَبِنَاتِهِ وَلَا شَيءَ أَقدَرُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ مِن صِلَةِ الأَرحَامِ, وَعَلَى النَّقِيضِ فَإِنَّنَا نَجِدُ أُمَّةً يَأفُلُ نَجمُهَا وَتُكسَرُ شَوكَتُهَا إِذَا دَبَّ فِيهَا التَّفَكُّكُ الأُسَرِيُّ وَالِاجتِمَاعِيُّ النَّاشِئُ عَن ضَيَاعِ حُقُوقِ ذَوِي القُربَى وَإِهمَالِهَا.‏
Maintaining the ties of kinship : This trait maintains the solidarity of the community. Islam stresses it and inculcates every Muslim to be helpful and good to his kin, visit them and meet their needs, whether they are good to him or not.
‏صِلَةُ المُشرِكِ‏

Having good relations with a polytheist
‏صُلحٌ‏

Peacemaking
Conciliation
Reconciliation
‏صَلَفٌ‏

Boasting
Bragging
Vaunting
‏ضَبطُ النَّفسِ‏

‏الحِلمُ وَالأَنَاةُ وَعَدَمُ التَّسَرُّعِ‏
Self-control
Self-command
Self-restraint
‏ضَجَعَ‏

‏الِاضطِجَاعُ هُوَ وَضعُ الجَنبِ عَلَى الأَرضِ‏
To lie on one's side
‏ضَربُ العَبدِ‏

Beating the slave
‏ضَرُورَةُ التَّنَاصُحِ بَينَ المُسلِمِينَ‏

‏مُبَادَلَةُ النَّصَائِحِ بَينَهُم‏
The necessity of exchanging counsels among Muslims
‏ضَغِينَةٌ‏

‏هِيَ الحِقدُ الشَّدِيدُ‏
Malice
Hatred
‏ضَنِينٌ‏

‏بَخِيلٌ وَشَحِيحٌ‏
Greedy
Avaricious
‏ضَوَابِطُ‏

General rules (moral)
Precepts or orders
‏ضِيَافَةٌ‏

‏هِيَ القِيَامُ بِحَاجَاتِ النَّازِلِ بِالدَّارِ وَنَحوِهَا إِذَا كَانَ مِن غَيرِ أَهلِهَا‏
Hospitality
Generosity to guests
Worm reception
‏ضَيفٌ‏

Guest
Visitor
‏ضَيَّفَ‏

‏اِستَضَافَ شَخصًا مَا وَأَكرَمَهُ‏
To entertain a guest
‏طَاعَةٌ‏

‏وَهِيَ الِامتِثَالُ وَعَدَمُ العِصيَانِ وَأَشرَفُ أَنوَاعِ الطَّاعَةِ هِيَ طَاعَةُ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَطَاعَةُ رَسُولِهِ ثُمَّ طَاعَةُ وُلَاةِ الأَمرِ وَطَاعَةُ الأَبَوَينِ وَكُلِّ مَن تَجِبُ طَاعَتُهُم شَرِيطَةَ أَن يَكُونَ فِي غَيرِ مَعصِيَةٍ . قَالَ تَعَالَى "وَأَطِيعُوا اللَّهَ وَأَطِيعُوا الرَّسُولَ وَأُولِي الأَمرِ مِنكُم".‏
Dutifulness : The religious practices of Islam teach man discipline and respect for the elders and to be obedient to one's parents and those in authority, so long as they do not enjoin something contradictory to Islamic teachings. Allah, the Almighty, says in the Holy Qur'an, "Obey Allah, and obey the Messenger, and those charged with authority among you." (Surah Al-Nisa`, No. 4, Verse 59)
‏طَالِحٌ‏

Evil-doer
Wicked
‏طَاهِرُ الذِّمَّةِ‏

‏ذِمَّتُهُ خَالِيَةٌ وَبَرِيئَةٌ مِن أَيِّ ذَنبٍ يُؤخَذُ بِهِ‏
Upright
Righteous
‏طَاهِرُ الذَّيلِ‏

Innocent
Honest
Clean-handed
‏طَلَاقَةُ الوَجهِ‏

‏بَشَاشَتُهُ‏
Cheerfulness
Happy mien
‏طَمَعٌ‏

‏هُوَ التَّطَلُّعُ إِلَى الأَكثَرِ وَالمَزِيدِ وَعَدَمُ القَنَاعَةِ وَالرِّضَا بِالقَلِيلِ‏
Greediness
Covetousness
Avarice

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏طَهَارَةُ الذَّيلِ‏

Innocence
Moral integrity
Guiltlessness
‏طَيِّبٌ‏

Good
Kind
Pure
‏طِيَرَةٌ‏

‏الطِّيَرَةُ هِيَ التَّطَيُّرُ وَالتَّشَاؤُمُ وَهِيَ عَادَةٌ جَاهِلِيَّةٌ حَرَّمَهَا الإِسلَامُ كَانَ الرَّجُلُ إِذَا أَرَادَ أَن يَخرُجَ لِلحَربِ مَثَلًا أَو لِأَيِّ أَمرٍ جَاءَ بِطَائِرٍ وَطَيَّرَهُ فَإِن طَارَ يَمِينًا اِستَبشَرَ وَمَضَى فِي حَاجَتِهِ وَإِن طَارَ يَسَارًا تَشَاءَمَ وَعَدَلَ عَمَّا نَوَاهُ‏
Bad auguring : A vicious habit of the pre-Islamic period to predict what future will bring. One would let a bird fly. If the bird took the right side, one would optimistically go on his purpose. If otherwise, he would give up his endeavor. Islam prohibited such a habit.
‏عَائِلٌ مُستَكبِرٌ‏

‏العَائِلُ هُوَ الفَقِيرُ المُحتَاجُ‏
An arrogant indigent person
‏عَادَاتٌ‏

‏هِيَ مَا يَفعَلُهُ النَّاسُ مَرَّةً بَعدَ مَرَّةٍ مِن غَيرِ تَكلِيفٍ فَيُصبِحُ عَادَةً‏
Customs
Habits
Conventions
‏عَادَةٌ قَبِيحَةٌ‏

‏عَادَةٌ رَذِيلَةٌ مُستَقبَحَةٌ‏
Abominable custom
‏عَاصِي‏

‏مُذنِبٌ مُرتَكِبٌ لِلمَعَاصِي‏
Disobedient
Sinner
Sinful
‏عَاطِسٌ‏

Sneezer
‏عَاقِبَةُ الغَصبِ‏

Punishment for extortion
‏عَاقِبَةُ المُختَالِ‏

The end of a swagger
‏عُتُوٌّ‏

‏الِاستِكبَارُ وَتَجَاوُزُ الحَدِّ, وَالقُوَّةُ‏
Transgression
Tyranny
Insolence
Superciliousness
‏عَتِيٌّ‏

‏جَبَّارٌ‏
Tyrant
Oppressor
‏عُجبٌ‏

Conceit
Self-conceit
Vanity
‏عَدلٌ‏

‏لَطَالَمَا تَشَوَّفَت الإِنسَانِيَّةُ المُعَذَّبَةُ فِي أَوَائِلِ عُصُورِهَا إِلَى دَوحَةِ العَدلِ الَّتِي تَقِيهَا مِن هَجِيرِ الظُّلمِ وَجَاءَ الإِسلَامُ لِكَي يُؤَكِّدَ عَلَى هَذَا المَبدَأِ وَيَقُولَ لِلنَّاسِ: إِنَّ الجَمِيعَ أَمَامَ الحَقِّ وَالعَدلِ سَوَاءٌ, فَلَا مُحَابَاةَ وَلَا مُجَامَلَةَ فِي مَوضِعٍ لَا يَتَّسِعُ لِغَيرِ العَدلِ وَالحُكمِ بَينَ النَّاسِ بِالقِسطِ فَسَاحَةُ العَدلِ لَا يَتَّسِعُ فِيهَا المَجَالُ لِلتَّحَامُلِ عَلَى أَحَدٍ أَو مُحَابَاةِ أَحَدِ الأَطرَافِ عَلَى حِسَابِ الآخَرِ. قَالَ تَعَالَى "وَلَا يَجرِمَنَّكُم شَنَآنُ قَومٍ عَلَى أَلَّا تَعدِلُوا اِعدِلُوا هُوَ أَقرَبُ لِلتَّقوَى."‏
Justice : In Islam, justice is stressed and emphasized in all aspects of life. Islam considers that all people, Muslims and non-Muslims are equal and will be treated on this basis. In the court of justice there is no room for favoritism or prejudice. Allah, the Almighty, says in the Holy Qur'an, "Let not the hatred of others to you make you swerve to wrong and depart from justice. Be just: that is next to Piety." (Surah Al-Ma'idah, No. 5, Verse 8).
‏عِزَّةٌ‏

‏الإِسلَامُ دِينُ العِزَّةِ وَالكَرَامَةِ وَقَد عَلَّمَ أَتبَاعَهُ أَن يَستَمسِكُوا بِهَاتَينِ الخَصلَتَينِ فِي جَمِيعِ المَوَاقِفِ وَالمَوَاضِعِ وَحَذَّرَهُم مِنَ التَّفرِيطِ فِيهِمَا تَحتَ وَطأَةِ السَّعيِ عَلَى المَعَاشِ وَأَنَّ المُسلِمَ خَيرٌ لَهُ أَن يَمُوتَ جُوعًا مِن أَن يَأكُلَ اللُّقمَةَ مَكسُوبَةً بِمَذَلَّةٍ فَاللَّهُ وَحدَهُ هُوَ مَن بِيَدِهِ المُلكُ وَالمَلَكُوتُ وَهُوَ القَادِرُ عَلَى السَّلبِ أَو العَطَاءِ . قَالَ تَعَالَى "وَفِي السَّمَاءِ رِزقُكُم وَمَا تُوعَدُونَ".‏
Dignity : A Muslim should not let himself be an object of contempt or humiliation by others. Rather, he should always maintain his self-respect and treat others on the basis of mutual respect and dignity. Seeking one's livelihood is not a valid cause to drive man to give up his principles and be lax in maintaining his dignity, since Allah is the best Provider. Allah, the Almighty, says in the Holy Qur'an, "And in heaven is your Sustenance, as (also) that which ye are promised." (Surah Al-Dhariyat, No. 51, Verse 22).
‏عِزَّةُ النَّفسِ‏

Sense of honor
Pride
‏عُطَاسٌ‏

‏العُطَاسُ هُوَ اِندِفَاعُ الهَوَاءِ مِن الأَنفِ بِقُوَّةٍ مَعَ صَوتٍ قَوِيٍّ بِسَبَبِ تَهَيُّجٍ فِي الغِشَاءِ الدَّاخِلِيِّ لِلأَنفِ‏
Sneezing : To expel air forcibly from the mouth and nose in an explosive, spasmodic involuntary action resulting chiefly from irritation of the nasal mucous membrane
‏عَطَفَ‏

To be kind to
To be well disposed towards
‏عَفَّ‏

To abstain from unlawful or improper deeds
To be virtuous
‏عَفَافٌ‏

‏العَفَافُ هُوَ الكَفُّ عَمَّا لَا يَحِلُّ قَولًا وَلَا فِعلًا يُقَالُ فُلَانٌ عَفِيفُ اللِّسَانِ أَي لَا يَتَكَلَّمُ بِمَا لَا يَحِلُّ مِنَ الغِيبَةِ‏
Modesty
Chastity
Abstinence

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏عِفَّةٌ‏

‏المُسلِمُ يَتَمَتَّعُ بِالإِرَادَةِ القَوِيَّةِ الَّتِي لَا تَدَعُهُ نَهبًا لِهَوَاجِسِ السُّوءِ الَّتِي تَدفَعُ بِهِ إِلَى الوُقُوعِ فِي الرَّذِيلَةِ وَالِانقِيَادِ وَرَاءَ الأَهوَاءِ وَالشَّهَوَاتِ الرَّخِيصَةِ وَهُوَ مَعَ ذَلِكَ يَستَشعِرُ وُجُودَ اللَّهِ فِي كُلِّ وَقتٍ وَحِينٍ وَيَعلَمُ عِلمَ اليَقِينِ أَنَّ اللَّهَ رَائِيهِ وَمُطَّلِعٌ عَلَيهِ فَأَحرَى بِهِ أَن يَنأَى عَن مَعصِيَةِ مَن يَرَاهُ وَهُوَ قَادِرٌ عَلَى أَن يُنزِلَ بِهِ العَذَابَ كَذَلِكَ أَوجَدَ الإِسلَامُ المَنَافِذَ الشَّرعِيَّةَ الَّتِي مِن خِلَالِهَا يَستِطِيعُ الإِنسَانُ أَن يُشبِعَ رَغَبَاتِهِ فِي إِطَارٍ سَلِيمٍ لَا تَرقَى إِلَيهِ الشُّبُهَاتُ فَشَرَّعَ الزَّوَاجَ الَّذِي بِهِ يُعِفُّ الإِنسَانُ نَفسَهُ وَتَستَقِيمُ بِهِ أَركَانُ المُجتَمَعِ.‏
Chastity : The Muslim community is a pure and godly one. There is no room for corruption and lewdness. The Muslim is distinguished by his solid character and firm resolve to keep away from base desires or be enslaved by whims. In addition, he is aware of the existence of Allah and thus feels ashamed to disobey Him. Meanwhile, Islam does not debase sexual instincts, but regulates them in the domain of legality and proper conduct.
‏عُقُوقُ الوَالِدَينِ‏

‏هُوَ إِغضَابُهُمَا بِتَركِ الإِحسَانِ إِلَيهِمَا‏
Filial ingratitude
‏عَلَا‏

‏اِرتَفَعَ‏
To be high
To be lofty
To be exalted
‏عَلَانِيَةٌ‏

In public
Openness
‏عُلُوٌّ‏

Exaltation
Pride
Insolence
‏عَن طِيبِ نَفسٍ‏

‏عن رِضَا نَفسٍ‏
Willingly
Of one's free will
‏عُنفٌ‏

‏القَسوَةُ وَالشِّدَّةُ‏
Violence
Vehemence
Fierceness
‏عَهدٌ‏

Pledge
Promise
Engagement
‏عِيَادَةُ المَرِيضِ‏

‏زِيَارَتُهُ‏
Visiting the sick
‏غَائِظٌ‏

Raging furiously against
‏غَاظَ‏

To incense
To irritate
To infuriate
‏غَدَّارٌ‏

‏كَثِيرُ الغَدرِ‏
Treacherous
Perfidious
‏غَرِيزَةٌ‏

‏طَبِيعَةٌ‏
Instinct
Natural disposition
‏غَرِيزِيٌّ‏

‏فِي غَرِيزَةِ الإِنسَانِ وَطَبِيعَتِهِ الَّتِي جُبِلَ عَلَيهَا‏
Natural
Instinctive
Inborn
‏غَشَّ‏

‏غَشَّ صَاحِبَهُ أَي زَيَّنَ لَهُ غَيرَ المَصلَحَةِ وَأَظهَرَ لَهُ غَيرَ مَا يُضمِرُ‏
To act dishonestly
To deceive
To cheat
To mislead
To trick
‏غِشٌّ‏

Deception
Deceit
False pretense
Cheating
Trickery
‏غَشَّاشٌ‏

Deceptive
Fraud
Deceiver
‏غَصَبَ‏

‏الغَصبُ هُوَ أَخذُ الشَّيءِ بِالإِكرَاهِ ظُلمًا‏
To seize violently : The act of seizing by force; abduction
‏غَضُّ البَصَرِ‏

‏صَرفُ النَّظَرِ عَنِ الشَّيءِ وَاِنكِسَارُ البَصَرِ‏
Lowering one's eyes
‏غَضُّ الصَّوتِ‏

‏خَفضُهُ‏
Lowering one's voice

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏غَضُّ الطَّرفِ‏

Lower the gaze
‏غَضَبٌ‏

Anger
Rage
Fury
Wrath
‏غَفَرَ‏

‏عَفَا وَعَذَرَ وَتَجَاوَزَ عَنِ الذَّنبِ‏
To forgive
To pardon
‏غِلٌّ‏

‏الغِلُّ هُوَ العَدَاوَةُ المَكمُونَةُ المَضمُورَةُ‏
Hidden enmity
Grudge
Rancor
‏غَلُظَ‏

To be thick
To be rough
To be severe
‏غَلِيظٌ‏

Rough
Severe
Strong
‏غَلِيظُ القَلبِ‏

‏شَدِيدُ القَسوَةِ غَيرُ لَيِّنٍ‏
Hard-hearted
‏غَمَطَ‏

‏اِستَصغَرَ وَاِحتَقَرَ‏
To despise
To scorn
To hold in contempt
‏غِنَى النَّفسِ‏

‏اِستِغنَاؤُهَا وَقَنَاعَتُهَا‏
Self-contentment
‏غَوَى‏

‏أَمعَنَ فِي الضَّلَالِ‏
To stray from the right way
To go astray
‏غَيٌّ‏

‏الغَيُّ هُوَ الضَّلَالُ‏
Trespassing
Transgression
‏غِيبَةٌ‏

‏وَهِيَ أَن يَذكُرَ الشَّخصُ أَخَاهُ المُسلِمَ بِالسُّوءِ وَمَا لَا يَرضَى مِنَ القَولِ فِي غَيبَتِهِ‏
Backbiting : To speak spitefully or slanderously about a person
‏غَيظٌ‏

‏الغَيظُ هُوَ الغَضَبُ‏
Anger : A strong feeling of displeasure or hostility
‏فَألٌ‏

‏الفَألُ هُوَ قَولٌ أَو فِعلٌ يُستَبشَرُ بِهِ‏
Auspices
Omen : A sign indicative of future prospects
‏فَاحِشَةٌ‏

Depravity
Adultery
‏فَتحُ البَابِ فِي وَجهِ ذَوِي الحَاجَةِ‏

‏عَدَمُ الصَّدِّ عَنهُم‏
Receiving those who have certain needs
‏فُجُورٌ‏

Perversity
Dissipation
‏فَخرٌ‏

Pride
Glory
‏فَسَادٌ‏

Corruption
Depravation
Immorality
‏فَسَادٌ أَخلَاقِيٌّ‏

Moral corruption
Depravity
Immorality

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏فِسقٌ‏

‏الفِسقُ هُوَ اِرتِكَابُ الكَبَائِرِ قَصدًا وَالإِصرَارُ عَلَى الصَّغَائِرِ بِغَيرِ تَأوِيلٍ‏
Transgression : To commit grievous and minor sins intentionally and constantly
‏فُسُوقٌ‏

‏هُوَ مُجَاوَزَةُ حُدُودِ الشَّرعِ‏
Disobedience
Debauchery
‏فَضلُ الإِصلَاحِ بَينَ النَّاسِ‏

Merit of reconciling people
‏فَضلُ البِرِّ‏

Merit of beneficence
‏فَضلُ التَّحَلِّي بِالحُلمِ‏

‏فَائِدَةُ التَّحَلِّي بِالصَّبرِ وَالأَنَاةِ‏
Merit of forbearance
‏فَضلُ تَركِ الفَوَاحِشِ‏

Excellence of abandoning evil deeds
‏فَضلُ وَأَجرُ عِيَادَةِ المَرِيضِ‏

‏ثَوَابُ وَجَزَاءُ زِيَارَةِ المَرِيضِ‏
The merit and reward of visiting the sick
‏فِعلُ الخَيرِ‏

Doing good
Undertaking charitable acts
‏قَانِتٌ‏

‏طَائِعٌ , وَهُوَ الشَّخصُ الَّذِي يُطِيلُ الصَّلَاةَ وَالدُّعَاءَ‏
One who is obedient to Allah
Devout
Constant in Prayer
‏قَدِمَ‏

To betake oneself
To come to
‏قَرَأَ عَلَيهِ السَّلَامَ‏

‏بَلَّغَهُ السَّلَامَ‏
Convey greeting to
To send or extend one's greetings to
‏قِسطٌ‏

‏العَدلُ وَالمُسَاوَاةُ‏
Equity
Justice
Fairness
‏قِلَادَةٌ‏

‏مَا يُوضَعُ فِي العُنُقِ‏
Necklace
‏قَلَّمَ‏

To clip
To trim
‏قَنَاعَةٌ‏

‏هِيَ الرِّضَا بِالقَلِيلِ‏
Contentment
‏قُنُوطٌ‏

‏هُوَ اليَأسُ مِن رَحمَةِ اللَّهِ‏
Despair
Desperation
Hopelessness
Despondency
‏قَهقَهَةٌ‏

‏الضَّحِكُ بِصَوتٍ مُرتَفِعٍ‏
Loud burst of laughter
Guffaw
‏قَوَاعِدُ أَخلَاقِيَّةٌ‏

Moral principles
‏قُوَّةٌ‏

Strength
Might
Power
‏قَولٌ سَدِيدٌ‏

‏قَولٌ رَاشِدٌ حَكِيمٌ لَيسَ بَعدَهُ قَولٌ‏
Sound saying

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏قَولٌ مَعرُوفٌ‏

Kind and just words
‏قِيَمٌ أَخلَاقِيَّةٌ‏

‏مَبَادِئُ وَأُسُسٌ أَخلَاقِيَّةٌ‏
Moral values
‏قِيَمٌ إِسلَامِيَّةٌ‏

Islamic values
‏قِيَمٌ دِينِيَّةٌ‏

Religious values
‏قِيَمٌ رُوحِيَّةٌ‏

Spiritual values
‏كَاظِمٌ‏

‏مُمسِكٌ عَلَى مَا فِي نَفسِهِ مِنَ الغَضَبِ‏
One who restrains obstructs or chokes
‏كَاظِمُ الغَيظِ‏

Anger-restrainer
‏كَذِبٌ‏

Telling lies
Lying
Lie
Falsehood
‏كَرَمُ الضِّيَافَةِ‏

‏مِنَ الأُمُورِ الَّتِي أَكَّدَ عَلَيهَا الإِسلَامُ لِمَا لَهَا مِن أَهَمِّيَّةٍ فِي إِبقَاءِ مَشَاعِرِ الوُدِّ وَالإِخَاءِ بَينَ المُسلِمِينَ فَقَد رَغَّبَ الإِسلَامُ فِي إِكرَامِ الضَّيفِ وَعَدَّهُ مِنَ المُرُوءَةِ وَجَعَلَهُ حَقًّا لِلمُسلِمِ عَلَى المُسلِمِ وَخَصلَةً تُمَيِّزُ المُجتَمَعَ الإِسلَامِيَّ. قَالَ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ "مَن كَانَ يُؤمِنُ بِاللَّهِ وَاليَومِ الآخِرِ فَليُكرِم ضَيفَهُ".‏
Hospitality : Islam enjoins hospitality to one's guests to preserve the ties of love and fraternity among Muslims. It is an obligation incumbent on a Muslim host to provide the guest with the best of every thing according to host's means. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, "He who believes in Allah and the Last Day should show hospitality to his guest."
‏كَرِيمُ الأَخلَاقِ‏

High-minded
Noble-minded
Noble-hearted
‏كَسبُ الرَّجُلِ بِيَدِهِ‏

‏اِرتِزَاقُهُ مِن عَمَلِ يَدِهِ‏
Earning from the work of one's own hands
‏كَشفٌ‏

Removing
Exposing
‏كَشَفَ عَن سِرٍّ أَو أَمرٍ‏

To lay bare
To reveal
To disclose
To divulge
‏كَظمُ الغَيظِ‏

‏هُوَ الإِمسَاكُ عَلَى مَا فِي النَّفسِ مِن الغَضَبِ‏
Restraining anger
‏كَفٌّ‏

Abstaining
Shunning
‏كُفرَانٌ‏

‏الإِنكَارُ وَالجُحُودُ‏
Denial
Ingratitude
Ungratefulness
‏كَلَامٌ فَاحِشٌ‏

‏كَلَامٌ قَبِيحٌ رَذِيلٌ تَكرَهُهُ النَّفسُ‏
Immoral speaking
Obscene language
‏كَيفِيَّةُ الإِحدَادِ‏

‏الإِحدَادُ هُوَ تَركُ المَرأَةِ المُعتَدَّةِ لِكُلِّ مَا يُعتَبَرُ زِينَةً لَهَا‏
Manner of mourning
‏لَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيهِم‏

‏لَا إِثمَ وَلَا حَرَجَ‏
No blame on them
‏لَا حَسَدَ إِلَّا فِي اِثنَتَينِ‏

Envy is not allowed except in two cases

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏لَا خَلَاقَ لَهُ‏

‏الخَلَاقُ هُوَ الحَظُّ وَالنَّصِيبُ مِنَ الخَيرِ‏
Disgraceful
Good for nothing
Worthless fellow
‏لَعنُ الرَّجُلِ وَالِدَيهِ‏

‏شَتمُهُ لَهُمَا وَإِسَاءَتُهُ إِلَيهِمَا, أَو أَن يَكُونَ سَبَبًا فِي شَتمِهِمَا‏
Cursing one's parents
‏لَعنُ العُصَاةِ‏

‏اللَّعنُ هُوَ الطَّردُ مِن رَحمَةِ اللَّهِ, وَالعُصَاةُ هُم المُذنِبُونَ الآثِمُونَ‏
Cursing sinful people
‏لَعنُ المُتَشَبِّهِينَ بِالنِّسَاءِ‏

‏لَعنُ اللَّهِ الرِّجَالَ الَّذِينَ يَتَشَبَّهُونَ بِالنِّسَاءِ فِي كَلَامِهِم وَفِي لُبسِهِم‏
Cursing effeminate men
‏لَعنُ عَبدِ الدِّينَارِ‏

‏أَي أَنَّ عَبدَ الدِّينَارِ وَهُوَ شَدِيدُ الحُبِّ لِلمَالِ وَالحَرِيصُ عَلَى جَمعِهِ دُونَ إِنفَاقِهِ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ مَلعُونٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ‏
Cursing the slave of dinar
‏لِينٌ‏

‏يَجمُلُ بِالمُسلِمِ أَن يَتَحَلَّى بِصِفَةِ اللِّينِ فِي غَيرِ ضَعفٍ وَالحَزمِ فِي غَيرِ عُنفٍ, وَأَن يَسُودَ هَذَا اللِّينُ جَمِيعَ أَقوَالِهِ وَأَعمَالِهِ وَتَعَامُلَاتِهِ سَوَاءٌ مَعَ أَخِيهِ المُسلِمِ أَو مَعَ غَيرِ المُسلِمِينَ وَأَن يَكُونَ سَهلًا لَيِّنًا حُلوَ المَعشَرِ لَطِيفَ الحَدِيثِ وَالجَدَلِ لِقَولِهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ "إِنَّ اللَّهَ يُحِبُّ الرِّفقَ فِي الأَمرِ كُلِّهِ."‏
Leniency : A Muslim should be lenient and tolerant of his fellow Muslims as well as non-Muslims. Harshness and bad temper are never the traits of a true Muslim. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, "Verily Allah loves kindness in every matter."
‏مَا يُقَالُ عِندَ الجِمَاعِ‏

‏الدُّعَاءُ الَّذِي يُقَالُ عِندَ وَطءِ الرَّجُلِ لِزَوجَتِهِ‏
Supplication to be said before sexual intercourse
‏مَا يُقَالُ عِندَ لُبسِ الثَّوبِ الجَدِيدِ‏

The supplication said when putting on a new garment
‏مَا يُقَالُ فِي السُّوقِ‏

Supplication to be said in markets
‏مَاشِيًا‏

On foot
In walking
‏مُبَجَّلٌ‏

‏مُحتَرَمٌ‏
Respected
Venerable
‏مُبَذِّرٌ‏

‏مُسرِفٌ وَمُغَالٍ فِي الإِسرَافِ‏
Spendthrift
Wastrel
Squanderer
‏مُتَآلِفٌ‏

‏مُنسَجِمٌ‏
Harmonious
‏مُتَحَابُّونَ‏

‏يُحِبُّ بَعضُهُم بَعضًا‏
Loving one another
‏مُتَشَائِمٌ‏

Pessimist
‏مُتَعَفِّفٌ‏

‏مُبتَعِدٌ عَنِ الرَّذَائِلِ مُتَرَفِّعٌ عَنِ الأَهوَاءِ‏
Chaste
Virtuous
‏مُتَكَبِّرٌ‏

Haughty
Arrogant
Proud
‏مَجلِسٌ‏

Assembly
Council
‏مَحَبَّةٌ‏

Love
Affection
‏مُحسِنٌ‏

‏الَّذِي يُحسِنُ إِلَى الآخَرِينَ فِي تَعَامُلِهِ مَعَهُم‏
Altruistic
Benevolent
Generous

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏مَحسُودٌ‏

Envied
Smitten by an evil eye
‏مَحمَدَةٌ‏

Commendable act
‏مَحمُودٌ‏

Laudable
Commendable
Praised
Praiseworthy
‏مُختَالٌ‏

‏مُتَكَبِّرٌ يَختَالُ فِي مَشيِهِ وَالِاختِيَالُ هُوَ الزَّهوُ بِالنَّفسِ‏
Swaggerer
Arrogant
‏مُخلِصٌ‏

Sincere
Faithful
‏مُخَنَّثٌ‏

‏هُوَ الرَّجُلُ المُتَشَبِّهُ بِالنِّسَاءِ فِي مِشيَتِهِ وَكَلَامِهِ وَتَلَيُّنِهِ‏
Effeminate man
‏مُدَارَاةٌ‏

‏هِيَ التَّمَلُّقُ‏
Flattery
Cajolery
Blandishment
‏مُدَاهِنٌ‏

‏يُظهِرُ خِلَافَ مَا يُبطِنُ‏
Hypocrite
Flatterer
Sycophant
‏مُدَاهَنَةٌ‏

Sycophancy
Flattery
Hypocrisy
‏مُدهِنٌ‏

One who glosses over or holds in low estimation
‏مَذكُورٌ‏

Remembered
Mentioned
‏مُرَاقَبَةٌ‏

Supervision
Inspection
Oversight
‏مَرحَمَةٌ‏

Mercy
Kindness
Pity
‏مُرشِدٌ‏

‏مُوَجِّهٌ إِلَى طَرِيقِ الصَّوَابِ وَمُعَلِّمٌ‏
Guide to the right way
Advisor
Spiritual guide
‏مُرُوءَةٌ‏

‏صِفَةٌ إِنسَانِيَّةٌ تَحمِلُ الإِنسَانَ عَلَى الأَخذِ بِحَمِيدِ الأَخلَاقِ وَتَركِ رَدِيئِهَا‏
Sense of honor
‏مَسَاوِئُ الأَخلَاقِ‏

Bad morality
‏مُسَاوَاةٌ‏

‏وَيَقضِي هَذَا المَبدَأُ بِأَنَّ البَشَرَ جَمِيعًا مُتَسَاوُونَ أَمَامَ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى, فَلَا فَضلَ لِعَرَبِيٍّ عَلَى أَعجَمِيٍّ وَلَا لِأَبيَضَ عَلَى أَحمَرَ إِلَّا بِالتَّقوَى وَالعَمَلِ الصَّالِحِ, وَلَا يَجُوزُ التَّفرِقَةُ بَينَ إِنسَانٍ وَآخَرَ عَلَى أَسَاسِ الجِنسِ أَو اللَّونِ أَو النَّسَبِ أَو المَالِ, وَأَنَّ المِعيَارَ الحَقِيقِيَّ لِلتَّفَاضُلِ بَينَ بَنِي البَشَرِ هُوَ التَّقوَى وَالعَمَلُ الصَّالِحُ . قَالَ تَعَالَى "إِنَّ أَكرَمَكُم عِندَ اللَّهِ أَتقَاكُم".‏
Equality : According to Islamic principles, all people are equal in the sight of Allah; there is no distinction between one and another on the basis of race, color, creed or nation. The only valid criterion for superiority is righteousness and good deeds. Allah, the Almighty says in the Holy Qur'an, "The most honored of you in the sight of Allah is (he who is) the most righteous of you." (Surah Al-Hujurat, No. 49, Verse 13)
‏مُستَكبِرٌ‏

‏مُتَعَالٍ مُتَكَبِّرٌ‏
Proud
Haughty
Arrogant
‏مُسرِفٌ‏

‏مُبَذِّرٌ‏
Spendthrift
Extravagant
Prodigal
‏مُسِيءٌ‏

Offender
Insulting
Injurious

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏مَشأَمَةٌ‏

‏الشُّؤمُ , وَهِيَ جِهَةُ الشَّمَالِ‏
Left hand
‏مُشَاحَنَةٌ‏

‏الكَرَاهِيَةُ وَالعَدَاوَةُ وَالبَغضَاءُ‏
Hatred
Grudge
Enmity
‏مُشفِقٌ‏

Timorous
Fearful
‏مُصَابَرَةٌ‏

Perseverance in patience
‏مُصَافَحَةٌ‏

‏إِلصَاقُ صَفحَةِ الكَفِّ بِالكَفِّ وَإِقبَالُ الوَجهِ بِالوَجهِ‏
Shaking hands
‏مُصلِحٌ‏

‏الَّذِي يُصلِحُ بَينَ النَّاسِ وَيَمشِي بِالخَيرِ بَينَهُم‏
Peacemaker
Reformer
‏مَظلِمَةٌ‏

Grievance
Complaint
Injustice
Injury
‏مَعَادِنُ النَّاسِ‏

‏أَخلَاقُهُم وَطَبَائِعُهُم وَصِفَاتُهُم‏
Caliber of people
‏مُعَاضَدَةٌ‏

‏مُسَاعَدَةٌ وَمُعَاوَنَةٌ وَمُضَافَرَةٌ‏
Help
Aid
Support
Assistance
‏مُعَامَلَةُ الكِلَابِ‏

Treatment of dogs
‏مُعَاوَنَةُ العَبدِ‏

Assisting one's slave
‏مَعصِيَةٌ‏

Sin
Wrongdoing
Offense
Guilt
‏مَعُونَةٌ‏

Aid
Help
‏مُغتَابٌ‏

‏الَّذِي يَغتَابُ النَّاسَ, وَيَخُوضُ فِي سِيرَتِهِم‏
Backbiter
Slanderer
‏مَفَاسِدُ المَيسِرِ‏

‏المَيسِرُ هُوَ القُمَارُ‏
The evils resulting from playing the games of chance
‏مَفتُونٌ‏

‏مُبتَلًى بِالفِتَنِ‏
Exposed to sedition
‏مُكَابِرٌ‏

Stubborn
Haughty
‏مَكَارِمُ الأَخلَاقِ‏

‏مَحَاسِنُ الأَخلَاقِ وَعَظِيمُهَا‏
Noble traits of character
High moral standards
‏مَكرُمَةٌ‏

Noble deed
‏مَكرُوبٌ‏

Afflicted
Anguished
Agonized
Distressed
Suffering

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏مُلَاطَفَةُ الزَّوجَةِ‏

‏مُدَاعَبَتُهَا وَحُسنُ مُعَامَلَتِهَا‏
Caressing one's wife
‏مَمدُوحٌ‏

Praised
Laudable
‏مُنحَرِفٌ عَنِ الطَّرِيقِ المُستَقِيمِ‏

Errant
Devious
Perverted
‏مَنعُ اِبنِ السَّبِيلِ المَاءَ‏

Refusing to give water to a wayfarer
‏مُوَاسَاةٌ‏

‏تَقدِيمُ العَونِ وَالمُسَاعَدَةِ لِأَهلِ الضُّرِّ‏
Consolation : To give hope or help to in time of grief or pain
‏مَوعِظَةٌ‏

‏مِنَ الوَعظِ وَهُوَ التَّذكِيرُ بِمَا يَردَعُ عَنِ الشَّرِّ مِنَ الوَعدِ بِالثَّوَابِ وَالوَعِيدِ بِالعِقَابِ‏
Exhortation
Sermon
‏نَدَمٌ‏

‏تَأَسُّفٌ عَلَى مَا فَاتَ‏
Regret
Remorse
Contrition
Compunction
‏نُصرَةُ المَظلُومِ‏

‏مُعَاوَنَتُهُ وَدَفعُ الظُّلمِ عَنهُ‏
Succoring the wronged person
‏نَصِيحَةٌ‏

Advice
Counsel
Consultation
Admonition
Exhortation
‏نِعمَةُ اِجتِنَابِ الأَهوَاءِ‏

‏فَضلُ وَفَائِدَةُ البُعدِ عَنِ الرَّذَائِلِ‏
Virtue of abandoning vain desires
‏نَمِيمَةٌ‏

‏هِيَ السَّعيُ بِالفَسَادِ بَينَ النَّاسِ وَنَقلُ كَلَامِ النَّاسِ لِلإِفسَادِ وَالفِتنَةِ‏
Tale-bearing : Conveyance of disagreeable false information, from one person to another, to create hostility between them
‏نَهيٌ‏

Forbiddance
Prohibition
Ban
Forbiddance
‏هَيئَةٌ‏

Shape
Form
‏وَاجِبَاتُ الخَادِمِ‏

The duties of a servant
‏وَجِلَ‏

‏خَافَ‏
To fear
To dread
To become afraid
‏وَدَاعَةٌ‏

‏كَونُ الإِنسَانِ وَدِيعًا أَي رَقِيقَ القَلبِ‏
Meekness
Gentleness
Mildness
Mansuetude
‏وَرِعٌ‏

Pious
Godly
Devout
God-fearing
‏وَرَعٌ‏

‏الوَرَعُ هُوَ الِابتِعَادُ عَنِ الإِثمِ وَالمَعَاصِي وَتَركُ الشُّبُهَاتِ خَوفًا مِنَ الوُقُوعِ فِي الحَرَامِ‏
Piety : Religious devotion, reverence to Allah and refraining from sins
‏وَسمٌ‏

‏وَضعُ عَلَامَةٍ وَسِمَةٍ‏
Branding
‏وَسوَسَةٌ‏

‏الوَسوَسَةُ حَدِيثُ النَّفسِ بِمَا لَا خَيرَ فِيهِ‏
Insinuation
Obsession

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏وَعَظَ‏

‏نَصَحَ وَالوَعظُ هُوَ التَّذكِيرُ بِمَا يَردَعُ عَنِ الشَّرِّ مِنَ الوَعدِ بِالثَّوَابِ وَالوَعِيدِ بِالعِقَابِ‏
To preach
To sermonize
To admonish
To exhort
‏وَعظُ الأَبِ اِبنَتَهُ المُتَزَوِّجَةَ‏

‏إِعطَاؤُهُ النَّصَائِحَ لَهَا‏
The father's advice to his married daughter
‏وَقَارٌ‏

Dignity
Gravity
Veneration
‏وِقَايَةُ الإِنسَانِ نَفسَهُ مِنَ الغِيبَةِ‏

‏مُحَافَظَتُهُ عَلَى نَفسِهِ مِنَ الوُقُوعِ فِي الغِيبَةِ‏
Man should prevent himself from backbiting
‏يَئِسَ‏

‏لَم يَعُد لَدَيهِ أَمَلٌ‏
To despair of
To lose hope of

[أحمد سعد الدين]

أنبياء الله

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏آدَمُ‏

‏أَبُو البَشَرِ، خَلَقَهُ اللَّهُ بِيَدِهِ وَأَسجَدَ لَهُ المَلَائِكَةَ وَعَلَّمَهُ الأَسمَاءَ وَخَلَقَ لَهُ زَوجَتَهُ وَأَسكَنَهُمَا الجَنَّةَ وَأَنذَرَهُمَا أَن لَا يَقرَبَا شَجَرَةً مُعَيَّنَةً وَلَكِنَّ الشَّيطَانَ وَسوَسَ لَهُمَا فَأَكَلَا مِنهَا فَأَنزَلَهُمَا اللَّهُ إِلَى الأَرضِ وَمَكَّنَ لَهُمَا سُبُلَ العَيشِ بِهَا وَطَالَبَهُمَا بِعِبَادَةِ اللَّهِ وَحدَهُ وَحَضِّ النَّاسِ عَلَى ذَلِكَ، وَجَعَلَهُ خَلِيفَتَهُ فِي الأَرضِ، وَهُوَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ إِلَى أَبنَائِهِ وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ الأَنبِيَاءِ.‏
Adam : Adam, the first man, was created by the Hand of Allah Who taught him all names, made the angels prostrate before him, and granted him the companionship of Eve with whom he was admitted to Paradise. In Paradise both Adam and Eve were warned against a certain tree, but Satan tempted them to eat from its fruit. As a result, Adam was descended to be Allah's vicegerent on earth, and, together with Eve, was provided with a means of living. As the first apostle of Allah, Adam was ordered to call his children to the worship of Allah the Only and True God.
‏أَيُّوبُ‏

‏مِن سُلَالَةِ سَيِّدِنَا إِبرَاهِيمَ كَانَ مِن النَّبِيِّينَ المُوحَى إِلَيهِم، كَانَ أَيُّوبُ ذَا مَالٍ وَأَولَادٍ كَثِيرِينَ وَلَكِنَّ اللَّهَ اِبتَلَاهُ فِي هَذَا كُلِّهِ فَزَالَ عَنهُ، وَابتُلِيَ فِي جَسَدِهِ بِأَنوَاعِ البَلَاءِ وَاستَمَرَّ مَرَضُهُ 18 عَامًا اِعتَزَلَهُ فِيهَا النَّاسُ إِلَّا اِمرَأَتَهُ صَبَرَت وَعَمِلَت لِكَي تُوَفِّرَ قُوتَ يَومِهِمَا حَتَّى عَافَاهُ اللَّهُ مِن مَرَضِهِ وَأَخلَفَهُ فِي كُلِّ مَا اُبتُلِيَ فِيهِ، وَلِذَلِكَ يُضرَبُ المَثَلُ بِأَيُّوبَ فِي صَبرِهِ وَفِي بَلَائِهِ، رُوِيَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ يَحتَجُّ يَومَ القِيَامَةِ بِأَيُّوبَ عَلَيهِ السَّلَامُ عَلَى أَهلِ البَلَاءِ.‏
Job [Aiyub] : A descendant of Abraham, Job was a prophet who received Divine Revelation. He was a wealthy man and had many children. However, Allah caused him to lose all his fortune and sons and afflicted him with physical suffering that lasted for 18 years, during which all people deserted him. Only his wife persevered with him and worked to provide for him until he regained his health and was compensated for all he had lost. Job was so great an example of perseverance from suffering that on the Day of Judgment, Allah will make him a standard to refute the excuses of those who did not endure suffering.
‏إِبرَاهِيم‏

‏هُوَ خَلِيلُ اللَّهِ، اِصطَفَاهُ اللَّهُ بِرِسَالَتِهِ وَفَضَّلَهُ عَلَى كَثِيرٍ مِن خَلقِهِ، كَانَ إِبرَاهِيمُ يَعِيشُ فِي قَومٍ يَعبُدُونَ الكَوَاكِبَ، فَلَم يَكُن يُرضِيهِ ذَلِكَ، وَأَحَسَّ بِفِطرَتِهِ أَنَّ هُنَاكَ إِلَهًا أَعظَمَ حَتَّى هَدَاهُ اللَّهُ وَاصطَفَاهُ بِرِسَالَتِهِ، وَأَخَذَ إِبرَاهِيمُ يَدعُو قَومَهَ لِوَحدَانِيَّةِ اللَّهِ وَعِبَادَتِهِ وَلَكِنَّهُم كَذَّبُوهُ وَحَاوَلُوا إِحرَاقَهُ فَأَنجَاهُ اللَّهُ مِن بَينِ أَيدِيهِم، جَعَلَ اللَّهُ الأَنبِيَاءَ مِن نَسلِ إِبرَاهِيمَ فَوُلِدَ لَهُ إِسمَاعِيلُ وَإِسحَاقُ، قَامَ إِبرَاهِيمُ بِبِنَاءِ الكَعبَةِ مَعَ إِسمَاعِيلَ.‏
Abraham [Ibrahim] : Abraham was the "Close One to Allah" Who preferred him over many others and selected him to be a messenger. Though brought up in a pagan community that worshiped idols, Abraham refused to do so and realized that there must be a greater god of the universe. Allah guided him to the right path and revealed His message to him. He then directed his mission to his people, and called on them to renounce idolatry. He was answered with stubborn refusals. They plotted against him but their schemes were in vain, for Allah, the Almighty, provided support and protection to His servant and prophet, Abraham. Abraham was the forefather of a line of prophets through his two sons Ishmael and Isaac. It was Abraham who began the construction of the Ka`bah with the help of Ishmael.
‏إِدرِيسُ‏

‏كَانَ صِدِّيقًا نَبِيًّا وَمِن الصَّابِرِينَ، أَوَّلُ نَبِيٍّ بُعِثَ فِي الأَرضِ بَعدَ آدَمَ، وَهُوَ أَبُو جَدِّ نُوحٍ، أُنزِلَت عَلَيهِ ثَلَاثُونَ صَحِيفَةً، وَدَعَا إِلَى وَحدَانِيَّةِ اللَّهِ وَآمَنَ بِهِ أَلفُ إِنسَانٍ، وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ مَن خَطَّ بِالقَلَمِ وَأَوَّلُ مَن خَاطَ الثِّيَابَ وَلَبِسَهَا، وَأَوَّلُ مَن نَظَرَ فِي عِلمِ النُّجُومِ وَسَيرِهَا.‏
Idris : Idris was a grandfather of Noah and the first prophet after Adam to receive thirty Divine Scriptures. He called for the Oneness of Allah and was followed by one thousand people. Idris was the first to write, the first to wear sewn clothes and the first to think about astrology.
‏إِسحَاقُ‏

‏هُوَ وَلَدُ سَيِّدِنَا إِبرَاهِيمَ مِن زَوجَتِهِ سَارَةَ، وَقَد كَانَت البِشَارَةُ بِمَولِدِهِ مِن المَلَائِكَةِ لِإِبرَاهِيمَ وَسَارَةَ لَمَّا مَرُّوا بِهِم مُجتَازِينَ ذَاهِبِينَ إِلَى مَدَائِن قَومِ لُوط لِيُدَمِّرُوهَا عَلَيهِم لِكُفرِهِم وَفُجُورِهِم، ذَكَرَهُ اللَّهُ فِي القُرآنِ بِأَنَّهُ "غُلَامٌ عَلِيمٌ" جَعَلَهُ اللَّهُ نَبِيًّا يَهدِي النَّاسَ إِلَى فِعلِ الخَيرَاتِ، جَاءَ مِن نَسلِهِ سَيِّدُنَا يَعقُوبُ.‏
Isaac [Ishaq] : Isaac was Abraham's son by his wife Sarah, and the father of Jacob. The tidings of his birth were given to his parents by the angels who had been sent to destroy the city of the people of Lot. The Holy Qur'an referred to Isaac as "a son endowed with wisdom." Isaac was sent as a prophet to guide people to the right way.
‏إِسمَاعِيل‏

‏هُوَ اِبنُ إِبرَاهِيمَ البِكرُ وَوَلَدُ السَّيِّدَةِ هَاجَر، سَارَ إِبرَاهِيمُ بِهَاجَر - بِأَمرٍ مِن اللَّهِ - حَتَّى وَضَعَهَا وَابنَهَا فِي مَوضِعِ مَكَّةَ وَتَرَكَهُمَا وَمَعَهُمَا قَلِيلٌ مِن المَاءِ وَالتَّمرِ وَلَمَّا نَفِدَ الزَّادُ جَعَلَت السَّيِّدَةُ هَاجَرُ تَطُوفُ هُنَا وَهُنَاكَ حَتَّى هَدَاهَا اللَّهُ إِلَى مَاءِ زَمزَمَ وَوَفَدَ عَلَيهَا كَثِيرٌ مِن النَّاسِ حَتَّى جَاءَ أَمرُ اللَّهِ لِسَيِّدِنَا إِبرَاهِيمَ بِبِنَاءِ الكَعبَةِ وَرَفعِ قَوَاعِدِ البَيتِ، فَجَعَلَ إِسمَاعِيلُ يَأتِي بِالحَجَرِ وَإِبرَاهِيمُ يَبنِي حَتَّى أَتَمَّا البِنَاءَ ثُمَّ جَاءَ أَمرُ اللَّهِ بِذَبحِ إِسمَاعِيلَ حَيثُ رَأَى إِبرَاهِيمُ فِي مَنَامِهِ أَنَّهُ يَذبَحُ اِبنَهُ فَعَرَضَ عَلَيهِ ذَلِكَ فَقَالَ "يَا أَبَتِ اِفعَل مَا تُؤمَرُ سَتَجِدُنِي إِن شَاءَ اللَّهُ مِن الصَّابِرِينَ" فَفَدَاهُ اللَّهُ بِذِبحٍ عَظِيمٍ، كَانَ إِسمَاعِيلُ فَارِسًا فَهُوَ أَوَّلُ مَن اِستَأنَسَ الخَيلَ وَكَانَ صَبُورًا حَلِيمًا، يُقَالُ إِنَّهُ أَوَّلُ مَن تَحَدَّثَ بِالعَرَبِيَّةِ البَيِّنَةِ وَكَانَ صَادِقَ الوَعدِ، وَكَانَ يَأمُرُ أَهلَهُ بِالصَّلَاةِ وَالزَّكَاةِ، وَكَانَ يُنَادِي بِعِبَادَةِ اللَّهِ وَوَحدَانِيَّتِهِ.‏
Ishmael [Isma`il] : Ishmael was the first son of Abraham by his second wife, Hajar. In compliance with Allah's command, Abraham moved the mother and her baby to a place in the desert, which came to be known as Mecca, and left them with little food and water. Suffering from lack of provisions, Hajar kept wandering here and there until the water of Zamzam gushed out from under the feet of her baby. The Well of Zamzam attracted many people to dwell in the region. Later, Ishmael helped his father implement the command of Allah regarding the construction of the Ka`bah. Abraham then had a revelation during his sleep, that he should sacrifice his son for the sake of Allah. Both the father and son were images of humility and obedience in their immediate response to the Will of Allah. However, Allah saved Ishmael from being sacrificed. Ishmael was a forbearing knight and was the first to tame horses. He is also said to have been the first to speak Classical Arabic. Prophet Ishmael called for the worship of the Only True God, and enjoined his people to practice prayer and charity.
‏إِليَاس‏

‏أُرسِلَ إِلَى أَهلِ بَعلَبَك غَربِيَّ دِمَشق فَدَعَاهُم إِلَى عِبَادَةِ اللَّهِ وَأَن يَترُكُوا عِبَادَةَ صَنَمٍ كَانُوا يُسَمُّونَهُ بَعلًا فَآذَوهُ، وَقَالَ اِبنُ عَبَّاسٍ هُوَ عَمُّ اليَسَع.‏
Elijah [Ilyas] : Elijah was a prophet sent to the people of Baalbek, in east Lebanon. He called them to worship only Allah and stop adoring their idol Ba`la. They subjected him to different punishments. Ibn `Abbas said that Elijah was the paternal uncle of Elisha.
‏اليَسَع‏

‏مِن العَبَدَةِ الأَخيَارِ وَرَدَ ذِكرُهُ فِي التَّورَاةِ كَما ذُكِرَ في القُرآنِ مَرَّتَينِ ، ويُذكَرُ أَنَّهُ أَقَامَ مِن المَوتِ إِنسَانًا كَمُعجِزَةٍ.‏
Elisha [Al-Yasa`] : Elisha was a devout prophet who performed the miracle of resurrecting a dead person. He is mentioned in the Holy Qur'an twice and in the Torah as well.
‏دَاوُود‏

‏آتَاهُ اللَّهُ العِلمَ وَالحِكمَةَ وَسَخَّرَ لَهُ الجِبَالَ وَالطَّيرَ يُسَبِّحنَ مَعَهُ وَأَلَانَ لَهُ الحَدِيدَ، كَانَ عَبدًا خَالِصًا لِلَّهِ شَكُورًا يَصُومُ يَومًا وَيُفطِرُ يَومًا يَقُومُ نِصفَ اللَّيلِ وَيَنَامُ ثُلُثَهُ وَيَقُومُ سُدُسَهُ وَأَنزَلَ اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ الزَّبُورَ وَقَد أُوتِيَ مُلكًا عَظِيمًا وَأَمَرَهُ اللَّهُ أَن يَحكُمَ بِالعَدلِ.‏
David [Dawud] : David was a devout servant of Allah who used to observe fasting on one day and break it the next, besides practicing forms of worship for about two-thirds of the night. Allah revealed the Psalms to David, gave him wisdom and knowledge and granted him a strong kingdom in which mountains were subdued, all birds were assembled and iron was made soft.
‏ذُو الكِفل‏

‏مِن الأَنبِيَاءِ الصَّالِحِينَ، وَكَانَ يُصَلِّي كُلَّ يَومٍ مِائَةَ صَلَاةٍ، قِيلَ إِنَّهُ تَكَفَّلَ لِبَنِي قَومِهِ أَن يَقضِيَ بَينَهُم بِالعَدلِ وَيَكفِيَهُم أَمرَهُم فَفَعَلَ فَسُمِّيَ بِذِي الكِفلِ.‏
Ezekiel [Dhul-Kifl] : Ezekiel was a devout prophet who used to observe prayer one hundred times a day. He took it upon himself to stand for justice among his people.
‏زَكَرِيَّا‏

‏عَبدٌ صَالِحٌ تَقِيٌ أَخَذَ يَدعُو لِلدِّينِ الحَنِيفِ، كَفَلَ مَريَمَ العَذرَاءَ، دَعَا اللَّهَ أَن يَرزُقَهُ ذُرِّيَّةً صَالِحَةً فَوَهَبَ لَهُ يَحيَى الَّذِي خَلَفَهُ فِي الدَّعوَةِ لِعِبَادَةِ اللَّهِ الوَاحِدِ القَهَّارِ.‏
Zechariah [Zakariah] : Zechariah was a devout prophet who called for the True Religion. He took care of Mary the Virgin, and prayed Allah to grant him a virtuous child. Allah gave him John the Baptist [Yahya], who also called for the right way of Allah.
‏سُلَيمَان‏

‏آتَاهُ اللَّهُ العِلمَ وَالحِكمَةَ وَعَلَّمَهُ مَنطِقَ الطَّيرِ وَالحَيَوَانَاتِ وَسَخَّرَ لَهُ الرِّيَاحَ وَالجِنَّ، وَكَانَ لَهُ قِصَّةٌ مَعَ الهُدهُدِ حَيثُ أَخبَرَهُ أَنَّ هُنَاكَ مَملَكَةً بِاليَمَنِ يَعبُدُ أَهلُهَا الشَّمسَ مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ فَبَعَثَ سُلَيمَانُ إِلَى مَلِكَةِ سَبَأ يَطلُبُ مِنهَا الإِيمَانَ وَلَكِنَّهَا أَرسَلَت لَهُ الهَدَايَا فَطَلَبَ مِن الجِنِّ أَن يَأتُوا بِعَرشِهَا فَلَمَّا جَاءَت وَوَجَدَت عَرشَهَا آمَنَت بِاللَّهِ.‏
Solomon [Sulaiman] : Solomon was a prophet of knowledge and wisdom. He had power and authority not only over men but the Jinn as well. Allah had bestowed upon him the ability to understand the means of communication among birds, beasts and ants. Solomon had a story with a hoopoe bird, that informed him about the Yemeni Kingdom of Sheba, whose people used to worship the sun. They were satisfied with their own human achievements, instead of looking to Allah, the True and Only God. Solomon invited Balqis, Queen of Sheba, to join the true Faith and bask in the light of Allah. Eventually, she accepted the Faith and joined Solomon in praising Allah.
‏شُعَيب‏

‏أُرسِلَ شُعَيب إِلَى قَومِ مَديَنَ وَكَانُوا يَعبُدُونَ الأَيكَةَ وَكَانُوا يَنقُصُونَ المِكيَالَ وَالمِيزَانَ وَلَا يُعطُونَ النَّاسَ حَقَّهُم فَدَعَاهُم إِلَى عِبَادَةِ اللَّهِ وَأَن يَتَعَامَلُوا بِالعَدلِ وَلَكِنَّهُم أَبَوا وَاستَكبَرُوا وَاستَمَرُّوا فِي عِنَادِهِم وَتَوَعَّدُوهُ بِالرَّجمِ وَالطَّردِ وَطَالَبُوهُ بِأَن يُنَزِّلَ عَلَيهِم كِسَفًا مِن السَّمَاءِ فَجَاءَت الصَّيحَةُ وَقَضَت عَلَيهِم جَمِيعًا.‏
Jethro [Shu`aib] : Jethro was sent to the people of Madyan, who used to worship the Wood, usurp other's property and never adhere to due measures and weights. He invited them to adore Allah, give others their rights and deal with justice and equity. However, they not only threatened to banish and stone him, but were stubborn and demanded that he causes the sky to fall upon them in pieces. Thus, they were destroyed by the Mighty Blast.
‏صَالِح‏

‏أَرسَلَهُ اللَّهُ إِلَى قَومِ ثَمُودَ وَكَانُوا قَومًا جَاحِدِينَ آتَاهُم اللَّهُ رِزقًا كَثِيرًا وَلَكِنَّهُم عَصَوا رَبَّهُم وَعَبَدُوا الأَصنَامَ وَتَفَاخَرُوا بَينَهُم بِقُوَّتِهِم فَبَعَثَ اللَّهُ إِلَيهِم صَالِحًا مُبَشِّرًا وَمُنذِرًا وَلَكِنَّهُم كَذَّبُوهُ وَعَصَوهُ وَطَالَبُوهُ بِأَن يَأتِيَ بِآيَةٍ لِيُصَدِّقُوهُ فَأتَاهُم بِالنَّاقَةِ وَأَمَرَهُم أَن لَا يُؤذُوهَا وَلَكِنَّهُم أَصَرُّوا عَلَى كِبرِهِم فَعَقَرُوا النَّاقَةَ وَعَاقَبَهُم اللَّهُ بِالصَّاعِقَةِ فَصُعِقُوا جَزَاءً لِفَعلَتِهِم وَنَجَّى اللَّهُ صَالِحًا وَالمُؤمِنِينَ.‏
Salih : Salih was Allah's prophet to the people of Thamud, who were endowed with abundant riches. Not only were they ungrateful for these blessings but they neglected the Lord, worshiped idols and boasted of their might. Allah sent Salih to warn them, but they asked for a miracle to support his allegations. Allah granted Salih a miraculous She-camel, and he warned his people against hurting it. Nevertheless, they persisted in their blasphemy and slaughtered the She-camel. They were destroyed by the Mighty Blast, but Salih and his followers were saved.
‏عِيسَى‏

‏مَثَلُ عِيسَى مَثَلُ آدَمَ خَلَقَهُ اللَّهُ مِن تُرَابٍ وَقَالَ لَهُ كُن فَيَكُونُ، هُوَ عِيسَى بنُ مَريَمَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ وَكَلِمَتُهُ أَلقَاهَا إِلَى مَريَمَ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي بَشَّرَ بِالنَّبِيِّ مُحَمَّدٍ، آتَاهُ اللَّهُ البَيِّنَاتِ وَأَيَّدَهُ بِرُوحِ القُدُسِ وَكَانَ وَجِيهًا فِي الدُّنيَا وَالآخِرَةِ وَمِن المُقَرَّبِينَ، كَلَّمَ النَّاسَ فِي المَهدِ وَكَهلًا وَكَانَ يَخلُقُ مِن الطِّينِ كَهَيئَةِ الطَّيرِ فَيَنفُخُ فِيهَا فَتَكُونُ طَيرًا، وَيُبرِئُ الأَكمَهَ وَالأَبرَصَ وَيُخرِجُ المَوتَى كُلٌّ بِإِذنِ اللَّهِ، دَعَا المَسِيحُ قَومَهُ لِعِبَادَةِ اللَّهِ الوَاحِدِ الأَحَدِ وَلَكِنَّهُم أَبَوا وَاستَكبَرُوا وَعَارَضُوهُ، وَلَم يُؤمِن بِهِ سِوَى بُسَطَاءُ قَومِهِ، رَفَعَهُ اللَّهُ إِلَى السَّمَاءِ وَسَيَهبِطُ حِينَمَا يَشَاءُ اللَّهُ إِلَى الأَرضِ لِيَكُونَ شَهِيدًا عَلَى النَّاسِ.‏
Jesus Christ [`Isa] : Almost as Adam had been created without a father or mother, Jesus Christ was born without a father. He was Allah's Word inspired to Mary. Allah gave him Clear Signs and endowed him with the Holy Spirit. He was held in honor both in this world and the Hereafter and in the company of those nearest to Allah. Jesus was strong in spirit, and very wise. Allah bestowed upon him the power to speak eloquently while still an infant in his cradle. Indeed, Jesus's miracles were innumerable. Allah taught him the Wisdom and Book, the Torah and the Gospel. Allah made him His Messenger to the Children of Israel. By Allah's leave, Jesus made the figure of a bird out of clay and breathed into it and it became a bird. He could, by Allah's leave, heal those born blind, lepers and even resurrect the dead. Jesus invited his people to worship Allah, the Only True God; but they rejected him and rebelled. Only the poor among them followed him. Allah raised Jesus up unto Himself and saved him from those who plotted to crucify him.
‏لُوط‏

‏أَرسَلَهُ اللَّهُ لِيَهدِيَ قَومَهُ وَيَدعُوهُم إِلَى عِبَادَةِ اللَّهِ، وَكَانُوا قَومًا ظَالِمِينَ يَأتُونَ الفَوَاحِشَ وَيَعتَدُونَ عَلَى الغُرَبَاءِ وَكَانُوا يَأتُونَ الرِّجَالَ شَهوَةً مِن دُونِ النِّسَاءِ فَلَمَّا دَعَاهُم لُوط لِتَركِ المُنكَرَاتِ أَرَادُوا أَن يُخرِجُوهُ هُوَ وَقَومَهُ فَلَم يُؤمِن بِهِ غَيرُ بَعضٍ مِن آلِ بَيتِهِ، أَمَّا اِمرَأَتُهُ فَلَم تُؤمِن وَلَمَّا يَئِسَ لُوط دَعَا اللَّهَ أَن يُنَجِّيَهُم وَيُهلِكَ المُفسِدِينَ فَجَاءَت لَهُ المَلَائِكَةُ وَأَخرَجُوا لُوطَ وَمَن آمَنَ بِهِ وَأَهلَكُوا الآخَرِينَ بِحِجَارَةٍ مُسَوَّمَةٍ.‏
Lot [Lut] : Lot was Abraham's nephew. Allah sent him to a transgressing people who used to commit all abominable acts and indulge in their lusts with men rather than women. Lot frequently preached to them to abandon such heinous crimes and come to the right course of Allah, but they never obeyed him. Being disappointed in them, Lot prayed Allah to destroy them, but save the believers among them. Because Lot's wife was apparently not a believer, her previous sympathy for the sinful people destined her to a miserable end along with her people.
‏مُحَمَّدٌ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ)‏

‏النَّبِيُّ الأُمِّيُّ العَرَبِيُّ، مِن بَنِي هَاشِمٍ، وُلِدَ فِي مَكَّةَ بَعدَ وَفَاةِ أَبِيهِ عَبدِ اللَّهِ بِأَشهُرٍ قَلِيلَةٍ، تُوُفِّيَت أُمُّهُ آمِنَةُ وَهُوَ لَا يَزَالُ طِفلًا، كَفَلَهُ جَدُّهُ عَبدُ المُطَّلِب ثُمَّ عَمُّهُ أَبُو طَالِبٍ، وَرَعَى الغَنَمَ لِزَمَنٍ، تَزَوَّجَ مِن السَّيِّدَةِ خَدِيجَةِ بِنتِ خُوَيلِد وَهُوَ فِي الخَامِسَةِ والعِشرِينَ مِن عُمرِهِ، دَعَا النَّاسَ إِلَى الإِسلَامِ أَي إِلَى الإِيمَانِ بِاللَّهِ الوَاحِدِ وَرَسُولِهِ، بَدَأَ دَعوَتَهُ فِي مَكَّةَ فَاضطَهَدَهُ أَهلُهَا فَهَاجَرَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ حَيثُ اِجتَمَعَ حَولَهُ عَدَدٌ مِن الأَنصَارِ عَامَ 622 م فَأَصبَحَت هَذِهِ السَّنَةُ بَدءَ التَّارِيخِ الهِجرِيِّ، تُوُفِّيَ بَعدَ أَن حَجَّ حَجَّةَ الوَدَاعِ.‏
Muhammad (peace be upon him) : Muhammad, the Arab Prophet of Islam, was born in Mecca a few months after the death of `Abdullah, his father. Aminah, his mother had died when he was six. Thus he was brought up by `Abdul-Muttalib, his grandfather, then by Abu Talib, his uncle. He worked as a shepherd for a time. At the age of 25 he married Khadijah, who gave him optimum support. When he came to the age of forty, Muhammad received the Divine Revelation and started to invite the people of Mecca to believe that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is His Messenger. Suffering severe persecution in Mecca, he allowed his followers to migrate to Yathrib (now Medina). This took place in the year 622 A.D. which, later on, became the starting point of the Hijri calendar. In Medina, the Prophet Muhammad established a state which was the nucleus of the Muslim empire. In the 10th Hijri year, he went to Mecca and performed the Farewell Hajj, shortly after which he died at the age of 63.
‏مُوسَى‏

‏أَرسَلَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى إِلَى فِرعَونَ وَقَومِهِ، وَأَيَّدَهُ بِمُعجِزَتَينِ، إِحدَاهُمَا هِيَ العَصَا الَّتِي تَلقَفُ الثَّعَابِينَ، أَمَّا الأُخرَى فَكَانَت يَدَهُ الَّتِي يُدخِلُهَا فِي جَيبِهِ فَتَخرُجُ بَيضَاءَ مِن غَيرِ سُوءٍ، دَعَا مُوسَى إِلَى وَحدَانِيَّةِ اللَّهِ فَحَارَبَهُ فِرعَون وَجَمَعَ لَهُ السَّحَرَةَ لِيَكِيدُوا لَهُ وَلَكِنَّهُ هَزَمَهُم بِإِذنِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى، ثُمَّ أَمَرَهُ اللَّهُ أَن يَخرُجَ مِن مِصرَ مَعَ مَن اِتَّبَعَهُ، فَطَارَدَهُ فِرعَونُ بِجَيشٍ عَظِيمٍ، وَوَقتَ أَن ظَنَّ أَتبَاعُهُ أَنَّهُم مُدرَكُونَ أَمَرَهُ اللَّهُ أَن يَضرِبَ البَحرَ بِعَصَاهُ لِتَكُونَ نَجَاتُهُ وَلِيَكُونَ هَلَاكُ فِرعَونَ الَّذِي جَعَلَهُ اللَّهُ عِبرَةً لِلآخَرِينَ.‏
Moses [Musa] : Moses was sent to call Pharaoh and his people to believe in the Oneness of Allah. He was strengthened by a number of miracles. Allah instructed Moses to throw down his staff which miraculously turned into a huge snake and swallowed all the snakes which the magicians of Pharaoh had made appear. Moses was also instructed to put his hand in his pocket, and it came forth radiantly white, without stain. The Pharaoh promised severe punishments to the followers of Moses. Moses was commanded to leave Egypt with his people by night. Moses's followers were to cross the Red Sea towards Sinai in a huge procession. They were reassured not to fear the Pharaoh, nor the sea, nor the vast unknown desert of Sinai into which they were venturing. They crossed the Red Sea - after Moses struck the sea with his miraculous staff and made it split into dry passage - while the Pharaoh, who had pursued them with his troops, was overwhelmed by the sea.
‏نُوح‏

‏كَانَ نُوحُ تَقِيًّا صَادِقًا أَرسَلَهُ اللَّهُ لِيَهدِيَ قَومَهُ وَيُنذِرَهُم عَذَابَ الآخِرَةِ وَلَكِنَّهُم عَصَوهُ وَكَذَّبُوهُ، وَمَعَ ذَلِكَ اِستَمَرَّ يَدعُوهُم إِلَى الدِّينِ الحَنِيفِ فَاتَّبَعَهُ قَلِيلٌ مِن النَّاسِ، وَاستَمَرَّ الكَفَرَةُ فِي طُغيَانِهِم فَمَنَعَ اللَّهُ عَنهُم المَطَرَ وَدَعَاهُم نُوحُ أَن يُؤمِنُوا حَتَّى يَرفَعَ اللَّهُ عَنهُم العَذَابَ فَآمَنُوا فَرَفَعَ اللَّهُ عَنهُم العَذَابَ وَلَكِنَّهُم رَجَعُوا إِلَى كُفرِهِم، وَأَخَذَ يَدعُوهُم 950 سَنَةً ثُمَّ أَمَرَهُ اللَّهُ بِبِنَاءِ السَّفِينَةِ وَأَن يَأخُذَ مَعَهُ زَوجًا مِن كُلِّ نَوعٍ ثُمَّ جَاءَ الطُّوفَانُ فَأَغرَقَهُم أَجمَعِينَ.‏
Noah [Nuh] : Noah was a pious, sincere and truthful man. Allah chose him to guide his people who were idol-worshipers. Noah tried hard to make his people abandon idols and worship Allah alone, but only the poor followed him. Allah kept the rain from them, and Noah called them to accept the true faith so that Allah may give them rain and blessing. They feigned acceptance, but when Allah finally sent the rain to them and blessed their crops and children, they reverted to infidelity. After nine hundred and fifty years of persistent preaching, Noah despaired of those people and invoked Allah against them. Allah answered his prayer and ordered him to construct the Ark in which he and his followers would be saved. Then came the Flood which destroyed the blaspheming people completely.
‏هَارُون‏

‏أَخُو مُوسَى وَرَفِيقُهُ فِي دَعوَةِ فِرعَونَ إِلَى الإِيمَانِ بِاللَّهِ لِأَنَّهُ كَانَ فَصِيحًا وَمُتَحَدِّثًا، اِستَخلَفَهُ مُوسَى عَلَى قَومِهِ عِندَمَا ذَهَبَ لِلِقَاءِ اللَّهِ فَوقَ جَبَلِ الطُّورِ، وَلَكِن حَدَثَت فِتنَةُ السَّامِرِيِّ الَّذِي حَوَّلَ بَنِي إِسرَائِيلَ إِلَى عِبَادَةِ عِجلٍ مِن الذَّهَبِ لَهُ خُوَارٌ ، فَدَعَاهُم هَارُونُ إِلَى الرُّجُوعِ لِعِبَادَةِ اللَّهِ بَدَلًا مِن العِجلِ وَلَكِنَّهُم اِستَكبَرُوا فَلَمَّا رَجَعَ مُوسَى وَوَجَدَ مَا آلَ إِلَيهِ قَومُهُ عَاتَبَ هَارُونَ عِتَابًا شَدِيدًا.‏
Aaron [Harun] : Aaron was Moses's eloquent brother who helped him proclaim his mission to Pharaoh. When Moses went to fulfill the appointment with his Lord on Mount Sinai, Aaron succeeded him in leading the Israelites. During this period a man called Al-Samiri suggested to the Israelites that they make the golden figure of a calf to worship. Thus they went astray and committed a great sin. Aaron persistently tried to convince them to return to the worship of Allah, but they did not listen to him. Upon his return, Moses was angered and blamed Aaron heavily for letting the Israelites divert from the true faith.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏هُود‏

‏أُرسِلَ إِلَى قَومِ عَادٍ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا بِالأَحقَافِ، وَكَانُوا أَقوِيَاءَ الجِسمِ وَالبُنيَانِ وَآتَاهُم اللَّهُ الكَثِيرَ مِن رِزقِهِ وَلَكِنَّهُم لَم يَشكُرُوا اللَّهَ عَلَى مَا آتَاهُم وَعَبَدُوا الأَصنَامَ فَأَرسَلَ لَهُم اللَّهُ هُودًا نَبِيًّا مُبَشِّرًا، كَانَ حَكِيمًا وَلَكِنَّهُم كَذَّبُوهُ وَآذَوهُ فَجَاءَ عِقَابُ اللَّهِ وَأَهلَكَهُم بِرِيحٍ صَرصَرٍ عَاتِيَةٍ اِستَمَرَّت سَبعَ لَيَالٍ وَثَمَانِيَةَ أَيَّامٍ.‏
Hud : One community, called `Ad, were strong and of huge stature. Allah blessed them in everything, but they were ungrateful to Him and began to worship idols. Allah sent them a messenger from among themselves to guide them. It was Hud who was born into a noble family and grew up virtuous and intelligent. He invited them to follow the way of Allah, and worked hard to counsel them. But they did not believe and were satisfied with the life of this world. They were destroyed by a fierce wind that blew and uprooted trees, demolished houses and flung animals away. It lasted for seven nights and eight days.
‏يَحيَى‏

‏اِبنُ نَبِيّ اللهِ زَكَرِيَّا، وُلِدَ اِستِجَابَةً لِدُعَاءِ زَكَرِيَّا لِلَّهِ أَن يَرزُقَهُ الذُّرِّيَّةَ الصَّالِحَةَ فَجَعَلَ آيَةَ مَولِدِهِ أَن لَا يُكَلِّمَ النَّاسَ ثَلَاثَ لَيَالٍ سَوِيًّا، وَقَد كَانَ يَحيَى نَبِيًّا وَحَصُورًا وَمِن الصَّالحِينَ ، كَما كَانَ بَارًّا تَقِيًّا وَرِعًا مُنذُ صِبَاهُ.‏
Yahya [John the Baptist] : Yahya, the son of Zechariah, was born in fulfillment of his father's supplication that Allah might grant him a righteous child. The sign of his birth was that his father would not speak to anyone for three days, though he was not dumb. Yahya was a devout prophet who was given wisdom at a young age.
‏يَعقُوب‏

‏اِبنُ إِسحَاق يُقَالُ لَهُ إِسرَائِيل تَعنِي عَبدَ اللَّهِ، كَانَ نَبِيًّا لِقَومِهِ، وَكَانَ تَقِيًّا وَبَشَّرَت بِهِ المَلَائِكَةُ جَدَّهُ إِبرَاهِيمَ وَزَوجَتَهُ سَارَةَ عَلَيهِمَا السَّلَامُ وَهُوَ وَالِدُ يُوسُفَ.‏
Jacob [Ya`qub] : Jacob, son of Isaac, the Prophet, was also called Israel which means "Servant of Allah." His grandparents, Abraham and Sarah, were given the tidings of his piety and prophethood. Jacob was the father of Joseph. His 12 sons became the progenitors of the tribes of Israel.
‏يُوسُف‏

‏وَلَدُ سَيِّدِنَا يَعقُوبَ وَكَانَ لَهُ 11 أَخَاً وَكَانَ أَبُوهُ يُحِبُّهُ كَثِيرًا وَفِي ذَاتِ لَيلَةٍ رَأَى أَحَدَ عَشَرَ كَوكَبًا وَالشَّمسَ وَالقَمَرَ لَهُ سِاجِدِينَ، فَقَصَّ عَلَى وَالِدِهِ مَا رَأَى فَقَالَ لَهُ أَلَّا يَقُصَّهَا عَلَى إِخوَتِهِ، وَلَكِنَّ الشَّيطَانَ وَسوَسَ لِإِخوَتِهِ فَاتَّفَقُوا عَلَى أَن يُلقُوهُ فِي غَيَابَاتِ الجُبِّ وَادَّعَوا أَنَّ الذِّئبَ أَكَلَهُ، ثُمَّ مَرَّ بِهِ نَاسٌ مِن البَدوِ فَأَخَذُوهُ وَبَاعُوهُ بِثَمَنٍ بَخسٍ وَاشتَرَاهُ عَزِيزُ مِصرَ وَطَلَبَ مِن زَوجَتِهِ أَن تَرعَاهُ، وَلَكِنَّهَا أَخَذَت تُرَاوِدُهُ عَن نَفسِهِ فَأَبَى فَكَادَت لَهُ وَدَخَلَ السِّجنَ، ثُمَّ أَظهَرَ اللَّهُ بَرَاءَتَهُ وَخَرَجَ مِن السِّجنِ ، وَاستَعمَلَهُ المَلِكُ عَلَى شُئِونِ الغِذَاءِ الَّتِي أَحسَنَ إِدَارَتَهَا فِي سَنَوَاتِ القَحطِ، ثُمَّ اِجتَمَعَ شَملُهُ مَعَ إِخوَتِهِ وَوَالِدَيهِ وَخَرُّوا لَهُ سُجَّدًا وَتَحَقَّقَت رُؤيَاهُ.‏
Joseph [Yusuf] : Joseph was the favorite son of Jacob. Once in a dream he saw eleven stars and the sun and the moon all bowing down to him. He went to his father and told him about his dream. He was happy, but advised his son not to tell his brothers about that dream. The brothers envied Joseph for his father loved him much more than any of them. They plotted to throw him in a well, and told his father that he had been killed by a wolf. Then, he was picked up by caravans who sold him to the Egyptian King for a low price. The king took care of Joseph, who preferred to be imprisoned rather than to yield to the lustful desires of the King's wife. Having been proved innocent, Joseph was released from prison and was appointed administrator of Egypt's grain storehouses which he managed wisely during the years of famine. During this period, Joseph's brothers came to Egypt seeking grain. Joseph made himself known to them and asked them to bring their family, including his father, to Egypt. They came and bo wed down to him as a fulfillment of his first dream.
‏يُونُس (ذُو النُّونِ)‏

‏أَرسَلَهُ اللَّهُ إِلَى قَومِ نِينَوَى فَدَعَاهُم إِلَى عِبَادَةِ اللَّهِ وَحدَهُ وَلَكِنَّهُم أَبَوا وَاستَكبَرُوا فَتَرَكَهُم وَتَوَعَّدَهُم بِالعَذَابِ بَعدَ ثَلَاثِ لَيَالٍ فَخَشُوا عَلَى أَنفُسِهِم فَآمَنُوا فَرَفَعَ اللَّهُ عَنهُم العَذَابَ، أَمَّا يُونُس فَخَرَجَ فِي سَفِينَةٍ وَكَانُوا عَلَى وَشَكِ الغَرَقِ فَاقتَرَعُوا لِكَي يُحَدِّدُوا مَن سَيُلقَى مِن الرِّجَالِ فَوَقَعَ ثَلَاثًا عَلَى يُونُسَ فَرَمَى نَفسَهُ فِي البَحرِ فَالتَقَمَهُ الحُوتُ وَأَوحَى اللَّهُ إِلَيهِ أَن لَا يَأكُلَهُ فَدَعَا يُونُس رَبَّهُ أَن يُخرِجَهُ مِن الظُّلُمَاتِ فَاستَجَابَ اللَّهُ لَهُ وَبَعَثَهُ إِلَى مِائَةِ أَلفٍ أَو يَزِيدُون.‏
Jonah [Yunus, Dhul-Nun] : Jonah was Allah's messenger to the people of Ninawa to invite them to the worship of the Only True God. When they rejected him, he threatened them that punishment would come within three nights. Out of fear of being punished they believed in Allah. Jonah departed his people and later was on board of a sinking ship. After casting lots three times, Jonah was chosen to be thrown in the sea. He was swallowed by a great whale and was disgorged unharmed three days later. He was then sent to more than 100, 000 persons calling them to the worship of Allah.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

زوجات النبي



‏أُمُّ حَبِيبَةَ بِنتُ أَبِي سُفيَانَ (تُوُفِّيَت 44 هـ/664 م)‏

‏هِيَ رَملَةُ بِنتُ أَبِي سُفيَانَ، هَاجَرَت إِلَى الحَبَشَةِ مَعَ زَوجِهَا وَلَكِنَّهُ اِفتَتَنَ وَمَاتَ نَصرَانِيًّا فَبَعَثَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ عَمرَو بنَ أُمَّيَّةَ الضَّمرِيَّ فَخَطَبَهَا لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ وَزَوَّجَهُ إِيَّاهَا النَّجَاشِيُّ وَأَصدَقَهَا أَربَعَمِائَةِ دِينَارٍ.‏
Umm Habibah bint Abi Sufyan (died 44 A.H./664 A.D.) : Real name: Ramlah bint Abi Sufyan. She migrated to Abyssinia with her first husband where he renounced Islam and converted to Christianity, later dying as a Christian. The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) sent `Amr bin Umayyah Al-Damri as his envoy to propose marriage to her. She accepted and hence, the Negus conducted the marriage contract, offering 400 dinars as a dowry on the Prophet's behalf.
‏أُمّ سَلَمَة (تُوُفِّيَت 57هـ/676م)‏

‏هِندُ بِنتُ أُمَّيَّةَ، صَحَابِيَّةٌ قَدِيمَةُ الإِسلَامِ، هَاجَرَت الهِجرَتَينِ، وَقُتِلَ زَوجُهَا بِبَدرٍ فَتَزَوَّجَهَا الرَّسُولُ، كَانَت مِن أَكمَلِ النَّاسِ عَقلًا وَخُلُقًا وَكَانَت تَعرِفُ الكِتَابَةَ، عَمَّرَت طَوِيلًا وَتُوُفِّيَت بِالمَدِينَةِ وَدُفِنَت بِالبَقِيعِ.‏
Umm Salamah (died 57 A.H./ 676 A.D.) : Real name: Hind bint Umayyah. One of the first women to embrace Islam, she took part in the two migrations. Her first husband was killed in the Battle of Badr. She later married the Prophet (peace be upon him). She was rational, had excellent manners, and was lettered. She died after a long life and was buried in Al-Baqi`.
‏جُوَيرِيَّةُ بِنتُ الحَارِثِ بنِ أَبِي ضرار (تُوُفِّيَت 56 هـ)‏

‏بُرَّة بِنتُ الحَارِثِ، سَبَاهَا المُسلِمُونَ بَعدَ اِنتِصَارِهِم عَلَى بَنِي المُصطَلَقِ، وَوَقَعَت فِي سَهمِ ثَابِتِ بنِ قَيسٍ فَكَاتَبَهَا عَلَى مَالٍ تُؤَدِّيهِ فَتُعتَقُ، فَجَاءَت رَسُولَ اللَّهِ تَطلُبُ مِنهُ العَونَ فَعَرَضَ عَلَيهَا أَن يُؤَدِّيَ عَنهَا كِتَابَتَهَا وَيُعتِقَهَا وَيَتَزَوَّجَهَا.‏
Juwairiah bint Al-Harith bin Abi Dirar (died 56 A.H.) : Real name: Burrah bint Al-Harith. She was captured by Muslims after they defeated the Banu Al-Mustaliq, she was given as a share of booty to Thabit bin Qais. She asked him to emancipate herself in return for money and she went to the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) to assist her. The Messenger (peace be upon him) offered to pay it all to set her free to marry her.
‏حَفصَةُ بِنتُ عُمَرَ (تُوُفِّيَت 45 هـ)‏

‏لَمَّا ظَهَرَ الإِسلَامُ أَسلَمَت وَهَاجَرَت هِيَ وَزَوجُهَا إِلَى المَدِينَةِ فَمَاتَ عَنهَا بَعدَ وَقعَةِ بَدرٍ، فَخَطَبَهَا الرَّسُولُ مِن أَبِيهَا فَزَوَّجَهُ إِيَّاهَا، تُوُفِّيَت بِالمَدِينَةِ.‏
Hafsah Bint `Umar (died 45 A.H.) : She was one of those who embraced Islam early and migrated to Medina together with her first husband. Her husband died in the Battle of Badr, after which the Prophet (peace be upon him) married her. She died and was buried in Medina.
‏خَدِيجَةُ بِنتُ خُوَيلِد (تُوُفِّيَت 3 ق. هـ)‏

‏زَوجَةُ الرَّسُولِ الأُولَى وَنَصِيرَتُهُ فِي السَّنَوَاتِ الأُولَى لِلبَعثَةِ، كَانَت تُدعَى قَبلَ البَعثَةِ" الطَّاهِرَةَ"، تَزَوَّجَهَا الرَّسُولُ قَبلَ البَعثَةِ بِخَمسَ عَشرَةَ سَنَةً، أَولَادُهَا مِن النَّبِيِّ القَاسِمُ وَعَبدُ اللَّهِ وَقَد مَاتَا صَغِيرَينِ، وَزَينَبُ وَرُقَيَّةُ وَأُمُّ كُلثُومٍ وَفَاطِمَةُ، سَانَدَت الرَّسُولَ وَثَبَّتَت جَأشَهُ تُوُفِّيَت فِي عَامِ الحُزنِ وَدُفِنَت بِالحُجُونِ.‏
Khadijah bint Khuwailid (died 3 B.H.) : The first wife of the Prophet (peace be upon him), she was his supporter during the early years of the mission. Before the Mission she was called 'The Pure' for her modesty. The Prophet (peace be upon him) married her 15 years before the Mission. She gave birth to Al-Qasim and `Abdullah, but both died while young, then to Zainab, Ruqaiyah, Umm Kulthum and Fatimah. She gave spiritual and financial support to the Prophet (peace be upon him). She died in the Year of Sadness and was buried in Al-Hujun.
‏زَينَبُ بِنتُ جَحشٍ (تُوُفِّيَت 20 هـ)‏

‏بِنتُ عَمَّةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ تَزَوَّجَهَا زَيدُ بنُ حَارِثَةَ وَكَانَ اِسمُهَا بُرَّةَ، وَطَلَّقَهَا زَيدٌ فَتَزَوَّجَهَا الرَّسُولُ وَسَمَّاهَا زَينَبَ، كَانَت تُكَنَّى أُمَّ الحَكَمِ وَكَانَت دَيِّنَةً وَرِعَةً كَثِيرَةَ الصَّدَقَاتِ، وَكَانَت صِنَاعًا تَعمَلُ بِيَدَيهَا وَتَتَصَدَّقُ عَلَى الفُقَرَاءِ، وَكَانَت تُعطِي ذَوِي قَرَابَتِهَا وَأَيتَامَهَا.‏
Zainab bint Jahsh (died 20 A.H.) : A cousin of the Prophet (peace be upon him). She was first married to Zaid bin Harithah and was called Burrah. She was given a divorce and then married the Prophet (peace be upon him), who changed her name to Zainab. She was religious, pious and charitable. She used to do some handworks and give much of the earnings to the poor and the orphans. She also used to support her relatives.
‏سَودَة بِنتُ زَمعَةَ (تُوُفِّيَت 23هـ/643م)‏

‏أَسلَمَت هِيَ وَزَوجُهَا وَهَاجَرَت إِلَى الحَبَشَة، وَتُوُفِّيَ زَوجُهَا وَتَزَوَّجَهَا الرَّسُولُ بَعدَ وَفَاةِ خَدِيجَةَ وَهَاجَرَ بِهَا إِلَى المَدِينَةِ.‏
Saudah bint Zam`ah (died 23 A.H./ 643 A.D.) : She embraced Islam with her first husband and migrated to Abyssinia. After the death of her husband, the Prophet (peace be upon him) married her. She migrated with the Prophet to Medina.
‏صَفِيَّةُ بِنتُ حُيَيِّ بنِ أَخطَبَ (تُوُفِّيَت 50 هـ)‏

‏كَانَت مِن يَهُودِ بَنِي أَخطَبَ، وكَانَت مِن سَبَايَا فَتحِ خَيبَر فَاصطَفَاهَا النَّبِيُّ وَأَعتَقَهَا وَأَسلَمَت فَتَزَوَّجَهَا، تُوُفِّيَت بِالمَدِينَةِ.‏
Safiyah bint Huyai bin Akhtab (died 50 A.H.) : She was a Jew of the Banu Akhtab, and was of the captives of the Battle of Khaibar. The Prophet (peace be upon him) set her free. She embraced Islam and the Prophet (peace be upon him) married her. She died in Medina.
‏عَائِشَةُ بِنتُ أَبِي بَكرٍ (تُوُفِّيَت 58 هـ)‏

‏تَزَوَّجَهَا النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي السَّنَةِ الثَّانِيَةِ بَعدَ الهِجرَةِ، لَم يَتَزَوَّج النَّبِيُّ بِكرًا غَيرَهَا، كَانَت أَحَبَّ نِسَائِهِ إِلَيهِ ، كَانَت تُكثِرُ الرِّوَايَةَ عَن رَسُولِ اللَّهِ، كَانَت أَفقَهَ نِسَاءِ الأُمَّةِ وَأَعلَمَهُنَّ بِالدِّينِ وَالأَدَبِ. تُوُفِّيَت بِالمَدِينَةِ وَدُفِنَت بِالبَقِيعِ.‏
`A'ishah bint Abi Bakr (58 A.H.) : The Prophet (peace be upon him) married her in the second year after the Hijrah, she was the only virgin whom he married and the most beloved to him. She narrated many hadiths from the Prophet. She was considered as one of the most knowledgeable of jurisprudence and literature among women in her time. She died in Medina and was buried in Al-Baqi`.
‏مَارِيَة القِبطِيَّةُ (تُوُفِّيَت 16هـ/637م)‏

‏مِصرِيَّةُ الأَصلِ أَهدَاهَا المُقَوقِسُ حَاكِمُ مِصرَ سَنَةَ 7هـ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ثُمَّ أَعتَقَهَا وَتَزَوَّجَهَا فَوَلِدَت لَهُ إِبرَاهِيمَ، لَمَّا تُوُفِّيَ النَّبِيُّ تَوَلَّى الإِنفَاقَ عَلَيهَا أَبُو بَكرٍ ثُمَّ عُمَرُ، وَتُوُفِّيَت فِي خِلَافَةِ عُمَرَ.‏
Mariyah Al-Qibtiyah (died 16 A.H./637 A.D.) : Of Egyptian origin, Mariyah was sent by Al-Muqauqis, governor of Egypt, in 7 A.H. as a present to the Prophet (peace be upon him). The Prophet emancipated her and then married her. She gave birth to Ibrahim. After the Prophet's death, first Abu Bakr and then `Umar provided for her. She died during `Umar's era.
‏مَيمُونَةُ بِنتُ الحَارِثِ (تُوُفِّيَت 50هـ/670م)‏

‏كَانَ اِسمُهَا بُرَّةَ فَسَمَّاهَا النَّبِيُّ مَيمُونَةَ، وَهَبَت نَفسَهَا لِلنَّبِيِّ وَنَزَلَ فِيهَا {وَامرَأَةٌ مُؤمِنَةٌ إِن وَهَبَت نَفسَهَا لِلنَبِيِّ} (سُورَةُ الأَحزَابِ آيَةَ 50).‏
Maimunah bint Al-Harith (died 50 A.H./670 A.D.) : Her original name was Burrah, but the Prophet changed it to Maimunah. She dedicated herself to the Prophet (peace be upon him) and the following Qur'anic verse was revealed pertaining to her {And any believing woman who dedicates her soul to the Prophet} (Surah Al-Ahzab, Verse: 50)

[أحمد سعد الدين]

بنات النبي



‏أُمُّ كُلثُوم بِنتُ مُحَمَّدٍ (تُوُفِّيَت 9 هـ/630 م)‏

‏بِنتُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ مِن زَوجَتِهِ خَديجَةَ، تَزَوَّجَهَا عُتَيبَةُ بنُ أَبِي لَهَبٍ فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ وَأَمَرَهُ أَبُوهُ بِفِرَاقِهَا عِندَ نُزُولِ "تَبَّت يَدَا أَبِي لَهَبٍ وَتَبَّ" (سُورَةُ المَسَدِ آيَة 1) فَفَارَقَهَا زَوجُهَا، هَاجَرَت إِلَى المَدِينَةِ ثُمَّ تَزَوَّجَهَا عُثمَانُ بنُ عَفَّانَ بَعدَ وَفَاةِ أُختِهَا رُقَيَّةَ.‏
Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad (died 9 A.H./630 A.D.) : She was born to Khadijah. She married `Utaibah bin Abi Lahab during the pre-Islamic era. `Utaibah was told by his father to divorce her upon the revelation of the Qur'anic verse that reads "May the hands of Abu Lahab perish! May he himself perish" (Surah Al-Masad, Verse 1). She migrated to Medina. After the death of her sister Ruqaiyah who was married to `Uthman bin `Affan, `Uthman married her.
‏رُقَيَّةُ بِنتُ مُحَمَّدٍ (تُوُفِّيَت 2 هـ)‏

‏بِنتُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِن خَدِيجَةَ، تَزَوَّجَت فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ عُتبَةَ بنَ أَبِي لَهَبٍ، وَلَمَّا ظَهَرَ الإِسلَامُ وَنَزَلَت "تَبَّت يَدَا أَبِي لَهَبٍ وَتَبَّ" (سُورَةُ المَسَدِ آيَة 1) أَمَرَهُ أَبُوهُ أَن يُطَلِّقَهَا، تَزَوَّجَت عُثمَانَ بنَ عَفَّانَ وَهَاجَرَت مَعَهُ إِلَى الحَبَشَةِ ثُمَّ عَادَت إِلَى المَدِينَةِ وَفِيهَا تُوُفِّيَت.‏
Ruqaiyah bint Muhammad (died 2 A.H.) : She was born to Khadijah. She was married to `Utbah bin Abi Lahab in the pre-Islamic era, but when Islam emerged and the Qur'anic verse "May the hands of Abu Lahab perish! May he himself perish" (Surah Al-Masad, Verse 1) was revealed, Abu Lahab told his son to divorce her. She married `Uthman bin `Affan and migrated with him to Abyssinia then to Medina where she died.
‏زَينَبُ بِنتُ مُحَمَّدٍ (تُوُفِّيَت 8 هـ)‏

‏كُبرَى بَنَاتِ الرَّسُولِ، تَزَوَّجَهَا أَبُو العَاصِ بنُ الرَّبِيعِ، أَسلَمَت وَهَاجَرَت مَعَ أَبِيهَا وَبَقِيَ زَوجُهَا عَلَى دِينِهِ بِمَكَّةَ حَتَّى أُسِرَ بِبَدرٍ فَطَالَبَهُ الرَّسُولُ بِفِرَاقِهَا فَفَارَقَهَا، فَلَمَّا أَسلَمَ أَبُو العَاصِ رَدَّهَا النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِلَيهِ.‏
Zainab bint Muhammad (died 8 A.H.) : The eldest of the Prophet's daughters. She was married to Abu Al-`As bin Al-Rabi`. She embraced Islam and migrated to Medina, but her husband refused to embrace Islam and stayed at Mecca. When her husband was taken in captivity in the Battle of Badr, the Prophet (peace be upon him) asked him to divorce her. When Abu Al-`As, however, embraced Islam, he was reunited with his wife.
‏فَاطِمَةُ الزَّهرَاءُ (تُوُفِّيَت 11 هـ)‏

‏بِنتُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِن زَوجَتِهِ خَدِيجَةَ، كَانَت صُغرَى بَنَاتِ الرَّسُولِ وَأَحَبَّهُنَّ إِلَيهِ، مِن نَابِهَاتِ قُرَيشٍ وَإِحدَى الفَصِيحَاتِ العَاقِلَاتِ، تَزَوَّجَت عَلِيَّ بنَ أَبِي طَالِبٍ وَأَنجَبَت لَهُ الحَسَنَ وَالحُسَينَ وَأُمَّ كُلثُومٍ وَزَينَبَ، تُوُفِّيَت بَعدَ وَفَاةِ الرَّسُولِ بِسِتَّةِ أَشهُرٍ.‏
Fatimah bint Muhammad (died 11 A.H.) : She was born to Khadijah. She was the youngest of the Prophet's daughters and the most beloved to him. She was one of the most wise and eloquent women of the Quraish. She was married to `Ali bin Abi Talib and she gave birth to Al-Hasan, Al-Husain, Umm Kulthum and Zainab. She died six months after the Prophet's death.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

أبناء النبي



‏إِبرَاهِيمُ بنُ مُحَمَّدٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 10 هـ)‏

‏وُلِدَ لَهُ مِن جَارِيَتِهِ مَارِيَةَ القِبطِيَّةِ، عَاشَ ثَمَانِيَةَ عَشَر شَهرًا وَتُوُفِّيَ، دَخَلَ عَلَيهِ الرَّسُولُ وَهُوَ يَجُودُ بِنَفسِهِ فَجَعَلَت عَينَاهُ تَذرِفَانِ وَقَالَ: تَدمَعُ العَينُ وَيَحزَنُ القَلبُ وَلَا نَقُولُ إِلَّا مَا يُرضِي الرَّبَ.‏
Ibrahim bin Muhammad (died 10 A.H.) : He was born to Mariah Al-Qibtiyah. He lived for only 18 months. Seeing his son breathing his last breath, the Prophet (peace be upon him) was in tears and said, "The eye may shed tears, the heart may be sickened, but we say nothing that displeases Allah the Almighty."
‏القَاسِمُ بنُ مُحَمَّدٍ‏

‏وُلِدَ لَهُ مِن زَوجَتِهِ السَّيِّدَةِ خَدِيجَةَ وَمَاتَ وَهُوَ صَغِيرٌ.‏
Al-Qasim bin Muhammad : He was born to Khadijah, but he died while young.
‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ مُحَمَّدٍ‏

‏وُلِدَ لَهُ مِن زَوجَتِهِ السَّيِّدَةِ خَدِيجَةَ وَمَاتَ وَهُوَ صَغِيرٌ.‏
`Abdullah bin Muhammad : He was born to Khadijah, but died while he was young.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

أحفاد النبي



‏أُمُّ كُلثُومٍ بِنتُ عَلِيِّ بنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ (تُوُفِّيَت 75 هـ)‏

‏هِيَ اِبنَةُ عَلِيِّ بنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ مِن فَاطِمَةَ بِنتِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ، تَزَوَّجَهَا عُمَرُ بنُ الخَطَّابِ وَوَلَدَت لَهُ زَيدًا وَرُقَيَّةَ.‏
Umm Kulthum bint `Ali bin Abi Talib (died 75 A.H.) : She was the daughter of `Ali bin Abi Talib and Fatimah, daughter of Allah's Messenger (peace be upon him). She was married to `Umar bin Al-Khattab and gave birth to Zaid and Ruqaiyah.
‏الحَسَنُ بنُ عَلِيِّ بنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ (3-50 هـ)‏

‏كَانَ أَشبَهَ النَّاسِ بِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ، الِابنُ البِكرُ لِعَلِيٍّ وَفَاطِمَةَ بُويِعَ لَهُ بِالخِلَافَةِ بَعدَ مَقتَلِ أَبِيهِ فَآثَرَ عَدَمَ القِتَالِ وَتَرَكَ الخِلَافَةَ لِمُعَاوِيَةَ، مَاتَ فِي المَدِينَةِ.‏
Al-Hasan bin `Ali bin Abi Talib (3-50 A.H.) : He was the eldest of the sons of `Ali bin Abi Talib and Fatimah bint Muhammad. His countenance bore great resemblance to that of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him). He was sworn caliph after his father's murder, but he preferred peace and gave up the caliphate to Mu`awiah. He died in Medina.
‏الحُسَينُ بنُ عَلِيِّ بنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ (4-61 هـ)‏

‏الِابنُ الثَّانِي لِعَلِيٍّ وَفَاطِمَةَ، رَفَضَ مُبَايَعَةَ يَزِيدَ بنِ مُعَاوِيَةَ بالخِلافَةِ فَقُتِلَ فِي مَوقِعَةِ كَربَلَاء 10 مُحَرَّم 61 هـ/680 م.‏
Al-Husain bin `Ali bin Abi Talib (4-61 A.H.) : The second son of `Ali bin Abi Talib and Fatimah bint Muhammad. He refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid bin Mu`awiah as caliph and was killed in the Battle of Karbala' on 10 Muharram, 61 A.H./680 A.D.
‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ عُثمَانَ بنِ عَفَّانَ‏

‏وَلَدُ السَّيِّدَةِ رُقَيَّةَ بِنتِ الرَّسُولِ.‏
`Abdullah bin `Uthman bin `Affan : Son of Ruqaiyah, daughter of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him).
‏عَلِيُّ بنُ أَبِي العَاصِ‏

‏وَلَدُ السَّيِّدَةِ زَينَبَ كُبرَى بَنَاتِ الرَّسُولِ، مَاتَ وَقَد نَاهَزَ الاِحتِلَامَ.‏
`Ali bin Abi Al-`As : Son of Zainab, the eldest of the Prophet's daughters. He died in adolescence.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

أعمام النبي


‏أَبُو طَالِبِ بنُ عَبدِ المُطَّلِبِ (تُوُفِّيَ 3 ق.هـ)‏

‏عَبدُ مَنَافِ بنُ عَبدِ المُطَّلِبِ بنِ هَاشِمٍ، وَالِدُ عَلِيٍّ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنهُ وَعَمُّ النَّبِيِّ وَكَافِلُهُ وَمُرَبِّيهِ وَمُنَاصِرُهُ، كَانَ مِن أَبطَالِ بَنِي هَاشِمٍ وَرُؤَسَائِهِم، دَعَاهُ النَّبِيُّ إِلَى الإِسلَامِ فَامتَنَعَ خَوفًاً مِن أَن تُعَيِّرَهُ العَرَبُ بِتَركِهِ دِينَ آبَائِهِ، وَوَعَدَ بِنُصرَتِهِ وَحِمَايَتِهِ، وَفِيهِ نَزَلَت الآيَةُ القُرآنِيَّةُ "إِنَّكَ لَا تَهدِي مَن أَحبَبتَ وَلَكِنَّ اللَّهَ يَهدِي مَن يَشَاءُ وَهُوَ أَعلَمُ بِالمُهتَدِينَ" (سُورَةُ القَصَصِ آيَة 56).‏
Abu Talib bin `Abdul-Muttalib (died 3 B.H.) : Real name: `Abd Manaf bin `Abdul-Muttalib bin Hashim. He was father of `Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, and uncle of the Prophet (peace be upon him), his supporter and advocator. He was one of the heroes and chiefs of the Banu Hashim. The Prophet (peace be upon him) invited him to embrace Islam, but he refrained because he feared reproach from the Arabs for renouncing the religion of his ancestors. However, he continued to protect the Prophet (peace be upon him). The following Qur'anic verse was revealed in his regard, "It is true thou wilt not be able to guide every one whom thou lovest; but Allah guides those whom He will and He knows best those who receive guidance" (Surah Al-Qasas, Verse 56).
‏اَلعَبَّاسُ بنُ عَبدِ المُطَّلِبِ (تُوُفِّيَ 32 هـ/652 م)‏

‏أَبُو الفَضلِ عَمُّ الرَّسُولِ، مِن أَكَابِرِ قُرَيشٍ فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ وَالإِسلَامِ أَسلَمَ قَبلَ الهِجرَةِ وَكَتَمَ إِسلَامَهُ وَأَقَامَ بِمَكَّةَ يَكتُبُ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ أَخبَارَ المُشرِكِينَ، شَهِدَ وَقعَةَ حُنَينٍ مَعَ الرَّسُولِ وَكَانَ مِمَّن ثَبَتَ حِينَ اِنهَزَمَ النَّاسُ، تُوُفِّيَ فِي المَدِينَةِ.‏
Al-`Abbas bin `Abdul-Muttalib (died 32 A.H./652 A.D.) : He was the Prophet's uncle and was one of the elite in the Quraish in the pre-Islamic and Islamic periods. He secretly embraced Islam before the Hijrah. He stayed in Mecca to convey the unbelievers' news to the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him). He participated in the Battle of Hunain with the Prophet and was one of those who did not run away at the first moments of the fight. He died in Medina.
‏حَمزَةُ بنُ عَبدِ المُطَّلِبِ (تُوُفِّيَ 3 هـ)‏

‏عَمُّ الرَّسُولِ وَأَخُوهُ مِن الرَّضَاعَةِ، أَسلَمَ فِي السَّنَةِ الثَّانِيَةِ مِن البَعثَةِ، هَاجَرَ مَعَ الرَّسُولِ، شَهِدَ بَدرًا وَاستُشهِدَ بِأُحُدٍ، لَقَّبَهُ الرَّسُولُ أَسَدَ اللَّهِ وَأَسمَاهُ سَيِّدَ الشُّهَدَاءِ.‏
Hamzah bin `Abdul-Muttalib (died 3 A.H.) : The Messenger's uncle and his foster brother. He embraced Islam in the second year after the Mission. He migrated to Medina, took part in the Battle of Badr and was killed in the Battle of Uhud. The Prophet (peace be upon him) gave him the titles 'Allah's Lion' and 'Master of the Martyrs.'

[أحمد سعد الدين]

مشاهير الصحابة

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏أَبُو أُسَيد (تُوُفِّيَ 60 هـ)‏

‏مَالِكُ بنُ رَبِيعَةَ بنِ البَدَنِ السَّاعِدِيُّ، صَحَابِيٌّ، شَهِدَ بَدرًا مَعَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، آخِرُ مَن مَاتَ مِن أَهلِ بَدرٍ، كُفَّ بَصَرُهُ فِي آخِرِ عُمرِهِ، مَاتَ فِي المَدِينَةِ.‏
Abu Usaid (died 60 A.H.) : His real name was Malik bin Rabi`ah. He participated in the Battle of Badr with the Muslims. In his later years he lost his eyesight. He was the last of those who fought at the Battle of Badr to die. He died in Medina.
‏أَبُو أُمَامَةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 1 هـ)‏

‏(أَسعَدُ بنُ زُرَارَةَ) صَحَابِيٌّ أَنصَارِيٌّ قَدِيمُ الإِسلَامِ، شَهِدَ العَقَبَتَينِ، كَانَ نَقِيبًا عَلَى قَبِيلَتِهِ، أَوَّل مَن بَايَعَ لَيلَةَ العَقَبَةِ، أَوَّلُ مَن قَدِمَ بِالإِسلَامِ المَدِينَةَ.‏
Abu Umamah (died 1 A.H.) : Real name: As`ad bin Zurarah. He was a Companion from the Ansar and one of the earlier Companions who adopted Islam. Abu Umamah was the representative of his tribe in the First and Second Pledges of Al-`Aqabah. He was the first to pledge allegiance to the Messenger on the Night of Al-`Aqabah and was the first Muslim to enter Medina.
‏أَبُو أَيُّوبَ الأَنصَارِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 52 هـ/672 م)‏

‏(خَالِدُ بنُ زَيدِ بنِ كُلَيبٍ) صَحَابِيٌّ خَزرَجِيٌّ أَنصَارِيٌّ، لَمَّا قَدِمَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ نَزَلَ فِي دَارِهِ، شَهِدَ العَقَبَةَ وَبَدرًا وَأُحُدًا وَالخَندَقَ وَسَائِرَ المَشَاهِدِ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، تُوُفِّيَ بِحِصَارِ القُسطَنطِينِيَّةِ.‏
Abu Aiyub Al-Ansari (died 52 A.H./672 A.D.) : Real name: Khalid bin Zaid bin Kulaib. He was a Companion who belonged to the Khazraj, a tribe from the Ansar. Abu Aiyub hosted the Messenger in his home when he immigrated to Medina. He attended the Pledge of Al-`Aqabah and participated in the Battles of Badr, Uhud, the Trench and all other battles commanded by the Prophet. Abu Aiyub died during the siege of Constantinople when Mu`awiah invaded the Byzantine territories.
‏أَبُو الدَّردَاءِ (تُوُفِّيَ 32 هـ/652 م)‏

‏(عُوَيمِرُ بنُ مَالِكٍ) صَحَابِيٌّ خَزرَجِيٌّ أَنصَارِيٌّ مِن رُوَاةِ الحَدِيثِ، آخَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَينَهُ وَبَينَ سَلمَانَ الفَارِسِيِّ، شَهِدَ مَا بَعدَ أُحُدٍ مِن المَشَاهِدِ وَاختُلِفَ فِي شُهُودِهِ أُحُدًا، كَانَ قَاضِيًا لِدِمَشقَ تُوُفِّيَ فِي خِلَافَةِ عُثمَانَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنهُ.‏
Abu Al-Darda' (died 32 A.H./652 A.D.) : Real name: `Uwaimir bin Malik. He was a Companion from the Khazraj and one of the narrators of Prophetic hadiths. The Prophet linked him in a brotherly relation with Salman Al-Farisi. Abu Al-Darda' participated in all battles following the Battle of Uhud. It is not certain whether he participated in the latter or not. He assumed the office of judge in Damascus and died during the caliphate of `Uthman bin `Affan.
‏أَبُو بُردَةَ الأَنصَارِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 41 هـ)‏

‏هَانِئُ بنُ نِيَارِ بنِ عَمرٍو البَلَوِيُّ، خَالُ البَرَاءِ بنِ عَازِبٍ، شَهِدَ بَدرًا، رَوَى عَنهُ جَابِرُ بنِ عَبدِ اللَّهِ وَعَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ بنُ جَابِرٍ فِي (كِتَابِ مُحَارَبَةِ أَهلِ الرِّدَّةِ)، مَاتَ فِي أَوَّلِ خِلَافَةِ مُعَاوِيَةَ.‏
Abu Burdah Al-Ansari (died 41 A.H.) : The uncle of Al-Bara' bin `Azib. His real name was Hani' bin Niar bin `Amr. He was present at the Battle of Badr. Jabir bin Abdullah and Abdul-Rahman bin Jabir narrated hadiths from him on 'Book on Fighting the Apostates. ' He died in the early years of Mu`awiah's caliphate.
‏أَبُو بَرزَةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 65 هـ)‏

‏نَضلَةُ بنُ عُبَيدِ بنِ الحَارِثِ الأَسلَمِيُّ، كَانَ مِن سُكَّانِ المَدِينَةِ ثُمَّ البَصرَةِ، شَهِدَ مَعَ عَلِيٍّ قِتَالَ أَهلِ النَّهرَوَانِ، ثُمَّ شَهِدَ قِتَالَ الأَزَارِقَةِ مَعَ المُهَلَّبِ بنِ أَبِي صُفرَةَ، لَهُ 46 حَدِيثًا.‏
Abu Barzah (died 65 A.H.) : His real name was Nadlah bin `Ubaid bin Al-Harith. He lived in Medina, but later left for Basra. He fought in `Ali's army against the people of Nahrawan. He also fought with Al-Muhallab bin Abi Sufrah against the Azariqah. He reported 46 Prophetic Hadiths.
‏أَبُو بَشِيرٍ الأَنصَارِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 63 هـ)‏

‏أَبُو بَشِيرٍ الأَنصَارِيُّ الحَارِثِيُّ، رَوَى عَنهُ عَبَّادُ بنُ تَمِيمٍ الأَنصَارِيُّ فِي (الجِهَادِ)، أَدرَكَ الحَرَّةَ وَجُرِحَ جِرَاحَاتٍ وَمَاتَ بَعدَ ذَلِكَ.‏
Abu Bashir Al-Ansari (died 63 A.H.) : Well-known narrator of the Prophet's Hadiths. He was fatally injured in the Battle of Al-Harrah near Medina (63 A.H./683 A.D.)
‏أَبُو بَكرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ (51 ق هـ-13 هـ/573-634 م)‏

‏(عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ عُثمَانَ بنِ عَامِرٍ). أَوَّلُ مَن آمَنَ بِالرَّسُولِ مِن الرِّجَالِ وَأَوَّلُ الخُلَفَاءِ الرَّاشِدِينَ (11-13 هـ/632-634 م)، صَحِبَ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَبلَ البَعثَةِ وَبَعدَهَا، وَاحتَمَلَ الشَّدَائِدَ، وَبَذَلَ المَالَ وَاستَمَرَّ مَعَهُ طَوَالَ إِقَامَتِهِ بِمَكَّةَ وَرَافَقَهُ فِي الهِجرَةِ وَفِي الغَارِ وَفِي المَشَاهِدِ كُلِّهَا، بُويِعَ بِالخِلَافَةِ بَعدَ وَفَاةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، حَارَبَ أَهـلَ الرِّدَّةِ وَالمُمتَنِعِينَ عَن الزَّكَاةِ.‏
Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq (51 B.H.-13 A.H./573-634 A.D.) : Real name: `Abdullah bin `Uthman bin `Amir. The first Rightly-Guided Caliph (11-13 A.H./632-634 A.D.) He was the first man to believe in the new faith. Abu Bakr kept company with the Prophet before and after the Mission. He endured the persecution of the Quraish and spared nothing to support the new religion. He was the Prophet's companion in his Hijrah from Mecca to Medina. When he became caliph, he fought the Apostates and those who refused to pay the Zakah, and restored unity to the Muslim community.
‏أَبُو بَكرَةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 52 هـ)‏

‏نُفَيعُ بنُ الحَارِثِ بنِ كِلدَةَ الثَّقَفِيُّ، صَحَابِيٌّ مِن أَهلِ الطَّائِفِ، لَهُ 132 حَدِيثًا، تُوُفِّيَ بِالبَصرَةِ.‏
Abu Bakrah (died 52 A.H.) : His real name was Nafi` bin Al-Harith bin Kildah Al-Thaqafi. He was a Companion from Al-Ta`if. He reported 132 Prophetic hadiths. He died in Basra.
‏أَبُو جُحَيفَةَ(تُوُفِّيَ 74 هـ)‏

‏وَهبُ بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ بنِ مُسلِمِ بنِ جُنَادَةَ السُّوَائِيُّ، صَحَابِيٌّ، تُوُفِّيَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَهُوَ صَبِيٌّ، سَكَنَ الكُوفَةَ، وَلِيَ بَيتَ المَالِ لِعَلِيٍّ فَكَانَ يَدعُوهُ وَهبَ الخَيرِ.‏
Abu Juhaifah (74 A.H.) : A Companion of the Prophet (peace be upon him). 'Abu Juhaifah' was his nickname; his real name was Wahb bin `Abdullah bin Muslim. The Prophet (peace be upon him) died while Abu Juhaifah was still a teenager. He was appointed treasurer of the public treasury by `Ali bin Abi Talib. He was the last Companion to die in Kufa.
‏أَبُو حُذَيفَةَ بنُ عُتبَةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 11 هـ)‏

‏(أَبُو حُذَيفَةَ بنُ عُتبَةَ بنِ رَبِيعَةَ بنِ عَبدِ شَمسِ بنِ عَبدِ مَنَافٍ) صَحَابِيٌّ قُرَشِيٌّ، كَانَ مِن السَّابِقِينَ لِلإِسلَامِ، هَاجَرَ الهِجرَتَينِ وَصَلَّى إِلَى القِبلَتَينِ، شَهِدَ بَدرًا وَاستُشهِدَ يَومَ اليَمَامَةِ.‏
Abu Hudhaifah bin `Utbah (died 11 A.H.) : Full name: Abu Hudhaifah bin `Utbah bin Rabi`ah bin `Abd Shams bin `Abd Manaf. He was a Companion from the Quraish and one of the earlier Muslims who participated in the Two Migrations (to Abyssinia and Medina). Abu Hudhaifah participated in the Battle of Badr and was killed in the Battle of Al-Yamamah.
‏أَبُو دُجَانَةَ الأَنصَارِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 11 هـ)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ، شَهِدَ بَدرًا، اُستُشهِدَ بِاليَمَامَةِ، مِمَّن شَارَكَ فِي قَتلِ مُسَيلِمَةَ.‏
Abu Dujanah Al-Ansari (died 11 A.H.) : A Companion of the Prophet (peace be upon him), he participated in the Battle of Badr and was instrumental in the killing of Musailimah the Impostor at the Battle of Al-Yamamah.
‏أَبُو ذَرٍّ الغَفَّارِيِّ (تُوُفِّيَ 32 هـ/652 م)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ مِن السَّابِقِينَ إِلَى الإِسلَامِ، كَانَ مِمَّن حَرَّمَ الخَمرَ وَالأَزلَامَ فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ، وَكَانَ مِمَّن لَا يَعبُدُ الأَصنَامَ، اِشتُهِرَ بِتَقوَاهُ وَتَقَشُّفِهِ، كَانَ يُحَرِّضُ الفُقَرَاءَ عَلَى مُشَارَكَةِ الأَغنِيَاءِ فِي أَموَالِهِم، شَهِدَ فَتحَ القُدسِ مَعَ عُمَرَ بنِ الخَطَّابِ، قَالَ عَنهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ: "يَرحَمُ اللَّهُ أَبَا ذَرٍّ يَعِيشُ وَحدَهُ وَيَمُوتُ وَحدَهُ وَيُبعَثُ وَحدَهُ. "‏
Abu Dharr Al-Ghafari (died 32 A.H./652 A.D.) : A Companion of the Prophet and one of the first to adopt Islam, he was known for his piety and asceticism. He abandoned drinking alcohol, games of chance and idolatry even before Islam. Abu Dharr participated in the conquest of Jerusalem during the caliphate of `Umar bin Al-Khattab. During the reign of the Caliph `Uthman, Abu Dharr made the claim that the poor should share with the rich in their wealth, so `Uthman banished him and he died in exile. The Prophet said about him: "May Allah have mercy upon Abu Dharr! Lonely will he live, lonely will he die and lonely will he be resurrected. "
‏أَبُو سَعِيدٍ الخُدرِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 74 هـ)‏

‏(سَعدُ بنُ مَالِكِ بنِ سِنَانٍ) صَحَابِيٌّ خَزرَجِيٌّ أَنصَارِيٌّ رَوَى عَن النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَالصَّحَابَةِ الكَثِيرَ، كَانَ مِن أَفقَهِ أَحدَاثِ الصَّحَابَةِ، غَزَا اِثنَي عَشَرَ غَزوَةً، كَانَ مُفتِي المَدِينَةِ وَفِيهَا تُوُفِّيَ.‏
Abu Sa`id Al-Khudri (died 74 A.H.) : Real name: Sa`d bin Malik bin Sinan. He was a Companion who belonged to the Khazraj, a tribe of the Ansar. He narrated many Prophetic hadiths and was one of the most knowledgeable Companions. Abu Sa`id participated in 12 battles, and assumed the position of Mufti in Medina, where he died.
‏أَبُو سُفيَانَ بنُ حَربٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 31 هـ/652 م)‏

‏(صَخرُ بنُ حَربِ بنِ أُمَيَّةَ) ثَرِيٌّ قُرَشِيٌّ كَانَ مِن أَشَدِّ المُنَاوِئِينَ لِلإِسلَامِ، قَادَ المُشرِكِينَ فِي أُحُدٍ وَالخَندَقِ، أَسلَمَ يَومَ الفَتحِ، وَالِدُ مُعَاوِيَةَ مُؤَسِّسِ الدَّولَةِ الأُمَوِيَّةِ.‏
Abu Sufyan bin Harb (died 31 A.H./652 A.D.) : Real name: Sakhr bin Harb bin Umaiyah. He was a wealthy leader of the Quraish and one of the severest enemies of Islam at the battles of Uhud and the Trench. Abu Sufyan converted to Islam on the day of the Conquest of Mecca. He was father of Mu`awiah bin Abi Sufyan, the founder of the Umayyad state.
‏أَبُو سَلَمَةَ المَخزُومِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 4 هـ)‏

‏(عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ عَبدِ الأَسَدِ) مِن السَّابِقِينَ إِلَى الإِسلَامِ، أَخُو النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِن الرَّضَاعَةِ، هَاجَرَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ وَالحَبَشَةِ، شَهِدَ بَدرًا وَمَاتَ بِالمَدِينَةِ، أَوَّلُ مَن يُعطَى كِتَابَهُ بِيَمِينِهِ.‏
Abu Salamah Al-Makhzumi (died 4 A.H.) : Real name: `Abdullah bin `Abd Al-Asad. He was the Prophet's foster-brother and one of the first to adopt Islam. Abu Salamah migrated to Abyssinia and then to Medina. He participated in the Battle of Badr and died in Medina. The Prophet promised him that he would be the first to receive the record of his deeds with his right hand on the Day of Judgment.
‏أَبُو شُرَيحٍ العَدَوِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 68 هـ)‏

‏خُوَيلِدُ بنُ عَمرِو بنِ صَخرٍ الخُزَاعِيُّ الكَعبِيُّ، صَحَابِيٌّ أَسلَمَ يَومَ الفَتحِ وَكَانَ يَحمِلُ أَلوِيَةَ بَنِي كَعبٍ، مَاتَ بِأَيلَةَ.‏
Abu Shuraih Al-`Adawi (died 68 A.H.) : He accepted Islam shortly before the Conquest of Mecca. He belonged to the Bani Ka`b tribe and thus carried their banner in the Conquest of Mecca. He died in Ailah on the way between the Hejaz and Syria.
‏أَبُو عُبَيدَةَ بنُ الجَرَّاحِ (تُوُفِّيَ 18 هـ/639 م)‏

‏(عَامِرُ بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ)،صَحَابِيٌّ قُرَشِيٌّ أَحَدُ العَشَرَةِ المُبَشَّرِينَ بِالجَنَّةِ أَمِينُ هَذِهِ الأُمَّةِ، شَهِدَ الغَزَوَاتِ كُلَّهَا، أَحَدُ قَادَةِ فُتُوحِ الشَّامِ، كَانَ أَبُوهُ فِي صَفِّ المُشرِكِينَ فَنَازَلَهُ وَقَتَلَهُ، تُوُفِّيَ بِطَاعُونِ عَموَاسَ.‏
Abu `Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah (died 18 A.H./639 A.D.) : Real name: `Amir bin `Abdullah. He was a Companion from the Quraish and one of the ten Muslims who were given the glad tidings that they would enter Paradise. Abu `Ubaidah killed his polytheist father in a battle. The Prophet gave him the title "The Trustee of Muhammad's Ummah. " Abu `Ubaidah was one of the commanders who led Muslim armies to the conquest of Syria. He died during the plague of `Amwas.
‏أَبُو مَسعُودٍ الأَنصَارِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 40 هـ)‏

‏عُقبَةُ بنُ عَمرِو بنِ ثَعلَبَةَ الأَنصَارِيُّ البَدرِيُّ، كُنيَتُهُ أَبُو مَسعُودٍ، صَحَابِيٌّ، شَهِدَ العَقَبَةَ وَأُحُدًا وَمَا بَعدَهَا، نَزَلَ بِالكُوفَةِ، كَانَ مِن أَصحَابِ عَلِيٍّ فَاستَخلَفَهُ عَلَيهَا لَمَّا سَارَ إِلَى صِفِّينَ، لَهُ أَكثَرُ مِن مِائَةِ حَدِيثٍ.‏
Abu Mas`ud Al-Ansari (died 40 A.H.) : His real name was `Uqbah bin `Amr bin Tha`labah. He pledged allegiance to the Prophet (peace be upon him) at Al-`Aqabah Pledge and took part in the Battle of Uhud. In addition, he was an active participant in subsequent Islamic events. `Ali bin Abi Talib appointed him his successor at Kufa when he headed for Siffin to fight Mu`awiah. Abu Mas`ud reported more than 100 Prophetic hadiths.
‏أَبُو مُوسَى الأَشعَرِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 44 هـ)‏

‏(عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ قَيسٍ) هَاجَرَ إِلَى الحَبَشَةِ، قَدِمَ المَدِينَةَ بَعدَ فَتحِ خَيبَر، اِستَعمَلَهُ عُثمَانُ عَلَى الكُوفَةِ، كَانَ أَحَدَ المُحَكِّمِينَ بِصِفِّينَ ثُمَّ اِعتَزَلَ الفَرِيقَينِ.‏
Abu Musa Al-Ash`ari (died 44 A.H.) : Real name: `Abdullah bin Qais. Abu Musa immigrated to Abyssinia, then moved to Medina after the conquest of Khaibar. `Uthman bin `Affan appointed him governor of Kufa. Abu Musa was involved in the Arbitration between `Ali and Mu`awiah, but then renounced both parties.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏أَبُو هُرَيرَةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 59 هـ/678 م)‏

‏) عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ بنُ صَخرٍ الأَزدِيُّ، أَسلَمَ عَامَ خَيبَرَ سَنَةَ 7 هـ وَشَهِدَ فَتحَ خَيبَرَ مَعَ الرَّسُولِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، لَزِمَ الرَّسُولَ وَوَاظَبَ عَلَيهِ رَغبَةً فِي العِلمِ، كَانَ مِن أَئِمَّةِ الفَتوَى، اِستَعمَلَهُ عُمَرُ عَلَى البَحرَينِ ثُمَّ رَآهُ لَيِّنَ العَرِيكَةِ مَشغُولًا بِالعِبَادَةِ فَعَزَلَهُ، تُوُفِّيَ بِالمَدِينَةِ.‏
Abu Hurairah (died 59 A.H./678 A.D.) : Real name: `Abdul-Rahman bin Sakhr Al-Azdi. He adopted Islam in 7 A.H. and participated with the Prophet in the Conquest of Khaibar in the same year. He stayed in the company of the Prophet in pursuit of knowledge. Abu Hurairah was considered one of the greatest Muftis of his time. `Umar bin Al-Khattab appointed him governor of Bahrain, then removed him due to his lenient character and his tendency to dedicate himself to worship. He died in Medina.
‏أَبُو وَاقِدٍ اللَّيثِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 68 هـ)‏

‏عَوفُ بنُ الحَارِثِ اللَّيثِيُّ، كُنيَتُهُ أَبُو وَاقِد، صَحَابِيٌّ، شَهِدَ بَدرًا، نَزَلَ بِالمَدِينَةِ، مَاتَ فِي مَروالرُّوذِ فِي خِلَافَةِ مُعَاوِيَةَ.‏
Abu Waqid Al-Laithi (died 68 A.H.) : His real name was `Auf bin Al-Harith Al-Laithi. He participated in the Battle of Badr. He was from Medina, but died in Merv in Turkmenistan during the caliphate of Mu`awiah.
‏أُبَيُّ بنُ كَعبِ بنِ قَيسٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 21 هـ)‏

‏كَانَ قَبلَ الإِسلَامِ مِن أَحبَارِ اليَهُودِ، وَكَانَ مُطَّلِعًا عَلَى الكُتُبِ القَدِيمَةِ، شَهِدَ العَقَبَةَ الثَّانِيَةَ وَأَسلَمَ وَبَايَعَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَأَصبَحَ بَعدَ ذَلِكَ مِن كُتَّابِ الوَحيِ، شَهِدَ بَدرًا وَأُحُدًا وَالمَشَاهِدَ كُلَّهَا، أَحَدُ القُرَّاءِ الأَربَعَةِ الَّذِينَ جَمَعُوا القُرآنَ فِي حَيَاةِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَكَانَ يُعرَفُ بِسَيِّدِ القُرَّاءِ.‏
Ubai bin Ka`b bin Qais (died 21 A.H.) : A Jewish rabbi who was knowledgeable of the ancient scriptures, Ubai attended the Second Pledge of Al-`Aqabah, in which he declared his adoption of Islam and pledged allegiance to the Prophet. Ubai became one of the scribes of Revelation, and participated in all the battles led by the Prophet, including Badr and Uhud. Ubai was one of the four reciters who compiled the Holy Qur'an during the lifetime of the Prophet and was known as the Master of Reciters. He died during the caliphate of `Uthman bin `Affan.
‏أُسَامَةُ بنُ زَيدٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 54 هـ/674 م)‏

‏وُلِدَ فِي الإِسلَامِ، أَمَّرَهُ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَلَى جَيشٍ عَظِيمٍ وَهُوَ حَدِيثُ السِّنِّ، كَانَ عُمَرُ يُجِلُّهُ، اِعتَزَلَ الفِتَنَ بَعدَ قَتلِ عُثمَانَ، تُوُفِّيَ بِالمَدِينَةِ.‏
Usamah bin Zaid (died 54 A.H./674 A.D.) : He was born after the emergence of Islam. The Prophet made him leader of a huge army while he was still young. `Umar bin Al-Khattab held him in high esteem. Usamah withdrew from the turmoil that broke out following the assassination of `Uthman. He died in Medina.
‏أُسَيدُ بنُ حُضَيرٍ (تُوُفِّيَ نَحوَ 20 هـ)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ أَنصَارِيٌّ، فَارِسُ الأَوسِ وَرَئِيسُهُم يَومَ بُعَاثٍ، مِن السَّابِقِينَ فِي الإِسلَامِ وَأَحَدُ النُّقَبَاءِ لَيلَةَ العَقَبَةِ، آخَى النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اَللَّه عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَينَهُ وَبَينَ زَيدِ بنِ حَارِثَةَ، تُوُفِّيَ فِي خِلَافَةِ عُمَرَ بنِ الخَطَّابِ.‏
Usaid bin Hudair (died 20 A.H.) : A Companion from the Ansar, he was regarded as the most distinguished of the Aus knights and their chief at the Battle of Bu`ath. Usaid was one of the heads who attended the Pledge of Al-`Aqabah on behalf of his people. The Prophet linked him in a brotherly association with Zaid bin Harithah. He died during the caliphate of `Umar bin Al-Khattab
‏أَنَسُ بنُ مَالِكِ بنِ النَّضرِ (تُوُفِّيَ 93 هـ)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ خَزرَجِيٌّ أَنصَارِيٌّ، خَادِمُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، شَهِدَ الفُتُوحَ، أَحَدُ المُكثِرِينَ مِن الرِّوَايَةِ، قَطَنَ البَصرَةَ وَمَاتَ بِهَا.‏
Anas bin Malik bin Al-Nadr (died 93 A.H.) : A Companion from the Ansar, he belonged to the Khazraj tribe, and was the servant of the Messenger (peace be upon him). Anas participated in the conquests of the Islamic armies. He was one of the narrators who reported a great number of hadiths. He moved to Basra where he lived the rest of his life.
‏الأَحنَفُ بنُ قَيسٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 67 هـ)‏

‏(الأَحنَفُ بنُ قَيسِ بنِ حُصَينٍ المُرِّيُّ المِنقَرِيُّ التَّمِيمِيُّ)، كَانَ سَيِّدَ بَنِي تَمِيمٍ وَأَحَدَ العُقَلَاءِ الدُّهَاةِ الفُصَحَاءِ، غَزَا خُرَاسَانَ تَحتَ قِيَادَةِ أَبِي مُوسَى الأَشعَرِيِّ، اِعتَزَلَ الفِتنَةَ يَومَ الجَمَلِ، لَكِنَّهُ شَهِدَ صِفِّينَ مَعَ عَلِيِّ بنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، عَارَضَ عَلِيًّا فِي اِختِيَارِهِ لِأَبِي مُوسَى الأَشعَرِيِّ مُحَكِّمًا، لَم يَستَجِب لِاستِمَالَةِ مُعَاوِيَةَ لَهُ بَعدَ أَن تَوَلَّى الخِلَافَةَ.‏
Al-Ahnaf bin Qais (died 67 A.H.) : Full name: Al-Ahnaf bin Qais bin Husain Al-Murri Al-Manqari Al-Tamimi, the chief of the Banu Tamim. Al-Ahnaf was known for being a prudent and eloquent leader. He invaded Khurasan under the leadership of Abu Musa Al-Ash`ari. Al-Ahnaf withdrew from the dissension that broke out following the Battle of the Camel, but supported `Ali bin Abi Talib in the Battle of Siffin, and disagreed with `Ali bin Abi Talib over his choosing Abu Musa Al-Ash`ari as his representative in the Arbitration. Al-Ahnaf insisted on his opposition to Mu`awiah even after Mu`awiah assumed the caliphate.
‏الأَقرَعُ بنُ حَابِسٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 31 هـ/651 م)‏

‏(الأَقرَعُ بنُ حَابِسِ بنِ عِقَالٍ الدَّارِمِيُّ) مِن سَادَاتِ العَرَبِ فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ، قَدِمَ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي وَفدِ بَنِي دَارِمٍ فَأَسلَمُوا جَمِيعًا، رَافَقَ خَالِدَ بنَ الوَلِيدِ فِي أَكثَرِ وَقَائِعِهِ بِاليَمَامَةِ أَيَّامَ الرِّدَّةِ وَشَارَكَ فِي حُرُوبِ العِرَاقِ وَأَبلَى فِيهَا بَلَاءً حَسَنًا وَاستُشهِدَ بالجوزجان.‏
Al-Aqra` bin Habis (died 31 A.H./651 A.D.) : Full name: Al-Aqra` bin Habis bin `Iqal Al-Darimi. He was one of the Arab dignitaries in the Pre-Islamic period. Al-Aqra` came to the Prophet in a delegation from the Banu Darim and declared his adoption of Islam along with them. He accompanied Khalid bin Al-Walid in his battles in Al-Yamamah against the Apostates and participated in the series of battles fought in Iraq. Al-Aqra` was killed in battle in Jauzajan.
‏البَرَاءُ بنُ عَازِبٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 71 هـ/690 م)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ خَزرَجِيٌّ، شَارَكَ فِي فَتحِ فَارِس، شَهِدَ مَعَ عَلِيٍّ الجَمَلَ وَصِفِّينَ وَقِتَالَ الخَوَارِجِ، سَكَنَ الكُوفَةَ وَمَاتَ بِهَا.‏
Al-Bara' bin `Azib (died 71 A.H./690 A.D.) : A Companion from the Khazraj tribe, he participated in the conquest of Persia. Al-Bara' also supported `Ali bin Abi Talib in the Battles of the Camel and Siffin and in his fight against the Kharijites. Al-Bara' dwelt in Kufa and died there.
‏الحَارِثُ بنُ كِلدَةَ (50 هـ)‏

‏ثَقَفِيٌّ مِن أَهلِ الطَّائِفِ، طَبِيبُ العَرَبِ فِي عَصرِهِ ، وَأَحَدُ الحُكَمَاءِ المَشهُورِينَ، رَحَلَ إِلَى فَارِس وَأَخَذَ الطِّبَّ هُنَاكَ، وُلِدَ فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ وَعَاشَ فِي أَيَّامِ الرَّسُولِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَالخُلَفَاءِ الرَّاشِدِينَ، لَهُ تَصَانِيفُ فِي الطِّبِّ مِنهَا: كُتُبُ المُحَاوَرَةِ فِي الطِّبِّ بَينَهُ وَبَينَ كِسرَى، كَانَ شَاعِرًا، تُوُفِّيَ فِي أَيَّامِ مُعَاوِيَةَ.‏
Al-Harith bin Kildah (died 50 A.H.) : A Companion from the tribe of Thaqif who dwelt in Ta'if, he studied medicine in Persia and became a celebrated physician throughout the Arabian Peninsula. Al-Harith compiled many books on medicine. He died during the caliphate of Mu`awiah.
‏الحَبَّابُ بنُ المُنذِرِ بنِ الجَمُوحِ (تُوُفِّيَ 20 هـ)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ مِن الشُّجعَانِ، صَاحِبُ المَشُورَةِ يَومَ بَدرٍ بِالنُّزُولِ فِي أَدنَى المَاءِ بِبَدرٍ لِلِقَاءِ المُشرِكِينَ، كَانَت لَهُ آرَاءُ مَشهُورَةٌ فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ شَهِدَ بَدرًا وَأُحُدًا وَالمَشَاهِدَ كُلَّهَا مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، مَاتَ فِي خِلَافَةِ عُمَرَ.‏
Al-Habbab bin Al-Mundhir bin Al-Jamuh (died 20 A.H.) : A Companion who was known for his wise judgments before and after Islam. Al-Habab participated in the Battles of Badr, Uhud, the Trench and all other battles commanded by the Prophet. In the Battle of Badr, Al-Habab advised the Prophet that the Muslim army should camp near the Well of Badr to prevent the polytheists from reaching water. He died during the caliphate of `Umar bin Al-Khattab.
‏الحَسَنُ بنُ عَلِيٍّ (تُوُفِّيَ 50 هـ)‏

‏كَانَ أَشبَهَ النَّاسِ بِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، بِكرُ أَبنَاءِ عَلِيٍّ وَفَاطِمَةَ بُويِعَ لَهُ بِالخِلَافَةِ بَعدَ مَقتَلِ أَبِيهِ فَآثَرَ عَدَمَ القِتَالِ وَتَرَكَ الخِلَافَةَ وَبَايَعَ مُعَاوِيَةَ عَلَى أَن يَجعَلَ العَهدَ لَهُ مِن بَعدِهِ، مَاتَ فِي المَدِينَةِ.‏
Al-Hasan bin `Ali (died 50 A.H.) : The first son born to `Ali bin Abi Talib and Fatimah, the Prophet' s daughter. Al-Hasan had a close physical similarity to the Prophet. After the death of his father, `Ali, Al-Hasan abdicated the caliphate to Mu`awiah on the condition that he would be the successor of Mu`awiah after his death. He died in Medina.
‏الزُّبَيرُ بنُ العَوَّامِ (تُوُفِّيَ 36 هـ/656 م)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ قُرَشِيٌّ، اِبنُ عَمَّةِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، حَوَارِيُّ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، أَحَدُ العَشَرَةِ المُبَشَّرِينَ بِالجَنَّةِ، قَاتَلَ فِي جَمِيعِ الغَزَوَاتِ.‏
Al-Zubair bin Al-`Awwam (died 36 A.H./656 A.D.) : A Companion from the tribe of Quraish, cousin of the Prophet and one of the ten persons who were given the glad tidings by the Prophet that they would enter Paradise. Al-Zubair was given the title "the Prophet's Disciple. " He participated in all the battles led by the Prophet.
‏السَّائِبُ بنُ يَزِيدَ (تُوُفِّيَ 91 هـ)‏

‏السَّائِبُ بنُ يَزِيَدَ بنِ سَعِيدِ بنِ ثُمَامَةَ بنِ الأَسوَدِ الكِندِيُّ، صَحَابِيٌّ، حَجَّ بِهِ أَبُوهُ وَأُمُّهُ مَعَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي حَجَّةِ الوَدَاعِ وَهُوَ اِبنُ سَبعِ سِنِينَ، تُوُفِّيَ فِي المَدِينَةِ.‏
Al-Sa'ib bin Yazid (91 A.H.) : At the age of seven, Al-Sa'ib accompanied his father and mother to perform the Farewell Hajj along with the Prophet (peace be upon him). He died in Medina.
‏الصَّعبُ بنُ جَثَّامَةَ اللَّيثِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 25 هـ)‏

‏هُوَ الصَّعبُ بنُ جَثَّامَةَ بنِ قَيسٍ اللَّيثِيُّ، صَحَابِيٌّ مِن الشُّجعَانِ، شَهِدَ الوَقَائِعَ فِي عَصرِ النُّبُوَّةِ، شَارَكَ فِي فَتحِ اِصطَخرَ وَفِي حُرُوبِ فَارِسَ.‏
Al-Sa`b bin Jathamah Al-Laithi (died 25 A.H.) : He participated in most of the battles during the Prophet's lifetime. He witnessed the Muslim conquest of Persia.
‏العَبَّاسُ بنُ عَبدِ المُطَّلِبِ (تُوُفِّيَ 32 هـ/653 م)‏

‏عَمُّ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، مِن أَكَابِرِ قُرَيشٍ فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ وَالإِسلَامِ، كَانَ لَهُ عَظِيمُ المَنزِلَةِ عِندَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، حَضَرَ بَيعَةَ العَقَبَةِ مَعَ الأَنصَارِ قَبلَ أَن يُسلِمَ، إِلَيهِ يُنسَبُ العَبَّاسِيُّونَ، تُوُفِّيَ بِالمَدِينَةِ.‏
Al-`Abbas bin `Abdul-Muttalib (died 32 A.H./653 A.D.) : The Prophet's uncle, one of the Arab dignitaries held in high esteem by the Prophet. Al-`Abbas attended the Pledge of Al-`Aqabah before adopting Islam. He was the predecessor of the `Abbasid dynasty. He died in Medina.
‏العَلَاءُ بنُ الحَضرَمِيِّ (تُوُفِّيَ 21 هـ)‏

‏هُوَ العَلَاءُ بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ بنِ عَمَّارٍ الحَضرَمِيُّ، وُلِدَ وَنَشَأَ بِمَكَّةَ، وَلَّاهُ الرَّسُولَ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَلَى البَحرَينِ سَنَةَ 8 هـ، قَاتَلَ المُرتَدِّينَ فِي البَحرَينِ، يُقَالُ أَنَّ العَلَاءَ أَوَّلُ مَن رَكِبَ البَحرَ فَاتِحًا.‏
Al-`Ala' bin Al-Hadhrami (died 21 A.H.) : A Companion of the Prophet (peace be upon him), born in Mecca where he spent his early years. In 8 A.H., the Prophet (peace be upon him) declared him ruler of Al-Bahrain. He later fought the apostatizing tribes there. Al-`Ala' is said to be the first Muslim naval commander.
‏الفَضلُ بنُ العَبَّاسِ (تُوُفِّيَ 13 هـ)‏

‏هُوَ الفَضلُ بنُ العَبَّاسِ بنِ عَبدِ المُطَّلِبِ بنِ هَاشِمٍ القُرَشِيُّ، كُنيَتُهُ أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ، كَانَ أَسَنَّ أَولَادِ العَبَّاسِ، خَرَجَ بَعدَ وَفَاةِ الرَّسُولِ مُجَاهِدًا إِلَى الشَّامِ فَاستُشهِدَ فِي وَقعَةِ أَجنَادِينَ.‏
Al-Fadl bin Al-`Abbas (died 13 A.H.) : The Prophet's cousin and Companion, nicknamed Abu Muhammad, he was the eldest son of Al-`Abbas bin `Abdul-Muttalib. After the Prophet's death, he set off for Jihad in Syria, where he died as a martyr in the Battle of Ajnadin.
‏القَعقَاعُ بنُ عَمرٍو التَّمِيمِيُّ (40 هـ)‏

‏أَحَدُ فُرسَانِ العَرَبِ فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ وَالإِسلَامِ، شَهِدَ اليَرمُوكَ وَالقَادِسِيَّةَ وَأَبلَى فِيهِمَا بَلَاءً حَسَنًا، شَهِدَ مَعَ عَلِيِّ بنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ وَقعَةَ الجَمَلِ، عَنهُ قَالَ أَبُو بَكرٍ: يَقُولُ "صُوتُهُ فِي الجَيشِ خَيرٌ مِن أَلفِ رَجُلٍ،" سَكَنَ الكُوفَةَ وَبِهَا تُوُفِّيَ.‏
Al-Qa`qa` bin `Amr Al-Tamimi (died 40 A.H.) : A courageous knight who was known for his exploits both before and after Islam. Abu Bakr said about him, "His cry in battle is better than one thousand fighters. " He showed exceptional courage in the Battles of Yarmuk and Al-Qadisiyah. He witnessed the Battle of the Camel with `Ali bin Abi Talib. He settled in Kufa and died there.
‏المِسوَرُ بنُ مَخرَمَةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 64 هـ)‏

‏هُوَ اَلمِسوَرُ بنُ مَخرَمَةَ بنِ نَوفَلِ بنِ أُهَيبٍ القُرَشِيُّ الزَّهرِيُّ أَبُو عَبدِ الرَّحمَنِ، أَدرَكَ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَهُوَ صَغِيرٌ وَسَمِعَ مِنهُ، رَوَى عَن الخُلَفَاءِ الرَّاشِدِينَ الأَربَعَةِ وَغَيرِهِم مِن كِبَارِ الصَّحَابَةِ.‏
Al-Miswar bin Makhramah (died 64 A.H.) : Nicknamed Abu `Abdul-Rahman. While still young, Al-Miswar attended the Prophet (peace be upon him) and reported hadiths. He transmitted hadiths after the Four Rightly-Guided Caliphs and other major Companions.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏المُسَيِّبُ بنُ حَزنٍ‏

‏المُسَيِّبُ بنُ حَزنِ بنِ أَبِي وَهبِ بنِ عَمرٍو المَخزُومِيُّ القُرَشِيُّ، شَهِدَ بَيعَةَ الرِّضوَانِ مَعَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، وَالِدُ سَعِيدِ بنِ المُسَيِّبِ الفَقِيهِ.‏
Al-Musayib bin Hazn : Father of Sa`id bin Al-Musayib, the distinguished jurist. He attended Al-Ridhwan Pledge of Allegiance.
‏المُغِيرَةُ بنُ شُعبَةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 50 هـ/670 م)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ ثَقَفِيٌّ مِن دُهَاةِ العَرَبِ، شَهِدَ بَيعَةَ الرِّضوَانِ، حَدَّثَ عَن النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، شَهِدَ اليَمَامَةَ وَفُتُوحَ الشَّامِ وَالعِرَاقِ، وَلَّاهُ عُمَرُ البَصرَةَ وَالكُوفَةَ، عَزَلَهُ عُثمَانُ ثُمَّ وَلَّاهُ مُعَاوِيَةُ الكُوفَةَ وَمَاتَ فِيهَا.‏
Al-Mughirah bin Shu`bah (died 50 A.H./670 A.D.) : A resourceful Companion from the Thaqif. He attended the Pledge of Al-Ridwan, narrated hadiths from the Prophet and participated in the Battle of Yamamah and in the conquests of Syria, Iraq and Kufa. Al-Mughirah assumed governship of Kufa and Basra and then was deposed by `Uthman bin `Affan. Later Mu`awiah appointed him governor of Kufa, where he died.
‏المِقدَادُ بنُ الأَسوَدِ الكِندِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 33 هـ/653 م)‏

‏(المِقدَادُ بنُ عُمَرَ بنِ ثَعلَبَةَ بنِ مَالِكٍ) كَانَ مِن بَينَ السَّبعَةِ الأَوَائِلِ الَّذِينَ أَظهَرُوا إِسلَامَهُم، أَوَّلُ مَن قَاتَلَ عَلَى فَرَسٍ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ، تَزَوَّجَ ضُبَاعَةَ بِنتَ الزُّبَيرِ بنِ عَبدِ المُطَّلِبِ اِبنَةَ عَمِّ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَّلَم، هَاجَرَ الهِجرَتَينِ، شَهِدَ بَدرًا وَالمَشَاهِدَ بَعدَهَا، تُوُفِّيَ فِي خِلَافَةِ عُثمَانَ.‏
Al-Miqdad bin Al-Aswad Al-Kindi (died 33 A.H./653 A.D.) : Full name: Al-Miqdad bin `Amr bin Tha`labah bin Malik. He was one of the first seven persons who announced their conversion to Islam publicly, and was the first knight to fight in the cause of Allah. He married Duba`ah bint Al-Zubair, the cousin of the Prophet. He participated in the Two Migrations (to Abyssinia and Medina), and participated in all the battles commanded by the Prophet. He died during the caliphate of `Uthman bin `Affan.
‏النُّعمَانُ بنُ بَشِيرٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 65 هـ/684 م)‏

‏شَاعِرٌ مِن الصَّحَابَةِ، تَوَلَّى الكُوفَةَ فِي عَهدِ مُعَاوِيَةَ ، وَحِمصَ فِي عَهدِ يَزِيدَ، بَايَعَ عَبدَ اللَّهِ بنَ الزُّبَيرِ فَاغتِيلَ، لَهُ دِيوَانٌ.‏
Al-Nu`man bin Bashir (died 65 A.H./684 A.D.) : A Companion of the Prophet and a poet, he composed a collection of poems. He assumed governship of Kufa under Mu`awiah and of Homs under Yazid. Al-Nu`man pledged allegiance to Abdullah bin Al-Zubair (who rebelled against the Umayyads) and was assassinated.
‏النُّعمَانُ بنُ مُقرِنٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 21 هـ/642 م)‏

‏(النُّعمَانُ بنُ مُقرِنِ بنِ عَمرِو بنِ عَائِذٍ) صَحَابِيٌّ مُزَنِيٌّ، قَادَ فُتُوحَ فَارِس، اِحتَلَّ قرميسين، قُتِلَ بِمَعرَكَةِ نَهَاوَند.‏
Al-Nu`man bin Muqrin (died 21 A.H./642 A.D.) : Full name: Al-Nu`man bin Muqarrin bin `Amr bin `A'idh, a Companion from the tribe of Banu Mazinah. He achieved great conquests in Persia, occupied Qirmisin, and was killed in the Battle of Nihawand.
‏بُرَيدَةُ (تُوُفِّيَ 63 هـ)‏

‏بُرَيدَةُ بنُ الحُصَيبِ بنِ عَبدِ اللَّهِ بنِ الحَارِثِ الأَسلَمِيُّ المَدَنِيُّ، صَحَابِيُّ، كُنيَتُهُ أَبُو سَهلٍ، كَانَ مِن سَاكِنِي المَدِينَةِ ثُمَّ تَحَوَّلَ إِلَى البَصرَةِ، ثُمَّ خَرَجَ إِلَى خُرَاسَانَ غَازِيًا فَمَاتَ بِمَرو.‏
Buraidah bin Al-Husaib (63 A.H.) : A Companion of the Prophet (peace be upon him), nicknamed Abu Sahl. He lived in Medina but later left for Basra. Shortly after his arrival in Basra, he set out for the conquest of Khurasan, but died in Merv.
‏بِلَالُ بنُ رَبَاحٍ الحَبَشِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 20 هـ/641 م)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ، اِشتَرَاهُ أَبُو بَكرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ مِن المُشرِكِينَ لَمَّا كَانُوا يُعَذِّبُونَهُ عَلَى التَّوحِيدِ فَأَعتَقَهُ، لَزِمَ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَأَذَّنَ لَهُ ، وَشَهِدَ مَعَهُ جَمِيعَ المَشَاهِدِ، آخَى النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَينَهُ وَبَينَ أَبِي عُبَيدَةَ بنِ الجَرَّاحِ، خَرَجَ بَعدَ وَفَاةِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ مُجَاهِدًا إِلَى أَن مَاتَ بِالشَّامِ.‏
Bilal bin Rabah (died 20 A.H./641 A.D.) : An Abyssinian slave who was bought and emancipated by Abu Bakr, thus ridding him of the torture to which he had been exposed on account of his being a Muslim. Bilal accompanied the Prophet and participated in all the battles commanded by him. He was known as "the Prophet's Muezzin. " The Prophet linked him in a brotherly relation with Abu `Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah. Bilal dedicated his life to Jihad after the death of the Prophet until he died in Syria.
‏ثَابِتُ بنُ الضَّحَّاكِ (تُوُفِّيَ 64 هـ)‏

‏ثَابِتُ بنُ الضَّحَّاكِ بنِ خَلِيفَةَ الأَشهَلِيُّ الأَوسِيُّ المَدَنِيُّ، صَحَابِيُّ، كُنيَتُهُ أَبُو زَيدٍ، مِمَّن بَايَعَ تَحتَ الشَّجَرَةِ، كَانَ رَدِيفَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَومَ الخَندَقِ، لَهُ 14 حَدِيثًا.‏
Thabit bin Al-Dahhak (died 64A.H.) : Nicknamed Abu Zaid. He attended Al-Ridhwan Pledge of Allegiance. He rode behind the Prophet (peace be upon him) in the Battle of the Trench. He reported 14 Prophetic hadiths.
‏ثُمَامَةُ بنُ أُثَالٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 11 هـ)‏

‏ثُمَامَةُ بنُ أُثَال بنِ النُّعمَانِ بنِ مَسلَمَةَ الحَنَفِيُّ، مِن أَهلِ اليَمَامَةِ، كَانَ شُجَاعًا مَرهُوبًا مُقَدَّمًا فِي قَومِهِ، قَدِمَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ وَأَسلَمَ بَينَ يَدَي رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَذَهَبَ إِلَى مَكَّةَ وَأَخَذَ يَتَحَدَّثُ عَن النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، نَهَى المُرتَدِّينَ عَن تَصدِيقِ مُسَيلِمَةَ الكَذَّابِ وَلَم يُتَابِعهُم فِيمَا ذَهَبُوا إِلَيهِ، وَلَّاهُ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَلَى البَحرَينِ سَنَةَ 8 هـ، وَكَانَ مَدَدًا لَهُ فِي قِتَالِ المُشرِكِينَ.‏
Thumamah bin Athal (died 11 A.H.) : Full name: Thumamah bin Athal bin Al-Nu`man bin Maslamah Al-Hanafi. He was a courageous and influential Companion from Yamamah. He converted to Islam after meeting the Prophet in Medina, then returned to Mecca to propagate Islam. The Prophet appointed him governor of Bahrain in 8 A.H. He opposed the Apostates in Yamamah and warned them against following Musailimah the Impostor.
‏ثَوبَانُ مَولَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ (تُوُفِّيَ 54 هـ)‏

‏ثَوبَانِ بنُ يجدد مَولَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، اِشتَرَاهُ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ ثُمَّ أَعتَقَهُ، فَلَم يَزَل يَخدِمُهُ إِلَى أَن مَاتَ، لَهُ 128 حَدِيثًا.‏
Thauban, the Prophet's Freed Slave (died 54 A.H.) : A slave bought by the Prophet (peace be upon him), then set free. Thauban continued serving the Prophet until his death. He reported 128 Prophetic hadiths.
‏جَابِرُ بنُ سَمُرَةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 74 هـ)‏

‏جَابِرُ بنُ سَمُرَةَ بنِ جِنَادَةَ السُّوَائِيُّ المَدَنِيُّ، صَحَابِيٌّ كُنيَتُهُ أَبُو عَبدِ اللَّهِ، أُمُّهُ خَالِدَةُ بِنتُ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ أُختُ سَعدٍ وَعُتبَة، مَاتَ فِي خِلَافَةِ عَبدِ المَلِكِ بن مَروَانَ.‏
Jabir bin Samurah (died 74 A.H.) : Son of Khalidah bint Abi Waqqas, nicknamed Abu `Abdullah. He died in Kufa during the reign of the Umayyad Caliph `Abdul-Malik bin Marwan.
‏جَابِرُ بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ الأَنصَارِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 78 هـ)‏

‏جَابِرُ بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ بنِ عَمرِو بنِ حَرَامٍ الأَنصَارِيُّ السُّلَمِيُّ، كُنيَتُهُ أَبُو عَبدِ اللَّهِ، صَحَابِيٌّ، ذَهَبَ بَصَرُهُ آخِرَ حَيَاتِهِ، سَمِعَ النَّبِيَّ وَرَوَى عَن أَبِي سَعِيدٍ، عَاشَ فِي المَدِينَةِ وَمَاتَ فِيهَا.‏
Jabir bin `Abdullah Al-Ansari (died 78 A.H.) : Nicknamed Abu `Abdullah. In the later part of his life he lost his eyesight. He narrated hadiths from the Prophet and from Abu Sa`id. He lived and died in Medina.
‏جُبَيرُ بنُ مُطعِمِ بنِ عَدِيٍّ (تُوُفِّيَ نَحوَ 57 هـ)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ قُرَشِيٌّ، كَانَ مِن أَكَابِرِ قُرَيشٍ وَعُلَمَاءِ النَّسَبِ، أَسلَمَ بَينَ الحُدَيبِيَةِ وَالفَتحِ، مَاتَ فِي خِلَافَةِ مُعَاوِيَةَ.‏
Jubair bin Mut`im bin `Adi (died 57 A.H.) : A Companion from the dignitaries of the Quraish. He was especially known for his knowledge of genealogy. He adopted Islam in the period between the Hudaibiah Treaty and the Conquest of Mecca. He died during the caliphate of Mu`awiah bin Abi Sufyan.
‏جَعفَرُ بنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ (الطَّيَّارُ) (تُوُفِّيَ 8 هـ)‏

‏جَعفَرُ بنُ أَبِي طَالِبِ بنِ عَبدِ المُطَّلِبِ بنِ هَاشِمٍ، أَسلَمَ مَعَ السَّابِقِينَ فِي الإِسلَامِ وَهَاجَرَ إِلَى الحَبَشَةِ وَنَشَرَ الإِسلَامَ فِيهَا، حَمَلَ الرَّايَةَ فِي مُؤتَةَ فَقُطِعَت يُمنَاهُ، فَحَمَلَهَا بِيُسرَاهُ فَقُطِعَت أَيضًا، فَاحتَضَنَهَا فِي صَدرِهِ وَصَبَرَ حَتَّى وَقَعَ شَهِيدًا وَفِي جِسمِهِ نَحوُ تِسعِينَ طَعنَةً وَرَميَةً، رُوِيَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ عَوَّضَهُ عَن يَدَيهِ بِجَنَاحَينِ فِي الجَنَّةِ، وَلِذَلِكَ سُمِّيَ جَعفَرَ الطَّيَّارَ أَو جَعفَرَ ذَا الجَنَاحَينِ.‏
Ja`far bin Abi Talib (died 8 A.H.) : Full name: Ja`far bin Abi Talib bin `Abdul-Muttalib bin Hashim. He was one of the first to adopt Islam. He immigrated to Abyssinia and propagated Islam there. He held the banner in the Battle of Mu'tah and took it to his chest after his two arms were cut off. He stood firm until he was killed by more than eighty wounds to his body. He was called "the Flier" for it was narrated that he would have two wings instead of arms in Paradise.
‏جُندُبُ العَلَقِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 64 هـ)‏

‏جُندُبُ بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ بنِ أَبِي سُفيَانَ البَجَلِيُّ العَلَقِيُّ، كُنيَتُهُ أَبُو عَبدِ اللَّهِ، صَحَابِيٌّ كَانَ بِالكُوفَةِ، ثُمَّ صَارَ إِلَى البَصرَةِ، وَحَدِيثُهُ عَن أَهلِ المِصرَينِ جَمِيعًا.‏
Jundub Al-`Alaqi (64 A.H.) : A Companion of the Prophet (peace be upon him), nicknamed Abu `Abdullah. He lived in Kufa and then left it for Basra. He reported Prophetic hadiths after the scholars of both cities.
‏حُذَيفَةُ بنُ اليَمَانِ (تُوُفِّيَ 36 هـ/656 م)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ مِن الفَاتِحِينَ، صَاحِبُ سِرِّ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي المُنَافِقِينَ، وَلَّاهُ عُمَرُ عَلَى المَدَائِنِ فَتَغَلَّبَ عَلَى الفُرسِ فِي نَهَاوَند 642 م، شَهِدَ فَتحَ الجَزِيرَةِ، تُوُفِّيَ فِي المَدَائِنِ.‏
Hudhaifah bin Al-Yaman (died 36 A.H./656 A.D.) : A Companion and Muslim conqueror, he was the confidant of the Prophet regarding the Hypocrites. `Umar bin Al-Khattab appointed him ruler of Ctesiphon. Hudhaifah defeated the Persians at the Battle of Nihawand (642 A.D.) He died in Ctesiphon.
‏حَكِيمُ بنُ حِزَامٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 54 هـ)‏

‏حَكِيمُ بنُ حِزَامِ بنِ أَسَدِ بنِ عَبدِ العُزَّى، اِبنُ أَخِي خَدِيجَةَ زَوجِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، كَانَ صَدِيقًا لِلنَّبِيِّ قَبلَ البَعثَةِ وَبَعدَهَا، لَمَّا قَاطَعَت قُرَيشٌ بَنِي هَاشِمٍ لَم يُقَاطِعهُم تَكرِيمًا لِلنَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، أَسلَمَ يَومَ الفَتحِ هُوَ وَأَولَادُهُ، كَانَ كَثِيرَ البِرِّ وَالصَّدَقَةِ.‏
Hakim bin Hizam (died 54 A.H.) : Full name: Hakim bin Hizam bin Asad bin `Abd Al-`Uzza, nephew of Khadijah, the Prophet's wife. Being a friend of the Prophet both before and after his Mission, Hakim violated the boycott imposed by the Quraish on the Banu Hashim. Hakim adopted Islam along with his sons upon the Conquest of Mecca. He was generally known for his righteousness and generosity.
‏حَمزَةُ بنُ عَبدِ المُطَّلِبِ (تُوُفِّيَ 3 هـ/625 م)‏

‏عَمُّ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، أَحَدُ سَادَاتِ قُرَيشٍ، أَخُو النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِن الرَّضَاعَةِ، أَسلَمَ فِي السَّنَةِ الثَّانِيَةِ مِن البَعثَةِ، لَازَمَ نَصرَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَهَاجَرَ مَعَهُ، آخَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَينَهُ وَبَينَ زَيدِ بنِ حَارِثَةَ، قَاتَلَ فِي بَدرٍ وَاستُشهِدَ فِي أُحُدٍ.‏
Hamzah bin `Abdul-Muttalib (died 3 A.H./625 A.D.) : The Prophet's uncle and foster-brother. He adopted Islam two years after the Prophet's Mission and was a major support to him. He immigrated to Medina and the Prophet linked him in a brotherly relation with Zaid bin Harithah. Hamzah participated in the Battle of Badr and was killed at the Battle of Uhud.
‏خَالِدُ بنُ الوَلِيدِ (تُوُفِّيَ 21 هـ/642 م)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ مَخزُومِيٌّ مِن قَادَةِ العَرَبِ، قَادَ الجُيُوشَ الإِسلَامِيَّةَ فِي فُتُوحِ فَارِس وَالشَّامِ، هَزَمَ الرُّومَ بِأَجنَادِينَ وَاليَرمُوكِ، تُوُفِّيَ فِي حِمص.‏
Khalid bin Al-Walid (died 21 A.H./642 A.D.) : A Companion from the clan of Makhzum and an Arab commander, he led the Islamic armies in the conquests of Persia and Syria and defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Ajnadin. He died in Homs.
‏خَبَّابُ بنُ الأَرَتِّ (تُوُفِّيَ 37 هـ/657 م)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ مِن السَّابِقِينَ إِلَى الإِسلَامِ، شَهِدَ المَشَاهِدَ كُلَّهَا، لَاقَى صُنُوفًا مِن العَذَابِ فِي سَبِيلِ دِينِهِ، آخَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَينَهُ وَبَينَ جَبرِ بنِ عَتِيقٍ، مَاتَ بِالكُوفَةِ.‏
Khabbab bin Al-Aratt (died 37 A.H./657 A.D.) : One of the first to adopt Islam, he suffered a great deal of torture by the polytheists to divert him from his belief. In Medina the Prophet linked him in a brotherly relation with Jabr bin `Atiq. Khabbab died in Kufa.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏خُبَيبُ بنُ عَدِيٍّ (تُوُفِّيَ 4 هـ)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ أَوسِيٌّ أَنصَارِيٌّ، شَهِدَ بَدرًا، أَرسَلَهُ النَّبِيُّ إِلَى بَنِي عضل وَالقَارَةِ لِيُفَقِّهَهُم فِي الدِّينِ فَغَدَرُوا بِهِ وَبَاعُوهُ لِبَنِي الحَارِثِ بنِ عَامِرِ بنِ نَوفَلٍ وَكَانَ خُبَيب قَد قَتَلَ أَبَاهُم يَومَ بَدرٍ فَقَتَلُوهُ بِهِ.‏
Khubaib bin `Adi (died 4 A.H.) : A companion from the Aus, a tribe of the Ansar, he participated in the Battle of Badr. The Prophet dispatched him to the Banu `Adal and Al-Qarah to teach them religion. However, they betrayed him and sold him to the Banu Al-Harith bin `Amr bin Naufal, who killed him in retaliation for killing their father at the Battle of Badr.
‏خُزَيمَةُ بنُ ثَابِتٍ الأَنصَارِيُّ (37 هـ)‏

‏(خُزَيمَةُ بنُ ثَابِتِ بنِ الفَاكِهِ بنِ سَاعِدَةَ الأَنصَارِيُّ) مِن السَّابِقِينَ الأَوَّلِينَ فِي الإِسلَامِ، شَهِدَ بَدرًا وَمَا بَعدَهَا، جَعَلَ النَّبِيُّ شَهَادَتَهُ بِشَهَادَةِ رَجُلَينِ خُصُوصِيَّةً له، كَانَ مِن قَادَةِ جَيشِ عَلِيٍّ يَومَ صِفِّين وَاستُشهِدَ فِيهَا.‏
Khuzaimah bin Thabit Al-Ansari (died 37 A.H.) : Full name: Khuzaimah bin Thabit bin Al-Fakih bin Sa`idah Al-Ansari. He was one of the first to adopt Islam. Khuzaimah participated in the Battle of Badr and all other battles witnessed by the Prophet. The Prophet honored him with the special merit: his testimony equaled the testimony of two persons. Khuzaimah was one of the commanders of `Ali's army at the Battle of Siffin in which he was killed.
‏دِحيَةُ الكَلبِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 45 هـ/665 م)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ، أَوَّلُ مَشَاهِدِهِ الخَندَقُ وَقِيلَ أُحُد وَلَم يَشهَد بَدرًا، كَانَ يُضرَبُ بِهِ المَثَلُ فِي حُسنِ الصُّورَةِ، كَانَ جِبرِيلُ يَنزِلُ عَلَى صُورَتِهِ، كَانَ رَسُولَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِلَى قَيصَرَ، عَاشَ إِلَى خِلَافَةِ مُعَاوِيَةَ.‏
Dihyah Al-Kalbi (died 45 A.H./665 A.D.) : One of the Prophet's companions who had a very fair countenance. Gabriel appeared to the Prophet, most frequently, in Dihya's form. The Prophet entrusted him with a message to Caesar, the Byzantine empror. He died during the caliphate of Mu`awiah bin Abi Sufyan.
‏رَافِعُ بنُ خَدِيجٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 73 هـ)‏

‏هُوَ رَافِعُ بنُ خَدِيجِ بنِ رَافِعٍ الأَوسِيُّ الأَنصَارِيُّ، أَبُو عَبدِ اللَّهِ، صَحَابِيٌّ، رَوَى عَن عَمَّيهِ ظَهِيرٍ وَآخَرَ لَم يُسَمِّهِ، عَاشَ بِالمَدِينَةِ وَتَوُفِّيَ بِهَا.‏
Rafi` bin Khadij (died 73 A.H.) : Nicknamed Abu `Abdullah. He transmitted the Prophetic hadiths that his uncles reported from the Prophet (peace be upon him). He lived and died in Medina.
‏زَيدُ بنُ أَرقَمَ (تُوُفِّيَ 68 هـ)‏

‏زَيدُ بنُ أَرقَمَ بنِ يَزِيدَ بنِ قَيسِ بنِ النُّعمَانِ بنِ مَالِكِ بنِ الأَغَرِّ بنِ ثَعلَبَةَ بنِ كَعبِ بنِ الخَزرَجِ، أَوَّلُ مَشَاهِدِهِ الخَندَقُ، غَزَا مَعَ الرَّسُولِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ سَبعَ عَشرَةَ غَزوَةً، لَهُ حَدِيثٌ كَثِيرٌ وَرِوَايَةٌ.‏
Zaid bin Arqam (died 68 A.H.) : The Battle of the Trench was the first battle he witnessed after accepting Islam. He later took part in 17 battles. He reported and transmitted many Prophetic hadiths.
‏زَيدُ بنُ الخَطَّابِ (تُوُفِّيَ 11 هـ)‏

‏(زَيدُ بنُ الخَطَّابِ بنِ نُفَيلِ بنِ عَبدِ العُزَّى) أَخُو عُمَرَ بنِ الخَطَّابِ لِأَبِيهِ، مِن المُهَاجِرِينَ الأَوَّلِينَ، شَهِدَ بَدرًا وَالمَشَاهِدَ كُلَّهَا، اِشتَرَكَ فِي حَربِ المُرتَدِّينَ بِاليَمَامَةِ وَقُتِلَ فِيهَا.‏
Zaid bin Al-Khattab (died 11 A.H.) : Full name: Zaid bin Al-Khattab bin Nufail bin `Abd Al-`Uzza. He was the paternal brother of `Umar bin Al-Khattab and one of the early immigrants from Mecca to Medina. He participated in the Battle of Badr and all other battles commanded by the Prophet and participated in the war against the Apostates, where he was killed.
‏زَيدُ بنُ ثَابِتٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 45 هـ/665 م)‏

‏أَنصَارِيٌّ خَزرَجِيٌّ، مِن أَكَابِرِ الصَّحَابَةِ وَمِن أَعلَمِهِم بِالفَرَائِضِ، أَمَرَهُ الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَن يَتَعَلَّمَ السُّريَانِيَّةَ وَالعِبرِيَّةَ لِيَقرَأَ لَهُ مَا يَرِدُهُ مِن كُتُبٍ، كَانَ كَاتِبَ الوَحيِ.‏
Zaid bin Thabit (died 45 A.H./665 A.D.) : A Companion who belonged to the tribe of Khazraj, he was one of the scribes of Revelation. He was distinguished among the Companions by his knowledge of matters related to inheritance. The Prophet told him to learn Hebrew and Syriac to translate the messages that he received in these languages.
‏زَيدُ بنُ حَارِثَةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 8 هـ/629 م)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ، تَبَنَّاهُ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَبلَ تَحرِيمِ التَّبَنِّي، زَوَّجَهُ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ اِبنَةَ عَمِّهِ زَينَبَ بِنتَ جَحشٍ ثُمَّ لَمَّا طَلَّقَهَا زَوَّجَهُ أُمَّ كُلثُومٍ بِنتَ عُقبَةَ، أَعتَقَهُ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَعدَ أَن آثَرَ البَقَاءَ مَعَهُ عَلَى أَن يَفتَدِيَهُ قَومُهُ، وَجَعَلَ لَهُ الإِمَارَةَ فِي غَزوَةِ مُؤتَةَ.‏
Zaid bin Harithah (died 8 A.H./629 A.D.) : A Companion who had been a slave of the Prophet. The Prophet set him free after he preferred to stay with him instead of being redeemed by his family. The Prophet had adopted him before the practice of adoption was legally prohibited. The Prophet married him to his cousin Zainab bint Jahsh, then to Umm Kulthum bint `Utbah after he divorced Zainab. Zaid was commander at the Battle of Mu'tah.
‏زَيدُ بنُ خَالِدٍ الجُهَنِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 68 هـ)‏

‏زَيدُ بنُ خَالِدٍ الجُهَنِيُّ، شَهِدَ الحُدَيبِيَةَ وَكَانَ مَعَهُ لِوَاءُ جُهَينَةَ يَومَ الفَتحِ، رَوَى عَن النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَحَدِيثُهُ فِي الصَّحِيحَينِ.‏
Zaid bin Khalid Al-Juhani (68 A.H.) : One of the attendants of Al-Hudaibiah Pledge of Allegiance. He carried the banner of Juhainah, his tribe, during the Conquest of Mecca. He reported some of the Prophetic hadiths included in the Two Sahihs of Al-Bukhari and Muslim.
‏سَالِمُ مَولَى أَبِي حُذَيفَةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 11 هـ) (سَالِمُ بنُ عُبَيدِ بنِ رَبِيعَةَ)‏

‏أَحَدُ السَّابِقِينَ الأَوَّلِينَ، مِن الأَربَعَةِ الَّذِينَ أَوصَى الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَن يُؤخَذَ عَنهُم القُرآنُ، حَمَلَ لِوَاءَ المُسلِمِينَ فِي حَربِ الرِّدَّةِ حَتَّى قُطِعَت يَمِينُهُ وَيَسَارُهُ ثُمَّ قُتِلَ.‏
Salim, the freed slave of Abu Hudhaifah (died 11 A.H.) : Full name: Salim bin `Ubaid bin Rabi`ah. He was one of the first to adopt Islam and was counted among the four most reliable persons the Prophet chose for teaching people the Holy Qur'an. Salim held the banner of the Muslim army in the fight against the Apostates and was killed after his two arms were cut off.
‏سُرَاقَةُ بنُ مَالِكٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 24 هـ)‏

‏أَدرَكَ الرَّسُولَ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ لَمَّا هَاجَرَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ فَدَعَا النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَلَيهِ حَتَّى سَاخَت رِجلَا فَرَسِهِ ثُمَّ أَنَّهُ طَلَبَ مِنهُ الخَلَاصَ وَأَلَّا يَدُلَّ عَلَيهِ فَفَعَلَ، أَسلَمَ يَومَ الفَتحِ، تُوُفِّيَ فِي خِلَافَةِ عُثمَانَ.‏
Suraqah bin Malik (died about 24 A.H.) : Suraqah pursued the Prophet when he was on his way to Medina (in the Hijrah). The Prophet invoked Allah against Suraqah, so the legs of his horse sank into the earth. Suraqah then pledged to let the Prophet leave safely to Medina and not tell the polytheists where he was. On the day of the Conquest of Mecca, Suraqah declared his adoption of Islam and led a virtuous life until he died during the caliphate of `Uthman bin `Affan.
‏سَعدُ بنُ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 55 هـ/675 م)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ قُرَشِيٌّ زَهـرِيٌّ، مِن المُبَشَّرِينَ بِالجَنَّةِ، قَادَ جُيُوشَ فَتحِ فَارِس وَانتَصَرَ عَلَى رُستُمَ فِي القَادِسِيَّةِ، بَنَى الكُوفَةَ.‏
Sa`d bin Abi Waqqas (died 55 A.H./675 A.D.) : A Companion from the tribe of Quraish, one of the ten persons whom the Prophet gave the glad tidings that they would enter Paradise. He led the Islamic armies to the conquests of Persia and defeated Rustum, the Persian commander at the Battle of Qadisiyah. Sa`d ordered the building of the city of Kufa in Iraq.
‏سَعدُ بنُ عُبَادَةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 14 هـ/635 م)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ أَنصَارِيٌّ خَزرَجِيٌّ، مِن الأُمَرَاءِ الأَشرَافِ فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ وَالإِسلَامِ، شَهِدَ العَقَبَةَ وَأُحُدًا وَالخَندَقَ، رَغِبَ فِي الخِلَافَةِ فَلَم يُبَايِع أَبَا بَكرٍ وَعُمَرَ وَارتَحَلَ إِلَى حُورَان حَيثُ تُوُفِّيَ.‏
Sa`d bin `Ubadah (died 14 A.H./635 A.D.) : A Companion and dignitary of the tribe of Al-Khazraj who belonged to the Ansar, he witnessed the Pledge of Al-`Aqabah and participated in the Battles of Uhud and the Trench. Having ambitions to the caliphate, he refrained from pledging allegiance to Abu Bakr and `Umar and moved to Syria, where he died.
‏سَعدُ بنُ مُعَاذٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 5 هـ/627 م)‏

‏(سَعدُ بنُ مُعَاذِ بنِ النُّعمَانِ الأَوسِيُّ) صَحَابِيٌّ مِن الأَبطَالِ، مِن أَهلِ المَدِينَةِ، كَانَ سَيِّدَ الأَوسِ فِيهَا، أَسلَمَ بَينَ العَقَبَةِ الأُولَى وَالثَّانِيَةِ، أَنفَذَ النَّبِيُّ حُكمَهُ فِي بَنِي قُرَيظَةَ بِأَن يُقتَلَ الرِّجَالُ وَتُسبَى النِّسَاءُ وَالأَطفَالُ جَزَاءً لِغَدرِهِم بِعَهدِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، اُستُشهِدَ فِي الخَندَقِ.‏
Sa`d bin Mu`adh (died 5 A.H./627 A.D.) : Full name: Sa`d bin Mu`adh bin Al-Nu`man Al-Ausi. He was the chief of the Aus tribe in Medina and was counted among its courageous leaders. He adopted Islam in the period between the First and the Second Pledges of Al-`Aqabah. The prophet accepted Sa`d's verdict regarding the Banu Quraidhah, who had breached their covenant with the Prophet.
‏سَعِيدُ بنُ العَاصِ (تُوُفِّيَ 59 هـ/679 م)‏

‏سَعِيدُ بنُ العَاصِ بنِ سَعِيدِ بنِ العَاصِ بنِ أُمَّيَّةَ بنِ عَبدِ شَمسٍ الأُمَوِيُّ، صَحَابِيٌّ جَمَعَ بَينَ الجُودِ وَحُسنِ السِّيرَةِ، وَلَّاهُ عُثمَانُ بنُ عَفَّانَ عَلَى الكُوفَةِ سَنَةَ 30 هـ، سَاعَدَ الخَلِيفَةَ عُثمَانَ عَلَى جَمعِ القُرآنِ، تُوُفِّيَ بِالمَدِينَةِ.‏
Sa`id bin Al-`As (died 59 A.H./679 A.D.) : Full name: Sa`id bin Al-`As bin Sa`id bin Al-`As bin Umaiyah bin `Abd Shams Al-Umawi. He was especially known for his generosity and good reputation. The Caliph `Uthman bin `Affan appointed him governor of Kufa. Sa`id made great contributions to the process of compiling the scattered copies of the Holy Qur'an into one volume. He died in Medina.
‏سَعِيدُ بنُ زَيدٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 51 هـ/671 م)‏

‏سَعِيدُ بنُ زَيدِ بنِ عَمرِو بنِ نُفُيلٍ العَدَوِيُّ، صَحَابِيٌّ قُرَشِيٌّ، شَهِدَ المَشَاهِدَ إِلَّا بَدرًا وَأُحُدًا، مِن المُبَشَّرِينَ بِالجَنَّةِ، اِشتَرَكَ فِي فُتُوحِ الشَّامِ، تُوُفِّيَ فِي المَدِينَةِ.‏
Sa`id bin Zaid (died 51 A.H./671 A.D.) : Full name: Sa`id bin Zaid bin `Amr bin Nufail Al-`Adawi. A Companion from the tribe of Quraish, he was one of the ten Companions given the glad tidings that they would enter Paradise. He participated in all the battles led by the Prophet except Badr and Uhud and had a leading role in the conquests of Syria. He died in Medina.
‏سَلمَانُ الفَارِسِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 35 هـ/655 م)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ، أَصلُهُ مِن مَجُوسِ فَارِسَ، خَرَجَ يَطلُبُ دِينَ اللَّهِ فَدَانَ أَوَّلًا بِالنَّصرَانِيَّةِ ثُمَّ أُسِرَ وَبِيعَ وَتَدَاوَلَتهُ الأَيدِي حَتَّى أَفضَى إِلَى المَدِينَةِ فَاشتَرَاهُ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَأَعتَقَهُ، كَانَ صَاحِبَ فِكرَةِ حَفرِ الخَندَقِ فِي وَقعَةِ الخَندَقِ، شَهِدَ بَقِيَّةَ المَشَاهِدِ وَفُتُوحِ العِرَاقِ وَوَلِيَ المَدَائِنَ فَأَقَامَ فِيهَا حَتَّى مَاتَ.‏
Salman Al-Farisi (died 35 A.H./655 A.D.) : A Companion of Persian descent, he set out seeking the true religion. First he converted to Christianity and lost his freedom when he was sold as a slave. He was sold again and sent to Medina, where the Prophet bought him and set him free. Salman participated in the Battle of the Trench and was the one who suggested digging a trench to prevent the polytheists from approaching Medina. Salman participated in all other battles witnessed by the Prophet. He participated in the conquests of Iraq, assumed govership of Ctesiphon and died there.
‏سَلَمَةُ بنُ الأَكوَعِ (تُوُفِّيَ 47 هـ)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ، مِن الَّذِينَ بَايَعُوا النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَيعَةَ الرِّضوَانِ، غَزَا مَعَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ سَبعَ غَزَوَاتٍ، كَانَ شُجَاعًا رَامِيًا عَدَّاءً يَسبِقُ الفَرَسَ عَدوًا عَلَى رِجلَيهِ، تُوُفِّيَ عَن ثَمَانِينَ سَنَةً.‏
Salamah bin Al-Akwa` (died 47 A.H.) : One of the Companions who pledged allegiance to the Prophet at the Pledge of Al-Ridwan, he participated in seven battles with the Prophet. He was specially known for his capabilities in archery and running. He died at the age of eighty.
‏سُلَيمَان بنُ صُرَدٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 65 هـ)‏

‏هُوَ سُلَيمَانُ بنُ صُرَدِ بنِ الجَونِ بنِ أَبِي الجَونِ عَبدُ العُزَّى بنِ مُنقِذٍ السَّلُولِيُّ الخُزَاعِيُّ، كُنيَتُهُ أَبُو مُطَرِّفٍ، كَانَ يُسَمَّى يَسَارًا فَسَمَّاهُ الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ سُلَيمَانَ، رَأَسَ جَمَاعَةَ التَّوَّابِينَ الَّتِي طَالَبَت بِدَمِ الحُسَينِ، قُتِلَ سُلَيمَانُ فِي مَعرَكَةٍ بَينَهُ وَبَينَ عُبَيدِ اللَّهِ بنِ زِيَادٍ.‏
Sulaiman bin Surad (died 65 A.H.) : Nicknamed Abu Mutarrif, formerly named Yasar but renamed Sulaiman by the Prophet (peace be upon him). He headed the Repentant Group that called for taking revenge against those involved in the murder of Al-Husain bin `Ali. Sulaiman was killed in a battle with `Abdullah bin Ziyad.
‏سَمُرَةُ بنُ جُندُبٍ (تُوُفِّيَ نَحوَ 59 هـ)‏

‏كَانَ عَظِيمَ الأَمَانَةِ، صَدُوقَ الحَدِيثِ يُحِبُّ الإِسلَامَ، كَانَ مِن حُلَفَاءِ الأَنصَارِ، نَزَلَ البَصرَةَ وَتُوُفِّيَ بِهَا فِي خِلَافَةِ مُعَاوِيَةَ وَكَانَ زِيَادٌ يَستَخلِفُهُ عَلَيهَا إِذَا سَارَ إِلَى الكُوفَةِ، كَانَ شَدِيدًا عَلَى الخَوَارِجِ.‏
Samurah bin Jundub (died 59 A.H.) : A Companion who was famous for his honesty and truthfulness and was highly devoted to Islam. Ziad, the Umayyad Emir, used to entrust him with the rule of Basra whenever he went to Kufa. Samurah adopted severe policies against the Kharijites (a deviant sect). He died in Basra during the caliphate of Mu`awiah.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏سَهلُ بنُ حُنَيفٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 38 هـ)‏

‏هُوَ سَهلُ بنُ حُنَيفٍ بنِ وَاهِبٍ الأَوسِيُّ الأَنصَارِيُّ، شَهِدَ المَشَاهِدَ كُلَّهَا مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَثَبَتَ مَعَهُ يَومَ أُحُدٍ حِينَ اِنهَزَمَ النَّاسُ، اِستَخلَفَهُ عَلِيٌّ عَلَى المَدِينَةِ حِينَ سَارَ إِلَى البَصرَةِ كَمَا وَلَّاهُ بَعدَ ذَلِكَ عَلَى بِلَادِ فَارِس.‏
Sahl bin Hunaif (died 38 A.H.) : He participated in nearly all battles fought by the Prophet (peace be upon him). Sahl is best known for his steadfastness at the critical Battle of Uhud. `Ali bin Abi Talib appointed him his successor in Medina when he headed for Basra. Later, he was appointed ruler of all Persia.
‏سَهلُ بنُ سَعدٍ السَّاعِدِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 91 هـ)‏

‏سَهلُ بنُ سَعدِ بنِ مَالِكٍ الأَنصَارِيُّ السَّاعِدِيُّ، كَانَ اِسمُهُ حَزنًا فَسَمَّاهُ الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ سَهلًا، مَاتَ وَهُوَ اِبنُ مِائَةِ سَنَةٍ، آخِرُ مَن مَاتَ مِن الصَّحَابَةِ فِي المَدِينَةِ.‏
Sahl bin Sa`d Al-Sa`idi (died 91 A.H.) : Formerly named Hazn, but later renamed Sahl by the Prophet (peace be upon him). He died at the age of 100. He was the last Companion to die in Medina.
‏سُهَيلُ بنُ عَمرٍو (تُوُفِّيَ 15 هـ)‏

‏سُهَيلُ بنُ عَمرِو بنِ عَبدِ شَمسٍ العَامِرِيُّ، تَوَلَّى أَمرَ الصُّلحِ فِي الحُدَيبِيَةِ مُمَثِّلًا لِقُرَيشٍ، أَسَرَهُ المُسلِمُونَ يَومَ بَدرٍ وَافتَدَى نَفسَهُ وَأَقَامَ عَلَى دِينِهِ إِلَى يَومِ فَتحِ مَكَّةَ فَأَسلَمَ وَسَكَنَ المَدِينَةَ، اِلتَحَقَ بِجَيشِ الشَّامِ، وَاشتَرَكَ فِي وَقعَةِ اليَرمُوكِ وَقُتِلَ فِيهَا.‏
Suhail bin `Amr (died 15 A.H.) : Full name: Suhail bin `Amr bin `Abd Shams Al-`Amiri. He fought against the Muslims at the Battle of Badr, was captured and ransomed. He was the representative of the Quraish in the Hudaibiah Treaty with the Muslims. He converted to Islam after the Conquest of Mecca and settled in Medina. He joined the Islamic armies in Syria and participated in the Battle of Yarmuk, in which he was killed.
‏شَدَّادُ بنُ أَوسٍ (أَبُو عَبدِ الرَّحمَنِ) (تُوُفِّيَ 58 هـ)‏

‏شَدَّادُ بنُ أَوسِ بنِ ثَابِتٍ الخَزرَجِيُّ، شَهِدَ بَدرًا، فُضِّلَ بِخَصلَتَينِ: بِبَيَانٍ إِذَا نَطَقَ وَبِكَظمٍ إِذَا غَضِبَ، تُوُفِّيَ بِفِلَسطِينَ وَدُفِنَ بِبَيتِ المَقدِسِ فِي خِلَافَةِ مُعَاوِيَةَ.‏
Shaddad bin Aus (died 58 A.H.) : Full name: Shaddad bin Aus bin Thabit Al-Khazraji. He participated in the Battle of Badr. He was especially known for his being eloquent and self-possessed. He died during the caliphate of Mu`awiah bin Abi Sufyan and was buried in Jerusalem.
‏صَعصَعَةُ بنُ نَاجِيَةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 9 هـ)‏

‏صَعصَعَةُ بنُ نَاجِيَةَ بنِ عِقَالِ بنِ مُحَمَّدِ بنِ سُفيَانَ، مِن أَشرَافِ العَرَبِ، وَزَعِيمُ تَمِيمٍ فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ وَالإِسلَامِ. كَانَ أَوَّلَ مَن قَامَ فِي تَمِيمٍ بِافتِدَاءِ بَنَاتِهِم مِن الوَأدِ، وَلَمَّا ظَهَرَ الإِسلَامُ كَانَ عِندَهُ 104 بِنتًا، أَخَذَهُنَّ مِن آبَائِهِنَّ لِئَلَّا يُوأَدنَ.‏
Sa`sa`ah bin Najiah (died 9 A.H.) : Full name: Sa`sa`ah bin Najiah bin `Iqal bin Muhammad bin Sufyan. He was one of the Arab dignitaries and chief of the tribe of Tamim both before and after the advent of Islam. He opposed the pre-Islamic Arabian custom of burying infant girls alive. Upon the emergence of Islam he had taken 104 girls from their fathers to save them from being buried alive.
‏صُهَيبٌ الرُّومِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 28 هـ)‏

‏صُهَيبُ بنُ سِنَانِ بنِ مَالِكٍ، عُرِفَ بِالرُّومِيِّ لِأَنَّهُ أَقَامَ زَمَنًا عِندَ الرُّومِ حِينَ سَبَوهُ، أَسلَمَ مَعَ عَمَّار فِي دَارِ الأَرقَمِ، كَانَ مِن المُستَضعَفِينَ الَّذِينَ لَقُوا أَلوَانًا مِن العَذَابِ فِي سَبِيلِ دِينِهِم، هَاجَرَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ، شَهِدَ بَدرًا، خَيَّرَتهُ قُرَيشٌ بَينَ أَموَالِهِ الَّتِي رَبِحَهَا فِي مَكَّةَ وَبَينَ الهِجرَةِ فَاختَارَ الهِجرَةَ، فَنَزَلَ فِيهِ قَولُهُ تَعَالَى: {وَمِن النَّاسِ مَن يَشرِي نَفسَهُ اِبتِغَاءَ مَرضَاةِ اللَّهِ} (البقرة: 207) شَهِدَ بَدرًا وَالمَشَاهِدَ كُلَّهَا، تُوُفِّيَ فِي المَدِينَةِ.‏
Suhaib Al-Rumi (died 28 A.H.) : Full name: Suhaib bin Sinan bin Malik. He was called Al-Rumi (the Roman) because the Byzantines captured him when he was still young. `Ammar bin Yasir and he declared their adoption of Islam in the House of Al-Arqam. Suhaib was from a low social status and suffered a great deal on account of his religion. Upon his migration to Medina, the Quraish stipulated that he leave behind all the earnings he had acquired in Mecca. A Qur'anic verse was revealed regarding him which says: "And there is the type of man who gives his life to earn the pleasure of Allah. " (Surah Al-Baqarah 2, Verse: 207) He participated in the Battle of Badr and all other battles witnessed by the Prophet. He died in Medina.
‏طَلحَةُ بنُ عُبَيدِ اللَّهِ (تُوُفِّيَ 36 هـ/656 م)‏

‏طَلحَةُ بنُ عُبَيدِ اللَّهِ بنِ عُثمَانَ بنِ كَعبِ بنِ سَعدٍ، صَحَابِيٌّ قُرَشِيٌّ، أَحَدُ السِّتَّةِ أَصحَابِ الشُّورَى، مِن المُبَشَّريِنَ بِالجَنَّةِ، شَهِدَ أُحُدًا وَأَبلَى فِيهَا بَلَاءً حَسَنًا وَوَقَى النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِنَفسِهِ وَاتَّقَى النَّبلَ عَنهُ بِيَدِهِ حَتَّى شُلَّت إِصبُعُهُ، قُتِلَ بِسَهمٍ يَومَ الجَمَلِ.‏
Talhah bin `Ubaidullah (died 36 A.H./656 A.D.) : Full name: Talhah bin `Ubaidullah bin `Uthman bin Ka`b bin Sa`d. He was a Companion who belonged to the tribe of Quraish. He was one of the ten Companions given the glad tidings that they would enter Paradise. His finger was paralyzed at the Battle of Uhud when he protected the Prophet from an arrow. He was one of the six persons nominated for the caliphate after the murder of `Umar bin Al-Khattab. He was killed by an arrow at the Battle of the Camel.
‏طُلَيبُ بنُ عُمَيرٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 13 هـ)‏

‏طُلَيبُ بنُ عُمَيرِ بنِ وَهبِ بنِ أَبِي كَثِيرِ بنِ قُصَيٍّ، صَحَابِيٌّ مِن قُرَيشٍ، كَانَ مِمَّن هَاجَرَ إِلَى الحَبَشَةِ، ثُمَّ شَهِدَ بَدرًا، كَانَ أَوَّلَ مَن دَمَى مُشرِكًا فِي الإِسلَامِ بِسَبَبِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، شَهِدَ كَثِيرًا مِن الوَقَائِعِ، قُتِلَ يَومَ أَجنَادِينَ.‏
Tulaib bin `Umair (died 13 A.H.) : Full name: Tulaib bin `Umair bin Wahb bin Abi Kuthair bin Qusai. He was a Companion who belonged to the tribe of Quraish and was the first Muslim to assault a polytheist to defend the Prophet. He participated in the Battle of Badr and many other battles. Killed at the Battle of Ajnadin.
‏عَامِرُ بنُ رَبِيعَةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 35 هـ)‏

‏أَحَدُ السَّابِقِينَ الأَوَّلِينَ، هَاجَرَ إِلَى الحَبَشَةِ وَالمَدِينَةِ، شَهِدَ بَدرًا وَمَا بَعدَهَا، اِستَخلَفَهُ عُثمَانُ عَلَى المَدِينَةِ لَمَّا حَجَّ وَمَاتَ بَعدَ وَفَاةِ عُثمَانَ بِأَيَّامٍ.‏
`Amir bin Rabi`ah (died 35 A.H.) : One of the early Companions who adopted Islam, he emigrated to Abyssinia and then to Medina. `Amir participated in the Battle of Badr and all subsequent battles witnessed by the Prophet. The Caliph `Uthman bin `Affan entrusted him with the rule of Medina when he set off for Pilgrimage. He died soon after the death of `Uthman bin `Affan.
‏عَامِرُ بنُ فُهَيرَةَ التَّمِيمِيُّ‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ أَزدِيٌّ أَحَدُ السَّابِقِينَ كَانَ حَسَنَ الإِسلَامِ، صُنِّفَ فِي المَغَازِي وَاستُشهِدَ بِبِئرِ مَعُونَةَ.‏
`Amir bin Fuhairah : A member of the tribe of Azd and one of the early Companions who adopted Islam. His name was mentioned in books dealing with the great battles of Islam. He was killed at the Well of Ma`unah.
‏عُبَادَةُ بنُ الصَّامِتِ (تُوُفِّيَ نَحوَ 34 هـ)‏

‏عُبَادَةُ بنُ الصَّامِتِ بنِ قَيسٍ، صَحَابِيٌّ أَنصَارِيٌّ خَزرَجِيٌّ، شَهِدَ بَدرًا، كَانَ أَحَدَ النُّقَبَاءِ بِالعَقَبَةِ، آخَى النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَينَهُ وَبَينَ أَبِي مَرثَدٍ الغَنَوِيِّ، شَهِدَ المَشَاهِدَ كُلَّهَا وَشَهِدَ فَتحَ مِصرَ، أَوَّلُ مَن وَلِيَ قَضَاءَ فِلَسطِينَ، مِمَّن جَمَعَ القُرآنَ فِي عَهدِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، مَاتَ بِالرَّملَةِ.‏
`Ubadah bin Al-Samit (died 34 A.H.) : Full name: `Ubadah bin Al-Samit bin Qais. He was a Companion who belonged to the Khazraj, a tribe from the Ansar. He was one of the representatives who participated in the Pledge of Al-`Aqabah on behalf of his people. The Prophet linked him in a brotherly relation with Abu Marthad Al-Ghanawi. He participated in all the battles witnessed by the Prophet as well as the conquest of Egypt by `Amr bin Al-`As. He was one of the compilers of the Qur'an during the lifetime of the Prophet. `Ubadah was the first judge in Palestine. He died in Ramlah.
‏عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ بنُ أَبِي بَكرٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 53 هـ)‏

‏هُوَ عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ بنُ أَبِي بَكرٍ الصِّدِّيقِ بنِ أَبِي قُحَافَةَ القُرَشِيُّ التَّمِيمِيُّ، شَقِيقُ السَّيِّدَةِ عَائِشَةَ زَوجِ الرَّسُولِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، صَحِبَ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فِي هُدنَةِ الحُدَيبِيَةِ، حَضَرَ وَقعَةَ اليَمَامَةِ كَمَا شَهِدَ فَتحَ الشَّامِ مَعَ خَالِدِ بنِ الوَلِيدِ.‏
`Abdul-Rahman bin Abi Bakr (died 53 A.H.) : Son of the great Companion Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq and brother of the Prophet's wife `A'ishah. He was present at Al-Hudaibiah Treaty between the Muslims led by the Prophet (peace be upon him), and the Quraish. He participated in Al-Yamamah Battle and the conquest of Syria.
‏عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ بنُ أَزهَرَ (تُوُفِّيَ 63 هـ)‏

‏هُوَ اِبنُ أَخِ عَبدِ الرَّحمَنِ بنِ عَوفٍ، صَحَابِيٌّ كُنيَتُهُ أَبُو جُبَيرٍ، شَهِدَ حُنَينًا، حَفِظَ الحَدِيثَ عَن رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، عَاشَ بِالمَدِينَةِ وَمَاتَ فِي مَوقِعَةِ الحَرَّةِ.‏
`Abdul-Rahman bin Azhar (died 63 A.H.) : A nephew of `Abdul-Rahman bin `Auf, nicknamed Abu Jubair. He lived in Medina. He took part in the Battle of Hunian and memorized many Prophetic hadiths. He died in the Battle of Al-Harrah near Medina.
‏عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ بنُ سَمُرَةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 50 هـ)‏

‏هُوَ عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ بنُ سَمُرَةَ بنِ حَبِيبِ بنِ عَبدِ شَمسٍ القُرَشِيُّ، صَحَابِيٌّ كُنيَتُهُ أَبُو سَعِيدٍ، أَسلَمَ يَومَ فَتحِ مَكَّةَ وَشَهِدَ غَزوَةَ مُؤتَةَ وَفَتَحَ سِجِستَانَ وَكَابُولَ وَالسِّندَ وَخُرَاسَانَ، تُوُفِّيَ بِالبَصرَةِ.‏
`Abdul-Rahman bin Samurah (died 50 A.H.) : Nicknamed Abu Sa`id. He accepted Islam during the Conquest of Mecca. He witnessed the Battle of Mu'tah and participated in the conquests of Sijistan, Kabul, Sind and Khurasan. He died in Basra.
‏عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ بنُ عَوفٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 32 هـ/652 م)‏

‏عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ بنُ عَوفِ بنِ الحَارِثِ بنِ زَهرَةَ، صَحَابِيٌّ قُرَشِيٌّ زَهـرِيٌّ، مِن أَوَائِلِ الدَّاخِلِينَ فِي الإِسلَامِ، أَحَدُ العَشَرَةِ المُبَشَّرِينَ بِالجَنَّةِ وَأَحَدُ السِّتَّةِ أَصحَابِ الشُّورَى، شَهِدَ بَدرًا وَسَائِرَ المَشَاهِدِ، دُفِنَ بِالبَقِيعِ.‏
`Abdul-Rahman bin `Auf (died 32 A.H/652 A.D.) : Full name: `Abdul-Rahman bin `Auf bin Al-Harith bin Zuhrah. A Companion who belonged to the clan of Zuhrah, from the tribe of Quraish, he was one of the first to adopt Islam, one of the ten Companions given the glad tidings that they would enter Paradise, and one of the six Companions nominated to the caliphate after the murder of `Umar bin Al-Khattab. He participated in the Battle of Badr and all battles witnessed by the Prophet. He was buried in Medina.
‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ أَبِي أَوفَى (تُوُفِّيَ 86 هـ)‏

‏هُوَ عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ أَبِي أَوفَى الأَسلَمِيُّ، كُنيَتُهُ أَبُو مُعَاوِيَةَ، مِن الصَّحَابَةِ، شَهِدَ الحُدَيبِيَةَ وَمَا بَعدَ ذَلِكَ مِن المَشَاهِدِ، لَم يَزَل بِالمَدِينَةِ حَتَّى قُبِضَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَتَحَوَّلَ إِلَى الكُوفَةِ، هُوَ آخِرُ مَن بَقِيَ مِن صَحَابَةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِالكُوفَةِ.‏
`Abdullah bin Abi Aufa (died 86 A.H.) : Nicknamed Abu Mu`awiah. He took part in Al-Hudaibiah Treaty and the principal events which followed. He lived in Medina but left for Kufa after the death of the Prophet (peace be upon him). He was the last Companion to live in Kufa.
‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ أُمِّ مَكتُومٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 14 هـ)‏

‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ عَمرِو بنِ شُرَيحٍ، صَحَابِيٌّ قُرَشِيٌّ كَانَ مِن المُهَاجِرِينَ الأُوَّلِ، قَدِمَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ قَبلَ هِجرَةِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، اِستُشهِدَ بِالقَادِسِيَّةِ وَكَانَ مَعَهُ اللِّوَاءُ.‏
`Abdullah bin Umm Maktum (died 14 A.H.) : Full name: `Abdullah bin `Amr bin Shuraih. A Companion who belonged to the tribe of Quraish, he was one of the early immigrants who moved to Medina before the Prophet. He was killed at the Battle of Al-Qadisiyah while holding the banner.
‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ الزُّبَيرِ (تُوُفِّيَ 73 هـ)‏

‏اِبنُ الزُّبَيرِ بنِ العَوَّامِ وَأَسمَاءَ بِنتِ أَبِي بَكرٍ، اِشتَرَكَ فِي الفُتُوحَاتِ، حَارَبَ إِلَى جَانِبِ عَائِشَةَ فِي مَعرَكَةِ الجَمَلِ، ثَارَ عَلَى وُلَاةِ الأُمَوِيِّينَ فِي الحِجَازِ وَأَعلَنَ نَفسَهُ خَلِيفَةً بَعدَ مَوتِ يَزِيدَ بنِ مُعَاوِيَةَ، وَجَعَلَ قَاعِدَةَ مُلكِهِ المَدِينَةَ، دَامَ حُكمُهُ 9 سَنَوَاتٍ، قَضَى عَلَيهِ الحَجَّاجُ الثَّقَفِيُّ فِي مَكَّةَ.‏
`Abdullah bin Al-Zubair (73 A.H.) : Son of Al-Zubair bin Al-`Awwam and Asma' bint Abi Bakr, he participated in the Islamic conquests and supported `A'ishah at the Battle of the Camel against `Ali bin Abi Talib. He revolted against the Umayyad governors in Hejaz, claimed himself caliph after the death of Yazid bin Mu`awiah and made Medina the center of his rule. His rule lasted for nine years until he was killed by Al-Hajjaj Al-Thaqafi in Mecca.
‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ المُغَفَّلِ (تُوُفِّيَ 57 هـ)‏

‏هُوَ عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ المُغَفَّلِ المُزَنِيُّ، صَحَابِيٌّ مِمَّن بَايَعُوا تَحتَ الشَّجَرَةِ يَومَ بَيعَةِ الرِّضوَانِ، أَحَدُ العَشَرَةِ الَّذِينَ بَعَثَهُم عُمَرُ بنُ الخَطَّابِ لِيُفَقِّهُوا النَّاسَ بِالبَصرَةِ فَتَحَوَّلَ إِلَيهَا وَتَوُفِّيَ فِيهَا.‏
`Abdullah bin Al-Mughaffal (died 57 A.H.) : He participated in Al-Ridhwan Pledge of Allegiance. He was one of the ten Companions dispatched to Basra by `Umar bin Al-Khattab to help people understand the teachings of Islam. He died in Basra.
‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ جَحشٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 3 هـ/625 م)‏

‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ رِئَابِ بنِ يَعمَرَ، صَحَابِيٌّ مِن بَنِي أَسَدٍ، أَخُو زَينَبَ بِنتِ جَحشٍ أُمِّ المُؤمِنِينَ وَصِهرِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، اُستُشهِدَ فِي أُحُدٍ.‏
`Abdullah bin Jahsh (died 3 A.H./625 A.D.) : Full name: `Abdullah bin Ri'ab bin Ya`mur. A Companion who belonged to the tribe of Banu Asad, he was the Prophet's brother-in-law. He was killed at the Battle of Uhud.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ جَعفَر (تُوُفِيَّ 80 هـ)‏

‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ جَعفَرِ بنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ الهَاشِمِيُّ القُرَشِيُّ، صَحَابِيٌّ كُنيَتُهُ أَبُو جَعفَرٍ، أَوَّلُ مَولُودٍ فِي الإِسلَامِ بِالحَبَشَةِ، قَدِمَ المَدِينَةَ مَعَ أَبِيهِ، حَفِظَ عَن رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَرَوَى عَنهُ، مَاتَ بِالمَدِينَةِ.‏
`Abdullah bin Ja`far (died 80 A.H.) : A Companion of the Prophet (peace be upon him), nicknamed Abu Ja`far. He was the first Muslim baby born in Abyssinia. He immigrated to Medina in the company of his father. He memorized and narrated Hadith after the Prophet (peace be upon him).
‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ حُذَافَةَ السَّهـمِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 28 هـ)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ قُرَشِيٌّ مِن السَّابِقِينَ الأَوَّلِينَ، هَاجَرَ إِلَى الحَبَشَةِ ثُمَّ عَادَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ، شَهِدَ فُتُوحَ الشَّامِ وَأَسَرَتهُ الرُّومُ فِي غَزوِ المُسلِمِينَ لِقَيسَارِيَّةَ، تُوُفِّيَ بِمِصرَ فِي خِلَافَةِ عُثمَانَ.‏
`Abdullah bin Hudhafah Al-Sahmi (died 28 A.H.) : A Companion who belonged to the tribe of Quraish, he was one of the first to adopt Islam. He emigrated to Abyssinia and then to Medina, and participated in the conquests of Syria. He was captured by the Byzantines during the Islamic invasion of Caesarea. He died in Egypt during the caliphate of `Uthman bin `Affan.
‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ رَوَاحَةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 8 هـ/629 م)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ أَنصَارِيٌّ خَزرَجِيٌّ، مِن السَّابِقِينَ الأَوَّلِينَ، كَانَ أَحَدَ النُّقَبَاءِ لَيلَةَ العَقَبَةِ، شَهِدَ بَدرًا وَمَا بَعدَهَا، اُستُشهِدَ فِي غَزوَةِ مُؤتَة.‏
`Abdullah bin Rawahah (died 8 A.H./629 A.D.) : A Companion who belonged to the Khazraj, a tribe from the Ansar, he was one of the representatives who witnessed the Pledge of Al-`Aqabah on behalf of his people. He participated in the Battle of Badr and all other battles commanded by the Prophet. He was killed at the Battle of Mu'tah.
‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ زَمعَةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 35 هـ)‏

‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ زمعَةَ بنِ الأَسوَدِ القُرَشِيُّ الأَسَدِيُّ، صَحَابِيٌّ رَوَى عَن النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، عَاشَ وَتُوُفِّيَ بِالمَدِينَةِ.‏
`Abdullah bin Zam`ah (died 35 A.H.) : He lived in Medina. He narrated hadiths after the Prophet (peace be upon him) and died in Medina.
‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ زَيدٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 32 هـ)‏

‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ زَيدِ بنِ ثَعلَبَةَ الأَنصَارِيُّ الخَزرَجِيُّ، أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ، صَحَابِيٌّ عَاشَ بِالمَدِينَةِ، رَائِي الأَذَانِ.‏
`Abdullah bin Zaid (died 32 A.H.) : Nicknamed Abu Muhammad, he lived in Medina. It was `Abdullah who heard the Adhan in a dream.
‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ زَيدِ بنِ عَاصِمٍ الأَنصَارِيُّ (7 ق هـ-63 هـ)‏

‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ زَيدِ بنِ عَاصِمِ بنِ كَعبٍ النَّجَارِيُّ الأَنصَارِيُّ، كُنيَتُهُ أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ، مِن الصَّحَابَةِ، عَاشَ بِالمَدِينَةِ، شَهِدَ بَدرًا، وَقَتَلَ مُسَيلِمَةَ الكَذَّابَ يَومَ اليَمَامَةِ، لَهُ 48 حَدِيثًا، قُتِلَ فِي وَقعَةِ الحَرَّةِ عَامَ 63 هـ.‏
`Abdullah bin Zaid bin `Asim Al-Ansari (7 B.H.-63 A.H.) : Nicknamed Abu Muhammad. He lived in Medina and was present at the Battle of Badr. He killed Musailimah the Imposter at the Battle of Al-Yamamah. He reported 48 Prophetic hadiths. He was killed at the Battle of Al-Harrah in 63 A.H./683 A.D.
‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ سَلَامٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 43 هـ/663 م)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ يَهُودِيُّ الأَصلِ اِعتَنَقَ الإِسلَامَ إِبَانَ هِجرَةِ الرَّسُولِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، شَهِدَ مَعَ عُمَرَ بنِ الخَطَّابِ فَتحَ بَيتِ المَقدِسِ، تُوُفِّيَ بِالمَدِينَةِ.‏
`Abdullah bin Salam (died 43 A.H./663 A.D.) : A Companion of a Jewish descent, he adopted Islam upon the Prophet's arrival in Medina. He witnessed the conquest of Jerusalem with `Umar bin Al-Khattab. He died in Medina.
‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ عَبَّاسٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 68 هـ)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ جَلِيلُ القَدرِ يُلَقَّبُ بِحَبرِ هَذِهِ الأُمَّةِ، أَبُو الخُلَفَاءِ العَبَّاسِيِّينَ وَإِلَيهِ يَنتَسِبُونَ، وُلِدَ بِمَكَّةَ وَنَشَأَ فِي بَدءِ عَصرِ النُّبُوَّةِ فَلَازَمَ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَرَوَى عَنهُ الأَحَادِيثَ الصَّحِيحَةَ، شَهِدَ مَعَ عَلِيِّ بنِ أَبِيّ طَالِبٍ وَقعَةَ الجَمَلِ وَوَقعَةَ صِفِّينَ، كَانَ فَقِيهًا عَلِيمًا بِأَنسَابِ العَرَبِ وَالمَغَازِي والوَقَائِعِ، كُفَّ بَصَرُهُ فِي آخِرِ عُمرِهِ فَسَكَنَ الطَّائِفَ وَتُوُفِّيَ هُنَاكَ. `‏
Abdullah bin `Abbas (died 68 A.H.) : A venerable Companion who had the title "the Learned Scholar of this Ummah. " Born in Mecca, he was the predecessor of the Abbasid caliphs. He narrated many hadiths form the Prophet, and supported `Ali bin Abi Talib in the Battles of the Camel and Siffin. `Abdullah was especially known for his knowledge of genealogy and the history of battles and expeditions. He lost his sight at the end of his life and died in Al-Ta'if.
‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ عُمَرَ بنِ الخَطَّابِ (تُوُفِّيَ 73 هـ/692 م)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ مِن أَعَزِّ بُيُوتَاتِ قُرَيشٍ، أَسلَمَ مَعَ أَبِيهِ وَهُوَ صَغِيرٌ لَم يَبلُغ الحُلُمَ، هَاجَرَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ مَعَ أَبِيهِ، كَانَ مِن أَئِمَّةِ المُسلِمِينَ وَعَلَمًا مِن أَعلَامِ الفَتوَى، شَهِدَ فَتحَ مَكَّةَ، شَهِدَ وَقعَةَ اليَرمُوكِ وَفَتحَ مِصرَ، تُوُفِّيَ بِمَكَّةَ.‏
`Abdullah bin `Umar bin Al-Khattab (died 73 A.H./692 A.D.) : A Companion of a noble descent from the Quraish, he adopted Islam before attaining maturity and immigrated to Medina along with his father. He became one of the most distinguished Muftis. He participated in the conquest of Mecca, the Battle of Yarmuk and the conquest of Egypt. He died in Mecca.
‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ عَمرِو بنِ العَاصِ (تُوُفِّيَ 65 هـ)‏

‏أَسلَمَ قَبلَ أَبِيهِ وَكَانَ صَحَابِيًّا مِن النُّسَّاكِ، كَانَ يَكتُبُ فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ وَكَانَ يُحسِنُ السُّريَانِيَّةَ، كَانَ يَشهَدُ الحُرُوبَ وَالغَزَوَاتِ وَيَضرِبُ بِسَيفَينِ، وَلَّاهُ مُعَاوِيَةُ الكُوفَةَ لِفِترَةٍ قَصِيرَةٍ، اختُلِفَ فِي مَكَانِ وَفَاتِهِ فَقِيلَ أَنَّهُ تُوُفِّيَ بِمِصرَ.‏
`Abdullah bin `Amr bin Al-`As (died 65 A.H.) : An ascetic Companion, he adopted Islam before his father `Amr bin Al-`As. He had a fair share of knowledge and mastered Syriac. He had the habit of fighting with two swords. Mu`awiah appointed him governor of Kufa for a short time. He died in Egypt.
‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ عَمرِو بنِ حَرَامٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 3 هـ/635 م)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ، مَعدُودٌ فِي أَهلِ العَقَبَةِ وَبَدرٍ وَكَانَ مِن النُّقَبَاءِ وَاستُشهِدَ بِأُحُدٍ، ظَلَّلَتهُ المَلَائِكَةُ بِأَجنِحَتِهَا يَومَ قُتِلَ.‏
`Abdullah bin `Amr bin Haram (died 3 A.H./625 A.D.) : One of the representatives who witnessed the Pledge of Al-`Aqabah on behalf of his people, he participated in the Battle of Badr. It was reported that the angels shaded him with their wings when he was killed at the Battle of Uhud.
‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ مَسعُودِ بنِ غَافِلٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 32 هـ)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ مِن أَوَّلِ النَّاسِ إِسلَامًا، مِن العَشَرَةِ المُبَشَّرِينَ بِالجَنَّةِ، كَانَ مِن كُتَّابِ الوَحيِ، كَانَ أَعلَمَ النَّاسِ بِكِتَابِ اللَّهِ وَقِرَاءَتِهِ، اِشتَهَرَ بِتَفسِيرِ القُرآنِ وَمَعرِفَةِ أَسبَابِ نُزُولِهِ، شَهِدَ المَشَاهِدَ كُلَّهَا مَعَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، كَانَ مَعَ إِمَامَتِهِ فِي الفِقهِ وَالحَدِيثِ شَاعِرًا مُحسِنًا، وَلِيَ بَعدَ وَفَاةِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَيتَ مَالِ الكُوفَةِ، ثُمَّ قَدِمَ المَدِينَةَ فِي خِلَافَةِ عُثمَانَ فَتُوُفِّيَ فِيهَا.‏
`Abdullah bin Mas`ud bin Ghafil (died 32 A.H.) : One of the earlier Companions to adopt Islam, he was one of the ten Companions given the glad tidings that they would enter Paradise. He mastered the recitation of the Holy Qur'an, its interpretation and the circumstances related to the revelation of certain Qur'anic verses. He participated in all the battles witnessed by the Prophet. Besides being knowledgeable of jurisprudence and hadith, he was a gifted poet. He administered the treasury of Kufa after the Prophet's death. `Abdullah died in Medina during the caliphate of `Uthman bin `Affan.
‏عِتبَان بنُ مَالِكٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 50هـ)‏

‏عِتبَان بنُ مَالِكِ بنِ عَمرِو بنِ العَجلَانِ الأَنصَارِيُّ الخَزرَجِيُّ السَّالِمِيُّ، صَحَابِيٌّ مِن البَدرِيِّينَ، آخَى النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَينَهَ وَبَينَ عُمَرَ بنِ الخَطَّابِ، مَاتَ فِي خِلَافَةِ مُعَاوِيَةِ، لَهُ عَشَرَةُ أَحَادِيثَ.‏
`Itban bin Malik (died 50 A.H.) : He lived in Medina and took part in the Battle of Badr. The Prophet (peace be upon him) linked him in a brotherly relation with `Umar bin Al-Khattab. `Itban reported ten Prophetic hadiths. He died during the caliphate of Mu`awiah.
‏عُثمَانُ بنُ عَفَّانَ (47 ق هـ- 35 هـ/577-656 م)‏

‏ثَالِثُ الخُلَفَاءِ الرَّاشِدِينَ (23 هـ/644 م) قُرَشِيٌّ أُمَوِيُّ، وُلِدَ بِمَكَّةَ وَأَسلَمَ بَعدَ البَعثَةِ بِقَلِيلٍ، كَانَ غَنِيًّا شَرِيفًا فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ، تَزَوَّجَ بِرُقَيَّةَ ثَمَّ بِأُمِّ كُلثُومٍ اِبنَتَي النَّبِيِّ لِذَلِكَ سُمِّيَ بِذِي النُّورَينِ، جَمَعَ القُرآنَ، مِن أَعظَمِ أَعمَالِهِ تَجهِيزُ جَيشِ العُسرَةِ فِي السَّنَةِ التَّاسِعَةِ لِلهِجرَةِ وَكَانَ النَّبِيُّ قَد غَزَا فِيهِ تَبُوكَ، صَارَت إِلَيهِ الخِلَافَةُ بَعدَ وَفَاةِ عُمَرَ بنِ الخَطَّابِ، فَافتُتِحَت فِي أَيَّامِهِ أَرمِينِيَّةُ وَالقُوقَازُ وَخُرَاسَانُ وَكرمان وَسِجِستَان وَإِفرِيقِيَّةُ وَقُبرُص، وَأَتَمَّ جَمعَ القُرآنِ، وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ مَن زَادَ فِي المَسجِدِ الحَرَامِ وَمَسجِدِ الرَّسُولِ، وَاِتَّخَذَ نِظَامَ الشُّرطَةِ وَالقَضَاءِ.‏
`Uthman bin `Affan (47 B.H.-35 A.H./577-656 A.D.) : The third Rightly-Guided Caliph (23 A.H./644 A.D.), he was a rich noble man who belonged to the Umayyads, a clan of the Quraish. He was born in Mecca and adopted Islam shortly after the Prophet's Mission. He was given the title "Dhu Al-Nurain" (the Owner of the Two Lights) as he married the Prophet's two daughters Ruqaiyah and Umm Kulthum in succession. He equipped the army which was mobilized by the Prophet to invade Tabuk. `Uthman assumed the caliphate after the death of `Umar bin Al-Khattab. During his reign the Muslims made great conquests in Armenia, Caucasia, Khurasan, Kerman, Sijistan, Tunisia and Cyprus. `Uthman compiled the Holy Qur'an in one copy, and made expansions to the Sacred Mosque at Mecca and the Prophet's Mosque at Medina. He was the first caliph to use the police and judiciary systems.
‏عُثمَانُ بنُ مَظعُونٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 2 هـ/624 م)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ مِن حُكَمَاءِ العَرَبِ فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ، شَهِدَ بَدرًا وَمَاتَ بَعدَ عَودَتِهِ مِنهَا، أَرَادَ التَّبَتُّلَ وَالزُّهدَ فَمَنَعَهُ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، لَمَّا مَاتَ قَبَّلَهُ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَعَينَاهُ تَذرِفَانِ بِالدُّمُوعِ، كَانَ أَوَّلَ مُهَاجِرٍ يَمُوتُ فِي المَدِينَةِ بَعدَ الهِجرَةِ.‏
`Uthman bin Mazh`un (died 2 A.H./624 A.D.) : Known for his wisdom in the pre-Islamic period, he asked the Prophet to allow him to forgo marriage and the pleasures of life, but the Prophet denied him that. He participated in the Battle of Badr and died after returning home. When he died the Prophet kissed him and was in tears. He was the first immigrant Companion to die in Medina.
‏عَدِيُّ بنُ حَاتِمٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 68 هـ)‏

‏هُوَ عَدِيُّ بنُ حَاتِمِ بنِ عَبدِ اللَّهِ بنِ سَعدِ بنِ الحَشرَجِ الطَّائِيُّ، كُنِّيَ بِأَبِي وَهبٍ وَأَبِي طَرِيفٍ، أَسلَمَ سَنَةَ 9 هـ، كَانَ خَطِيبًا حَاضِرَ البَدِيهَةِ وَكَانَ رَئِيسَ طَيٍّ فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ والإِسلَامِ، قَامَ فِي حُرُوبِ الرِّدَّةِ بِأَعمَالٍ كَبِيرَةٍ، وَشَهِدَ فَتحَ العِرَاقِ، سَكَنَ الكُوفَةَ وَبِهَا تُوُفِّىَ.‏
`Adi bin Hatim (died 68 A.H.) : A witty preacher, nicknamed Abu Wahb and Abu Tarif, chief of the Tai' tribe in the pre-Islamic period. He remained chief after the emergence of Islam. He played an important part in the battles against the apostates in the early months of Abu Bakr's caliphate. He participated in the conquest of Iraq. He later moved to Kufa, where he died.
‏عُقبَةُ بنُ عَامِرٍ الجُهَنِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 58 هـ)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ، رَوَى عَن النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ الكَثِيرَ وَرَوَى عَنهُ جَمَاعَةٌ مِن الصَّحَابَةِ وَالتَّابِعِينَ، كَانَ قَارِئًا عَالِمًا بِالفَرَائِضِ وَالفِقهِ شَاعِرًا كَاتِبًا فَصِيحَ اللِّسَانِ، أَحَدُ مَن جَمَعَ القُرآنَ، شَهِدَ فَتحَ دِمَشقَ وَصِفِّينَ، مَاتَ فِي خِلَافَةِ مُعَاوِيَةَ.‏
`Uqbah bin `Amir Al-Juhani (died 58 A.H.) : A Companion who narrated many hadiths from the Prophet. Besides being an eloquent orator, he mastered many branches of knowledge such as the rules of inheritance, jurisprudence, poetry and prose. He participated in the compilation of the Holy Qur'an, witnessed the conquest of Damascus and Siffin and died during the caliphate of Mu`awiah.
‏عِكرِمَةُ بنُ أَبَى جَهـلٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 13 هـ/634 م)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ قُرَشِيٌّ مَخزُومِيٌّ، كَانَ هُوَ وَأَبُوهُ مِن أَشَدِّ النَّاسِ عَدَاوَةً لِلمُسلِمِينَ، هَرَب إِلَى اليَمَنِ بَعدَ فَتحِ مَكَّةَ فَأَعَادَتهُ زَوجَتُهُ أُمُّ حَكِيمٍ بَعدَ أَن اِستَأمَنَت لَهُ الرَّسُولَ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، بَعدَ ذَلِكَ أَسلَمَ وَحَسُنَ إِسلَامُهُ، اِشتَرَكَ فِي حُرُوبِ الرِّدَّةِ، قُتِلَ فِي وَقعَةِ اليَرمُوكِ.‏
`Ikrimah bin Abi Jahl (died 13 A.H./634 A.D.) : A Companion who belonged to Makhzum, a clan of the Quraish. He and his father were among the severest enemies of Islam. After the conquest of Mecca, he fled to Yemen. His wife Umm Hakim asked the Prophet to forgive him. `Ikrima converted to Islam and led a virtuous life. He participated in the wars against the Apostates and was killed at the Battle of Yarmuk.
‏عَلِيُّ بنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ (23 ق هـ- 40 هـ/600-661 م)‏

‏رَابِعُ الخُلَفَاءِ الرَّاشِدِينَ (35-40 هـ/656-661 م)، رَبِيبُ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسُلَّم وَابنُ عَمِّهِ وَصِهـرُهُ، مِن أَبطَالِ بَدرٍ وَأُحُدٍ وَخَيبَر وَالخَندَقِ وَحُنَينٍ، بُويِعَ لَهُ بَعدَ مَقتَلِ عُثمَانَ، كَانَ مِن أَكَابِرِ الخُطَبَاءِ وَالعُلَمَاءِ بِالقَضَاءِ. قَادَ مَعرَكَةَ الجَمَلِ وَصَفّيِن وَالنَّهرَوَانِ.‏
`Ali bin Abi Talib (23 B.H.-40 A.H./600-661 A.D.) : The fourth Rightly-Guided caliph (35-40 A.H./656-661 A.D.) He was the Prophet's cousin and son-in-law and was one of the great fighters who participated in the battles of Badr, Uhud, the Trench and Hunain. He assumed the caliphate after `Uthman bin `Affan. He was one of the great orators and scholars. He commanded his army at the Battles of the Camel, Siffin and Al-Nahrawan.
‏عَمَّارُ بنُ يَاسِرٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 37 هـ/657 م)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ مِن المُسلِمِينَ الأَوَائِلِ، أَسلَمَ هُوَ وَأَبُوهُ يَاسِرُ وَأُمُّهُ سُمَيَّةُ فَذَاقُوا العَذَابَ مِن حُلَفَائِهِم بَنِي مَخزُومٍ، وَمَاتَ أَبُوهُ مِن العَذَابِ، وَطَعَنَ أَبُو جَهلٍ أُمَّهُ بِحَربَةٍ فَقَتَلَهَا، هَاجَرَ إِلَى الحَبَشَةِ وَعَادَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ وَأَبلَى بَلَاءً حَسَنًا فِي وَقعَةِ بَدرٍ وَوَقعَةِ الخَندَقِ، حَارَبَ مَعَ عَلِيِّ بنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ فِي صِفِّينَ وَقُتِلَ فِي مَعرَكَتِهَا.‏
`Ammar bin Yasir (died 37 A.H./657 A.D.) : One of the first to adopt Islam, he and his family suffered cruel torture inflicted by the Banu Makhzum. His father died from torture and his mother was killed by Abu Jahl. He first immigrated to Abyssinia and then to Medina. He showed extreme courage at the Battles of Badr and the Trench, and supported `Ali bin Abi Talib at the Battle of Siffin in which he was killed.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏عُمَرُ بنُ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ (2-83 هـ)‏

‏عُمَرُ بنُ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ عَبدِ الأَسَدِ المَخزُومِيُّ، وُلِدَ بِالحَبَشَةِ، رَبَّاهُ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، وَلِيَ البَحرَينِ زَمَنَ عَلِيٍّ وَشَهِدَ مَعَهُ وَقعَةَ الجَمَلِ (36هـ/656م)، تُوُفِّيَ بِالمَدِينَةِ.‏
`Umar bin Abi Salamah (2-83 A.H.) : Born in Abyssinia. He was brought up by the Prophet (peace be upon him). He was appointed ruler of Bahrain by `Ali bin Abi Talib and sided with him in the Battle of the Camel (36 A.H./656 A.D.) He died in Medina.
‏عُمَرُ بنُ الخَطَّابِ (40 ق هـ23/584-644 م)‏

‏ثَانِي الخُلَفَاءِ الرَّاشِدِينَ (13 هـ/634 م)، أَسلَمَ قَبلَ الهِجرَةِ بِخَمسِ سِنِينَ وَبُويِعَ بِالخِلَافَةِ بَعدَ وَفَاةِ أَبِي بَكرٍ الصِّدِّيقِ، وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ مَن لُقِّبَ بِأَمِيرِ المُؤمِنِينَ، وَلَّاهُ أَبُو بَكرٍ القَضَاءَ فِي عَهدِهِ فَكَانَ أَوَّلَ قَاضٍ فِي الإِسلَامِ، يُضرَبُ بِعَدلِهِ المَثَلُ، وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ مَن بَدَأَ التَّأرِيخَ بِسَنَةِ الهِجرَةِ النَّبَوِيَّةِ، أَوَّلُ مَن دَوَّنَ الدَّوَاوِينَ فِي الإِسلَامِ، اِتَّخَذَ بَيتَ مَالٍ لِلمُسلِمِينَ، فِي أَيَّامِهِ تَمَّ فَتحُ الشَّامِ وَالعِرَاقِ وَافتُتِحَت القُدسُ وَالمَدَائِنُ وَمِصرُ وَالجَزِيرَةُ وَخُرَاسَانُ وَسِجِستَانُ وَقُبرُصُ.‏
`Umar bin Al-Khattab (40 B.H.-23 A.H./584-644 A.D.) : The second Rightly-Guided Caliph (13 A.H./634 A.D.) He embraced Islam five years before the Hijrah. He assumed the office of judge during the caliphate of Abu Bakr, thus becoming the first Muslim judge. He was appointed caliph after Abu Bakr and was the first to receive the title "the Emir of the Believers. " He made the Hijri year the official calendar for Muslims and was the first caliph to introduce the public ministries system. He established the first Muslim public treasury and was known for his asceticism and justice. His reign witnessed the great conquests of Syria, Iraq, Jerusalem, Ctesiphon, Egypt, Jazirah, Khurasan, Sijistan and Cyprus.
‏عِمرَانُ بنُ حُصَينٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 52 هـ)‏

‏عِمرَانُ بنُ حُصَينٍ بنِ عُبَيدٍ، أَسلَمَ عَامَ خَيبَر (سَنَةَ 7هـ)، كَانَت مَعَهُ رَايَةُ خُزَاعَةَ يَومَ فَتحِ مَكَّةَ، تُوُفِّيَ بِالبَصرَةِ.‏
`Imran bin Husain (52 A.H.) : He accepted Islam in 7 A.H. He belonged to the tribe of Khuza`ah and thus carried their banner in the Muslim march to conquer Mecca. He died in Basra.
‏عَمرُو بنُ أُمَّيَّةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 55 هـ)‏

‏هُوَ عَمرُو بنُ أُمَّيَّةَ بنِ خُوَيلِد بنِ عَبدِ اللَّهِ الضَّمرِيُّ، صَحَابِيٌّ شُجَاعٌ، شَهِدَ مَعَ المُشرِكِينَ بَدرًا وَأُحُدًا ثُمَّ أَسلَمَ وَحَضَرَ بِئرَ مَعُونَةَ، مَاتَ بِالمَدِينَةِ فِي خِلَافَةِ مُعَاوِيَةَ، لَهُ 20 حَدِيثًا.‏
`Amr bin Umayyah (died 55 A.H.) : A brave Companion. Before adopting Islam, he participated in the Battles of Badr and Uhud against the Muslims. Then he embraced Islam and witnessed the incident of Ma`unah Well. He narrated 20 Prophetic hadiths. He died during the reign of Mu`awiah bin Abi Sufyan.
‏عَمرُو بنُ الجَمُوحِ (تُوُفِّيَ 3 هـ)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ أَنصَارِيٌّ، مِن سَادَاتِ الأَنصَارِ، جَعَلَهُ الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ سَيِّدَ بَنِي سَلَمَةَ، قُتِلَ يَومَ أُحُدٍ.‏
`Amr bin Al-Jamuh (died 3 A.H.) : A Companion from the heads of the Ansar. The Prophet appointed him the chief of the Banu Salamah. He was killed at the Battle of Uhud.
‏عَمرُو بنُ العَاصِ (تُوُفِّيَ 43 هـ/664 م)‏

‏عَمرُو بنُ العَاصِ بنِ وَائِلِ بنِ هَاشِمِ بنِ سَعِيدِ بنِ سَهمٍ، قَائِدٌ عَرَبِيٌّ شَهِيرٌ، فَاتِحُ مِصرَ، بَنَى مَدِينَةَ الفُسطَاطِ، اِشتَرَكَ فِي التَّحكِيمِ بَعدَ صِفِّينَ وَنَصَرَ مُعَاوِيَةَ بِدَهَائِهِ، تُوُفِّيَ بِالقَاهِرَةِ.‏
`Amr bin Al-`As (died 43 A.H./664 A.D.) : Full name: `Amr bin Al-`As bin Wa'il bin Hashim bin Sa`id bin Sahm. He was a famous Arab commander and the conqueror of Egypt. He established the old city of Al-Fustat (near Cairo). He set a tricky plan which made Mu`awiah bin Abi Sufyan win the Arbitration against `Ali bin Abi Talib. He died in Cairo.
‏عَمرُو بنُ مَعد يَكرِب (تُوُفِّيَ 21 هـ)‏

‏أَسلَمَ فِي العَامِ التَّاسِعِ مِن الهِجرَةِ، لَمَّا تُوُفِّيَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ اِرتَدَّ ثُمَّ تَابَ وَحَسُنَ إِسلَامُهُ، شَهِدَ وَقعَةَ اليَرمُوكِ وَأَبلَى فِيهَا بَلَاءً حَسَنًا وَذَهَبَت إِحدَى عَينَيهِ فِيهَا، شَهِدَ وَقعَةَ القَادِسِيَّةِ وَكَانَ بَلَاؤُهُ فِيهَا عَظِيمًا وَشَهِدَ وَقعَةَ نَهَاوَند وَفِيهَا أُصِيبَ وَمَاتَ.‏
`Amr bin Ma`d Yakrib (died 21 A.H.) : He adopted Islam in 9 A.H., but renounced Islam after the Prophet's death. He then repented and became a good Muslim. He participated in the Battle of Yarmuk, in which he lost an eye, and fared well at the Battle of Qadisiyah. He was injured and died at the Battle of Nihawand.
‏عُمَيرُ بنُ وَهبٍ الجُمَحِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 24 هـ)‏

‏أَرسَلَتهُ قُرَيشٌ لِقَتلِ النَّبِيِّ لَكِنَّهُ تَابَ وَاعتَنَقَ الإِسلَامَ، شَهِدَ أُحُدًا وَمَا بَعدَهَا مِن المَشَاهِدِ، جَاهَدَ المُرتَدِّينَ، كَانَ مَعَ الفَاتِحِينَ فِي الشَّامِ، شَهِدَ مَعَ عَمرِو بنِ العَاصِ فَتحَ الإِسكَندَرِيَّةِ، عَاشَ إِلَى صَدرِ خِلَافَةِ عُثمَانَ.‏
`Umair bin Wahb Al-Jumahi (died 24 A.H.) : He was commissioned by the Quraish to murder the Prophet, but he repented and converted to Islam. He participated in the Battle of Uhud and all other battles witnessed by the Prophet. `Umair participated in the fight against the Apostates, witnessed the conquests of Syria, and witnessed the conquest of Alexandria with `Amr bin Al-`As. He died during the caliphate of `Uthman bin `Affan.
‏عِيَاضُ بنُ غُنمٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 20 هـ)‏

‏(عِيَاضُ بنُ غَنَمِ بنِ زُهَيرٍ الفِهرِيُّ القُرَشِيُّ) اِبنُ عَمِّ أَبِي عُبَيدَةَ بنِ الجَرَّاحِ، مِن المُهَاجِرِينَ الأَوَّلِينَ، شَهِدَ بَدرًا وَمَا بَعدَهَا، أَحَدُ القَادَةِ الشُّجعَانِ الفَاتِحِينَ، نَزَلَ بِالشَّامِ وَفَتَحَ بِلَادَ الجَزِيرَةِ، تُوُفِّيَ بِالشَّامِ.‏
`Iyad bin Ghunm (died 20 A.H.) : Full name: `Iyad bin Ghunm bin Zuhair Al-Fihri Al-Qurashi. He was cousin of Abu `Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah. `Iyad was one of the early immigrants to Medina. He participated in the Battle of Badr and all other battles commanded by the Prophet. He went to Syria and conquered Jazirah. He died in Syria.
‏قَتَادَةُ بنُ النُّعمَانِ الأَنصَارِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 23 هـ)‏

‏كَانَ مِن الرُّمَاةِ المَشهُورِينَ، شَهِدَ المَشَاهِدَ كُلَّهَا مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، أُصِيبَت عَينُهُ يَومَ أُحُدٍ فَسَالَت حَدَقَتُهَا فَرَدَّهَا النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ كَمَا كَانَت وَمَا مَرِضَت بَعدَ ذَلِكَ، تُوُفِّيَ بِالمَدِينَةِ.‏
Qatadah bin Al-Nu`man Al-Ansari (died 23 A.H.) : One of the most skillful archers, he participated in all the battles led by the Prophet (peace be upon him). The Prophet (peace be upon him) cured his eye which had been put out at the Battle of Uhud. He died in Medina.
‏قَيسُ بنُ سَعدٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 60 هـ)‏

‏هُوَ قَيسُ بنُ سَعدِ بنِ عُبَادَةَ بنِ دُلَيمٍ الأَنصَارِيُّ الخَزرَجِيُّ، كَانَ مِن النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِمَكَانَةِ صَاحِبِ الشُّرطَةِ، اِستَعمَلَهُ عَلِيٌّ عَلَى مِصرَ سَنَةَ 36 هـ، تُوُفِّيَ بِالمَدِينَةِ.‏
Qais bin Sa`d (died 60 A.H.) : He played the role of police chief during the Prophet's lifetime. In 36 A.H., he was appointed ruler of Egypt under `Ali bin Abi Talib. He died in Medina.
‏كَعبُ بنُ زُهَيرٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 26 هـ)‏

‏اِبنُ الشَّاعِرِ زُهَيرِ بنِ أَبِي سُلمَى، مِن الشُّعَرَاءِ المُخَضرَمِينَ، هَجَا النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَالإِسلَامَ وَأَقَامَ يُشَبِّبُ بِنِسَاءِ المُسلِمِينَ فَأُهدِرَ دَمُهُ ثُمَّ اِعتَذَرَ لِلنَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَأَنشَدَ قَصِيدَتَهُ اللَّامِيَّةَ المَعرُوفَةَ فَعَفَا عَنهُ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَخَلَعَ عَلَيهِ بُردَتَهُ.‏
Ka`b bin Zuhair (died 26 A.H.) : Son of the poet Zuhair bin Abi Sulma, he was also a poet. He lived through pre-Islamic and Islamic eras. When he kept on composing defamatory verse regarding the Prophet (peace be upon him) and mentioning certain Muslim women in love poems, the Prophet (peace be upon him) declared his killing lawful. He then apologized to the Prophet (peace be upon him), adopted Islam and wrote a wonderful poem praising Islam. This made the Prophet (peace be upon him) forgive him and offer him one of his gowns.
‏كَعبُ بنُ عُجرَةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 51 هـ)‏

‏كَعبُ بنُ عُجرَةَ الأَنصَارِيُّ، صَحَابِيٌّ، كُنيَتُهُ أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ، سَمِعَ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، رَوَى عَنهُ عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ بنُ أَبِي لَيلَى وَعَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ مُغَفَّلٍ فِي الحَجِّ وَالعُمرَةِ، مَاتَ فِي المَدِينَةِ.‏
Ka`b bin `Ujrah (died 51 A.H.) : Nicknamed Abu Muhammad. He reported Prophetic hadiths and died in Medina.
‏كَعبُ بنُ مَالِكٍ (تُوُفِّيَ نَحوَ 50 هـ/660 م)‏

‏أَحَدُ شُعَرَاءِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا يَرُدُّونَ عَنهُ الأَذَى، أَسلَمَ وَشَهِدَ العَقَبَةَ وَشَهِدَ المَشَاهِدَ كُلَّهَا مَا عَدَا بَدرًا وَتَبُوكَ، أَحَدُ مَن نَزَلَت فِيهِم الآيَةُ: {وَعَلَى الثَّلَاثَةِ الَّذِينَ خُلِّفُوا حَتَّى إِذَا ضَاقَت عَلَيهِم الأَرضُ بِمَا رَحُبَت وَضَاقَت عَلَيهِم أَنفُسُهم وَظَنُّوا أَن لَا مَلجَأَ مِن اللَّهِ إِلَّا إِلَيهِ ثُمَّ تَابَ عَلَيهِم لِيَتُوبُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ هُوَ التَّوَّابُ الرَّحِيمُ} (التوبة: 118).‏
Ka`b bin Malik (died 50 A.H./660 A.D.) : One of the poets who composed verse defending the Prophet (peace be upon him), he attended the Pledge of Al-`Aqabah and participated in all the battles witnessed by the Prophet (peace be upon him) except Badr and Tabuk. He was one of the three Companions who regretted their absence at the Battle of Tabuk, regarding whom a Qur'anic verse was revealed which says: "(He turned in mercy also) to the three who were left behind; (they felt guilty) to such a degree that the earth seemed constrained to them, for all its spaciousness, and their (very) Souls seemed straitened to them, and they perceived that there is no fleeing from Allah (and no refuge) but to Himself. Then He turned to them, that they might repent: for Allah is Oft-Returning, Most Merciful" (Surah Al-Taubah No. 9, Verse: 118)
‏مَالِكُ بنُ الحُوَيرِثِ (تُوُفِّيَ 74 هـ)‏

‏مَالِكُ بنُ الحُوَيرِثِ اللَّيثِيِّ، صَحَابِيٌّ، كُنيَتُهُ أَبُو سُلَيمَانَ، سَمِعَ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، رَوَى عَنهُ أَبُو قِلَابَةَ فِي الصَّلَاةِ، أَقَامَ فِي البَصرَةِ وَمَاتَ فِيهَا.‏
Malik bin Al-Huwairith (died 74 A.H.) : Nicknamed Abu Sulaiman, he reported Prophetic hadiths. He lived in Basra, where Abu Qilabah transmitted the hadiths he narrated on Prayer. He died in Basra.
‏مُجَاشِعُ بنُ مَسعُودٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 36 هـ)‏

‏هُوَ مُجَاشِعُ بنُ مَسعُودِ بنِ ثَعلَبَةَ السُّلَمِيُّ، صَحَابِيٌّ مِن الشُّجعَانِ، غَزَا كَابِلَ وَصَالَحَهُ مَلِكُهَا كَمَا تَابَعَ غَزوَ مِكرَانَ وَأَوغَلَ فِيهَا، كَانَ يَومَ الجَمَلِ مَعَ عَائِشَةَ أَمِيرًا عَلَى بَنِي سُلَيمٍ، فَقُتِلَ قَبلَ الوَقعَةِ وَدُفِنَ بِالبَصرَةِ.‏
Mujashi` bin Mas`ud (died 36 A.H.) : A brave Companion who conquered Kabul and signed a peace accord with its king. He also conquered Mekran and its neighboring territories. In the Battle of the Camel, he took `A'ishah's side against `Ali bin Abi Talib. He was murdered shortly before the battle and buried in Basra.
‏مُحَمَّدُ بنُ مَسلَمَةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 43 هـ)‏

‏مِن فُضَلَاءِ الصَّحَابَةِ الأَنصَارِ الأَوسِيِّينَ، مِمَّن سُمِّيَ مُحَمَّدًا فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ، اِشتَرَكَ فِي قَتلِ كَعبِ الأَشرَفِ الَّذِي حَرَّضَ قُرَيشًا عَلَى حَربِ الرَّسُولِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، شَهِدَ فَتحَ مِصرَ وَفُتُوحَ الشَّامِ، اِعتَزَلَ الفِتنَةَ وَلَم يَشهَد الجَمَلَ وَلَا صِفِّينَ، تُوُفِّيَ بِالمَدِينَةِ.‏
Muhammad bin Maslamah (died 43 A.H.) : A virtuous Companion who belonged to the Aus, a tribe of the Ansar, he was one of the few persons named Muhammad before Islam. He participated in killing Ka`b Al-Ashraf, a Jew who incited the Quraish to fight the Prophet (peace be upon him). He witnessed the conquests of Egypt and Syria. He withdrew from the dissension which took place after the murder of the Caliph `Uthman bin `Affan and did not take part in the Battles of the Camel or Siffin. He died in Medina.
‏مُصعَبُ بنُ عُمَيرٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 3 هـ/625 م)‏

‏أَحَدُ فُضَلَاءِ الصَّحَابَةِ، أَسلَمَ وَكَتَمَ إِسلَامَهُ عَن أَهلِهِ، فَلَمَّا عَلِمُوا بِإِسلَامِهِ حَبَسُوهُ ثُمَّ أَطلَقُوهُ، فَهَاجَرَ إِلَى الحَبَشَةِ وَعَادَ مِنهَا إِلَى مَكَّةَ بَعدَ العَقَبَةِ الأُولَى، أَخَذَ يُعَلِّمُ النَّاسَ القُرآنَ وَيُصَلِّي بِهِم، شَهِدَ بَدرًا وَأُحُدًا وَمَعَهُ لِوَاءُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، وَقُتِلَ فِي مَعرَكَةِ أُحُدٍ شَهِيدًا.‏
Mus`ab bin `Umair (died 3 A.H./625 A.D.) : A virtuous Companion who adopted Islam in the early years of the Mission but concealed his conversion from the polytheists. When they discovered it, they imprisoned him. Upon his release, he traveled to Abyssinia and then returned to Mecca after the First Pledge of Al-`Aqabah, taught people the Holy Qur'an and led them in Prayer. He participated in the Battles of Badr and Uhud, holding the Prophet's banner. He was killed at the Battle of Uhud.
‏مُعَاذُ بنُ جَبَلٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 18 هـ/639 م)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ أَنصَارِيٌّ خَزرَجِيٌّ، شَهِدَ بَيعَةَ العَقَبَةِ وَشَهِدَ الغَزَوَاتِ كُلَّهَا مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، بَعَثَهُ الرَّسُولَ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَاضِيًا إِلَى اليَمَنِ، كَانَ أَحَدَ السِّتَّةِ الَّذِينَ جَمَعُوا القُرآنَ فِي حَيَاةِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، اِشتَرَكَ بِوَقعَةِ اليَرمُوكِ وَمَاتَ فِي طَاعُون عمواس.‏
Mu`adh bin Jabal (died 18 A.H./639 A.D.) : A member of the Khazraj, a tribe of the Ansar, he attended the Pledge of Al-`Aqabah and participated in all the battles witnessed by the Prophet (peace be upon him). The Prophet appointed him judge in Yemen. He was one of the six Companions who recorded the Qur'an during the lifetime of the Prophet. He participated in the Battle of Yarmuk and died during the Plague of `Amwas.
‏مُعَاوِيَةُ بنُ أَبِي سُفيَانَ (20 ق. هـ -60 هـ/603-680 م)‏

‏مُعَاوِيَةُ بنُ أَبِي سُفيَانَ بنِ حَربِ بنِ أُمَّيَّةَ القُرَشِيُّ الأُمَوِيُّ، مُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةِ الأُمَوِيَّةِ فِي الشَّامِ، وُلِدَ بِمَكَّةَ وَنَاوَأَ الإِسلَامَ حَتَّى أَسلَمَ يَومَ فَتحِ مَكَّةَ (8 هـ) وَتَعَلَّمَ الكِتَابَةَ وَالحِسَابَ، فَجَعَلَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي كُتَّابِهِ، حَكَمَ سُورِيَا فِي عَهدَي عُمَرَ وَعُثمَانَ، عَارَضَ عَلِيًّا وَقَاتَلَهُ فِي صِفِّينَ 37 هـ/657 م فَكَانَ التَّحكِيمُ، أَصبَحَ خَلِيفَةً (41-60 هـ/661-680 م)، نَقَلَ عَاصِمَةَ الخِلَافَةِ إِلَى دِمَشقَ، وَهُوَ أَحَدُ عُظَمَاءِ الفَاتِحِينَ فِي الإِسلَامِ حَيثُ بَلَغَت فُتُوحَاتُهُ حَتَّى المُحِيطِ الأَطلَنطِيِّ.‏
Mu`awiah bin Abi Sufyan (20 B.H.-60 A.H./603-680 A.D.) : The founder of the Umayyad State in Syria, he belonged to the Umaiyah clan of the tribe of Quraish. He was born in Mecca and was one of the opponents of the new religion until he embraced Islam on the day of the Conquest of Mecca (8 A.H.) For his knowledge of writing and mathematics, he was made a scribe of the Messenger (peace be upon him). Mu`awiah ruled Syria during the reign of both Caliphs `Umar and `Uthman. He opposed `Ali bin Abi Talib and fought him at the Battle of Siffin (37 A.H./657 A.D.), which ended with the Arbitration. He became caliph (41-60 A.H./661-680 A.D.) and moved the capital of the caliphate to Damascus. He was one of the major conquerors in the Islamic era. His conquests reached the Atlantic Ocean.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏مَعقِلُ بنُ يَسَارٍ‏

‏مَعقِلُ بنُ يَسَارِ بنِ عَبدِ اللَّهِ المُزَنِيُّ، كُنيَتُهُ أَبُو عَلِيٍّ، أَقَامَ فِي البَصرَةِ، وَمَاتَ فِيهَا، رَوَى عَنهُ الحَسَنُ البَصرِيُّ فِي النِّكَاحِ وَتَفسِيرِ البَقَرَةِ، تُوُفِّيَ فِي خِلَافَةِ مُعَاوِيَةَ وَوِلَايَةِ عَبدِ اللَّهِ بنِ زِيَاد بِالبَصرَةِ.‏
Ma`qil bin Yasar : A narrator of Prophetic hadiths. He lived in Basra, where he met Al-Hasan Al-Basri, who transmitted the hadiths he reported on marriage and interpretation of Surah Al-Baqarah. He died in Basra during the reign of Mu`awiah.
‏مُعَيقِيب (تُوُفِّيَ 40 هـ)‏

‏مُعَيقِيب بنُ أَبِي فَاطِمَةَ الدَّوسِيُّ، صَحَابِيٌّ، رَوَى عَنهُ أَبُو سَلَمَةَ بنُ عَبدِ الرَّحمَنِ فِي (اِستِعَانَةِ اليَدِ فِي الصَّلَاةِ)، أَقَامَ بِالمَدِينَةِ.‏
Mu`aiqib (died 40 A.H.) : He lived in Medina where Abu Salamah bin `Abdul-Rahman transmitted the hadiths he reported from the Prophet (peace be upon him).
‏نُعَيمُ بنُ مَسعُودٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 30 هـ)‏

‏صَحَابِيٌّ مِن بَنِي أَشجَعَ، أَسلَمَ لَيَالِي الخَندَقِ، أَوقَعَ بَينَ قَبِيلَتَي قُرَيظَةَ وَغَطَفَانَ يَومَ الخَندَقِ، سَكَنَ المَدِينَةَ وَتُوُفِّيَ بِهَا.‏
Nu`aim bin Mas`ud (died 30 A.H.) : A Companion who belonged to the Banu Ashja`, he adopted Islam on the night when the Battle of the Trench took place. He sowed discord between the tribes of Quraizhah and Ghatafan, who conspired against the Muslims during the Battle of the Trench. He settled in Medina and died there.
‏هِشَامُ بنُ العَاصِ (تُوُفِّيَ 13 هـ)‏

‏هِشَامُ بنُ العَاصِ بنُ وَائِل بنِ هَاشِمٍ السَّهمِيُّ، أَسلَمَ بِمَكَّةَ قَدِيمًا وَهَاجَرَ إِلَى الحَبَشَةِ ثُمَّ عَادَ إِلَى مَكَّةَ حِينَ بَلَغَتهُ هِجرَةُ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ يُرِيدُ اللَّحَاقَ بِهِ، فَحَبَسَهُ أَبُوهُ وَقَومُهُ بِمَكَّةَ، فَأَقَامَ إِلَى مَا بَعدَ وَقعَةِ الخَندَقِ وَرَحَلَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ فَشَهِدَ الوَقَائِعَ الأُخرَى، قُتِلَ يَومَ أَجنَادِينَ.‏
Hisham bin Al-`As (died 13 A.H.) : Full name: Hisham bin Al-`As bin Wa'il bin Hisham Al-Sahmi. One of the early Companions who adopted Islam in Mecca, he immigrated to Abyssinia and then returned to Mecca with the aim of following the Prophet to Medina, but people confined him in his home. He then stayed in Mecca until the Battle of the Trench. Afterwards, he traveled to Medina and participated in all subsequent battles until he was killed at the Battle of Ajnadin.
‏وَحشِيُّ بنُ حَربٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 25 هـ)‏

‏مِن أَبطَالِ المَوَالِي فِي مَكَّةَ فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ، قَتَلَ حَمزَةَ يَومَ أُحُدٍ ثُمَّ أَسلَمَ، شَارَكَ فِي حَربِ المُرتَدِّينَ وَقَتَلَ مُسَيلِمَةَ، شَهِدَ اليَرمُوكَ، سَكَنَ حِمصَ وَمَاتَ بِهَا.‏
Wahshi bin Harb (died 25 A.H.) : One of the brave freed-slaves in Mecca in the pre-Islamic period, he killed Hamzah, the Prophet's uncle, at the Battle of Uhud. Afterwards, he converted to Islam and participated in the wars waged against the Apostates, killing Musailimah the Impostor. He participated in the Battle of Yarmuk. He settled in Homs and died there.
‏يَعلَى بنُ أُمَّيَّةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 37 هـ)‏

‏هُوَ يَعلَى بنُ أُمَّيَّةَ بنِ أَبِي عُبَيدَةَ بنِ هَمَّامٍ التَّمِيمِيُّ الحَنظَلِيُّ، أَسلَمَ يَومَ الفَتحَ، شَهِدَ الطَّائِفَ وَحُنَينًا وَتَبُوكَ مَعَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، اِستَعمَلَهُ أَبُو بَكرٍ عَلَى اليَمَنِ.‏
Ya`la bin Umayyah (died 37 A.H.) : He accepted Islam upon the Conquest of Mecca. He participated in the Battles of Al-Ta`if, Hunain and Tabuk. He was appointed ruler of Yemen by the Caliph Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

رجال في التاريخ الإسلامي

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏أَبُو جَعفَرٍ أَشنَاسُ (تُوُفِّيَ 252 هـ)‏

‏مَملُوكٌ تُركِيٌّ مِمَّن جَلَبَهُم الخَلِيفَةُ المُعتَصِمُ، عَهِدَ إِلَيهِ المُعتَصِمُ بِبِنَاءِ مَدِينَةِ سَامَرَّاءَ عَلَى نَهرِ دِجلَة، وَوَلَّاهُ عَلَى مِصرَ سَنَةَ 219 هـ، حَتَّى تَوَلَّى المُتَوَكِّلُ الخِلَافَةَ فَعَزَلَهُ عَن مِصرَ، خَلَّفَ عِندَ وَفَاتِهِ ثَروَةً كَبِيرَةً صَادَرَهَا المُعِزُّ لِدِينِ اللَّهِ الفَاطِمِيُّ.‏
Abu Ja`far Ashnas (died in 252 A.H.) : A Turkish Mamluk brought by the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu`tasim. He took charge of building the city of Samarra on the Tigris River. In 219 A.H. Al-Mu`tasim appointed him ruler of Egypt but he was later deposed by Al-Mutawakkil. The great property he left was confiscated by the Fatimid Caliph Al-Mu`izz Lidin Allah.
‏أَبُو مُسلِمٍ الخُرَاسَانِيُّ (718-755 م)‏

‏أَكبَرُ دُعَاةِ الدَّولَةِ العَبَّاسِيَّةِ وَقَادَتِهَا، اِستَولَى عَلَى نَيسَابُورَ وَمَروَ، وَدَخَلَ الكُوفَةَ (عَامَ 749 م) مُؤذِنًا بِزَوَالِ الدَّولَةِ الأُمَوِيَّةِ وَقِيَامِ الدَّولَةِ العَبَّاسِيَّةِ، قَتَلَهُ أَبُو جَعفَر المَنصُورِ مَخَافَةَ أَن يَطمَعَ فِي المُلكِ.‏
Abu Muslim Al-Khurasani (718-755 A.D.) : A major commander and propagator of the Abbasid Dynasty, he captured Naisapur, Merv, then Kufa (749 A.D.), declaring the end of the Umayyad Caliphate and helped Abu Al-`Abbas Al-Saffah become the first Abbasid Caliph. He was killed by the Caliph Abu Ja`far Al-Mansur due to Abu Muslim's growing influence.
‏أَحمَدُ الجَزَّارُ (1734-1804 م)‏

‏وَالِي صَيدا وَالشَّامِ (1775-1804 م)، اِتَّخَذَ عَكَّا مَقَرًّا لَهُ وَبَالَغَ فِي تَحصِينِهَا، قَاوَمَ حِصَارَ نَابِليُون بُونَابَرت بِمُسَاعَدَةِ الأُسطُولِ الإِنجِلِيزِيِّ (1799 م).‏
Ahmad Basha Al-Jazzar (1734-1804) : Governor of Sidon and Syria. He fortified Acre which he took as a base. With the help of the British fleet in the Mediterranean Sea, he managed to resist Napoleon's siege of the city.
‏أَحمَدُ بنُ الحَسَنِ الكَلبِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 360 هـ)‏

‏وَلِيَ صِقِلِّيَةَ بَعدَ وَفَاةِ وَالِدِهِ سَنَةَ 352 هـ، اِجتَازَ البَحرَ إِلَى شَرقِ صِقِلّيَةَ فَأَحرَقَ أُسطُولَ الرُّومِ فِي (رِيجيُو)، عَاجَلَتهُ المَنِيَّةُ أَمَامَ سَاحِلِ طَرَابُلُسَ وَهُوَ يَقُودُ أُسطُولًا لِمُسَانَدَةِ المُعِزِّ فِي زَحفِهِ عَلَى مِصرَ.‏
Ahmad bin Al-Hasan Al-Kalbi (died 360 A.H.) : He was appointed ruler of Sicily after his father's death in 352 A.H. He headed to southern Sicily and set the Byzantine fleet on fire. He died on his way to support the Fatimid Caliph Al-Mu`izz opposite to the coast of Tripoli.
‏أَحمَدُ شَاه دَرَانِي (1722-1773 م)‏

‏أَحَدُ قُوَّادِ نَادِر شَاه، سَيطَرَ عَلَى الأَرَاضِي الأَفغَانِيَّةِ بَعدَ وَفَاةِ نَادِر شَاه، فَكَانَ أَوَّلَ حَاكِمٍ مِن سُلَالَةِ دَرَانِي، ثُمَّ أَسَّسَ دَولَةَ أَفغَانِستَانَ وَأَصبَحَ أَوَّلَ مُلُوكِهَا (عَامَ 1747 م).‏
Ahmad Shah Durani (1722-1773 A.D.) : One of Nadir Shah's generals who assumed power of the Afghan provinces in 1747 A.D., declared Afghanistan a united state and founded the Durani Dynasty.
‏أَحمَد عُرَابِي بَاشَا (1841-1911 م)‏

‏زَعِيمٌ عَسكَرِيٌّ مِصرِيٌّ، زَعِيمُ الحِزبِ القَومِيِّ، أَعلَنَ الثَّورَةَ عَلَى الخِدِيوِي تَوفِيق وَالبَاشَوَاتِ الأَترَاكِ (عَامَ 1882 م)، وَدَعَا إِلَى تَحرِيرِ البِلَادِ مِن النُّفُوذِ الإِنجِلِيزِيِّ، فَأَدَّى الأَمرُ إِلَى تَدَخُّلِ الإِنجِلِيزِ فَقَصَفُوا الأَسكَندَرِيَّةَ وَدَخَلُوا القَاهِرَةَ، وَحَلُّوا الجَيشَ المِصرِيَّ وَنَفَوا عُرَابِي بَاشَا، عَادَ مِن المَنفَى (1901 م) وَتُوُفِّيَ بِالقَاهِرَةِ.‏
Ahmad `Urabi (1841-1911) : An Egyptian military commander and leader of the National Party. He revolted against the Khedive Taufiq and the Turkish Pashas (1882 A.D.) He declared opposition to the English influence in Egypt. To suppress the `Urabi Revolution, the British forces blasted Alexandria and invaded Cairo. The Egyptian army was resolved and `Urabi was expelled. `Urabi returned back to Cairo in 1901 A.D.
‏أَرطُغرُولُ‏

‏مُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةِ العُثمَانِيَّةِ، وَحَّدَ قَبَائِلَ الأَغُزِّ تَحتَ قِيَادَتِهِ، وَأَقَامَ إِمَارَةً فِي شَمَالِ غَربِ الأَنَاضُولِ سَنَةَ 1231 م، قَادَ عِدَّةَ حَمَلَاتٍ عَلَى الإِمبِرَاطُورِيَّةِ البِيزَنطِيَّةِ وَوَسَّعَ دَولَتَهُ عَلَى حِسَابِهَا.‏
Ertugrul : Founder of the Ottoman Dynasty, he united the Oghuz Turkish tribes under his leadership. He founded a principality in northwestern Anatolia in 1231 A.D. Ertugrul led several raids against the Byzantine empire in order to expand his small state.
‏أُسَامَةُ بنُ مُنقِذٍ (1095-1188 م)‏

‏أَمِيرٌ مِن بَنِي مُنقِذٍ أَصحَابِ قَلعَةِ شِيزَر، شَمَالَي حَمَاةَ، أَدِيبٌ وَمُؤَرِّخٌ مِن فُرسَانِ العَرَبِ، اِشتَهَرَ بِحَمَلَاتِهِ العَدِيدَةِ عَلَى الصَّلِيبِيِّينَ، صَاحِبُ كِتَابِ "الاِعتِبَارِ" فِي سِيرَةِ حَيَاتِهِ.‏
Usamah bin Munqidh (1095-1188 A.D.) : Emir of Banu Munqidh in northern Hama, he was a man of letters and historian. He is known for his unabated attacks against the Crusaders. Among his achievements was the autobiographical book Al-I`tibar [Consideration].
‏أَسَدُ الدِّينِ شِيركُوه (تُوُفِّيَ 564 هـ/ 1169 م)‏

‏هُوَ شِيركُوه بنُ شَاذِي، عَمُّ صَلَاحِ الدِّينِ الأَيُّوبِيِّ، خَدَمَ نُورَ الدِّينِ زنكي وَزِيرَ العَاضِدِ الفَاطِمِيِّ، أَرسَلَهُ نُورُ الدِّينِ عَلَى رَأسِ جَيشٍ لِمِصرَ لِمُسَاعَدَةِ الوَزِيرِ شَاوَر ضِدَّ خَصمِهِ ضِرغَامٍ ثُمَّ عَادَ إِلَى الشَّامِ، وَلَمَّا اِستَبَدَّ شَاوَر بِالأَمرِ فِي مِصرَ وَتَآمَرَ مَعَ الصَّلِيبِيِّينَ عَادَ شِيركُوه بِجَيشِهِ إِلَى مِصرَ وَانتَصَرَ عَلَى الصَّلِيبِيِّينَ وَقَضَى عَلَى شَاوَر سَنَةَ 564 هـ، ثُمَّ تَوَلَّى الوِزَارَةَ فِي مِصرَ، فَمَكَثَ فِي الوِزَارَةِ فَترَةً قَصِيرَةً ثُمَّ تُوُفِّيَ.‏
Asad Al-Din Shirkuh (died 564 A.H./1169 A.D.) : Uncle of Saladin (Salah Al-Din Al-Ayybi) and the commander of Nur Al-Din Mahmud, he was dispatched at the head of an army to Egypt in support of the Vizier Shawar against his rival Dirgham. Having accomplished his task and defeated Dirgham, Shirkuh went back to Syria. Vizier Shawar, however, tyrannized in Egypt and collaborated with the Crusaders. So Shirkuh was dispatched once again to Egypt. He defeated the Crusaders and eventually killed Shawar in 564 A.H. He was given the vizierate but shortly died afterwards.
‏البَرَامِكَةُ‏

‏أُسرَةٌ فَارِسِيَّةٌ مِن بَلخ أَعلَى الخُلَفَاءُ العَبَّاسِيُّونَ مِن شَأنِهِم وَجَعَلُوا مِنهُم الوُزَرَاءَ، اُشتُهِرَ عَنهُم الكَرَمُ وَحُبُّ الأَدَبِ خَاصَّةً الشِّعرُ، وَمِن أَشهَرِهِم يَحيَى بنُ خَالِدٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 805 هـ) مُعَلِّمُ الرَّشِيدِ، وَالفَضلُ بنُ يَحيَى (تُوُفِّيَ 808 هـ) أَخُو الرَّشِيدِ مِن الرَّضَاعِ وَمُعَلِّمُ الأَمِينِ، وَجَعفَرُ بنُ يَحيَى (تُوُفِّيَ 803 هـ) قَرَّبَهُ الرَّشِيدُ ثُمَّ اِنقَلَبَ عَلَيهِ فِي نَكبَةٍ مَشهُورَةٍ تُعرَفُ بِنَكبَةِ البَرَامِكَةِ (803 هـ).‏
The Barmakids : A Persian family which was so highly esteemed by the Abbasids that most of its members were appointed ministers. They were known for their generosity and interest in literary activities, mainly poetry. Most outstanding figures among the family were Yahya bin Khalid (died 805 A.H.), who was the educator and minister of Al-Rashid; Al-Fadl bin Yahya (died 808 A.H.), who was the foster-brother of Al-Rashid and the educator of Al-Amin; and Ja`far bin Yahya (died 803 A.H.) who was a close companion of Al-Rashid. However, Harun Al-Rashid raged at them and destroyed them in what was known as "the Barmakid Disaster" in 803 A.H.
‏الجَرَّاحُ الحَكَمِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 112 هـ/747 م)‏

‏هُوَ الجَرَّاحُ بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ الحَكَمِيُّ، وَلَّاهُ عُمَرُ بنُ عَبدِ العَزِيزِ عَلَى خُرَاسَانَ وَسِجِستَانَ سَنَةَ 99 هـ ثُمَّ عَزَلَهُ لِأَخذِهِ الجِزيَةَ مِمَّن أَسلَمَ، وَلَّاهُ يَزِيدُ بنُ عَبدِ المَلِكِ عَلَى أَرمِينِيَّةَ وَآذرِبَيجَانَ، غَزَا الخَزَرَ فَاستُشهِدَ قُربَ مَدِينَةِ أَردَبِيل.‏
Al-Jarrah Al-Hakami (died 112 A.H./730 A.D.) : He was appointed ruler of Khurasan and Sijistan in 99 A.H. by `Umar bin `Abdul-`Aziz, the Umayyad Caliph. However, when Al-Jarrah levied Jiziah [Tribute] on Muslim subjects, `Umar deposed him. During the rule of Caliph Yazid bin `Abdul-Malik, Al-Jarrah was appointed ruler of Armenia and Azerbaijan. He attempted to conquer the region around the Caspian Sea but died near Ardabil.
‏الحَسَنُ بنُ زَيدٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 270 هـ/884 م)‏

‏هُوَ الحَسَنُ بنُ زَيدِ بنِ مُحَمَّدِ بنِ إِسمَاعِيلَ بنِ الحَسَنِ بنِ زَيدِ بنِ الحَسَنِ بنِ عَلِيِّ بنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، صَاحِبُ طَبَرِستَان وَمُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةِ العَلَوِيَّةِ فِيهَا، اِستَولَى عَلَى الرَّيِّ وَدَامَت إِمرَتُهُ عِشرِينَ عَامًا، وَهُوَ أَحَدُ عُلَمَاءِ الزَّيدِيَّةِ البَارِزِينَ.‏
Al-Hasan bin Zaid (died 270 A.H.) : An `Alawi ruler and distinguished Zaidi scholar whose lineage went back to Al-Hasan bin `Ali bin Abi Talib. He was the founder of the `Alawi State in Tabaristan. He successfully captured Rayy. His rule extended for twenty years.
‏الحَسَنُ بنُ قَحطُبَةَ (97-181 هـ/716-797 م)‏

‏هُوَ الحَسَنُ بنُ قَحطُبَةَ بنِ شَبِيبِ بنِ خَالِدِ بنِ مَعدَانَ الطَّائِيُّ، حَارَبَ أَهلَ الرُّومِ وَأَوغَلَ فِي بِلَادِهِم، دَعَتهُ الرُّومُ بِالتِّنِّينِ لِمَا كَانَ يُحدِثُهُ مِن الرُّعبِ فِيهِم. هَزَمَ الخَوَارِجَ فِي أَرمِينِيَّةَ سَنَةَ 138 هـ كَمَا سَحَقَ ثَورَةَ الأَرمَنِ.‏
Al-Hasan bin Qahtubah (97-181 A.H./716-797 A.D.) : A Muslim military leader who fought the Byzantines and captured many territories. Byzantine soldiers were so scared of him that they called him "The Dragon. " In Armenia he gained victory over the Kharijites and the Armenian rebels.
‏الشَّاه إِسمَاعِيلُ الصَّفَوِيُّ (1487-1524 م)‏

‏مُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةِ الصَّفَوِيَّةِ الشِّيعِيَّةِ فِي إِيرَان وَشَاه إِيرَان (1502-1524 م)، وُلِدَ فِي أَردَبِيلَ، اِستَعَانَ بِقَبَائِلَ الأَترَاكِ وَاستَولَى عَلَى آذرِبَيجَانَ، اِتَّخَذَ تَبرِيزَ عَاصِمَةً لَهُ، تَابَعَ فُتُوحَاتِهِ فَأَخضَعَ بَغدَادَ، وَبَلَغَ هَرَاةَ فِي أَفغَانِستَانَ شَرقًا، هَزَمَهُ سَلِيمُ الأَوَّلُ فِي مَوقِعَةِ جَالدِيرَان (1514 م).‏
Shah Isma`il Al-Safawi (1487-1534 A.D.) : Born in Ardabil, he was the founder of the Shiite Safavid State in Iran with Tabriz as its capital. He expanded his domains from Baghdad to Harah in Afghanistan, and seized Azerbaijan with the help of the Turks. He was defeated by Sultan Selim I in the Battle of Chaldiran (1514 A.D.)
‏العَبَّاسُ بنُ الفَضلِ (تُوُفِّيَ 247 هـ/861 م)‏

‏العَبَّاسُ بنُ الفَضلِ بنِ يَعقُوبَ بنِ فَزَارَةَ وَالمَعرُوفُ بِابنِ بربر، قَائِدٌ مُجَاهِدٌ فِي دَولَةِ الأَغَالِبَةِ، تَوَلَّى إِمَارَةَ صِقِلِّيَّةَ سَنَةَ 236 هـ تَغَلَّبَ عَلَى الرُّومِ فِي الجَزِيرَةِ وَهَزَمَهُم فِي عِدَّةِ مَوَاقِعَ، تُوُفِّيَ العَبَّاسُ عَلَى مَقرُبَةٍ مِن وَسَرقُوسَةَ‏
Al-`Abbas bin Al-Fadl (died 247 A.H.) : A Military leader and Aghlabid ruler of Sicily (236 A.H.). He defeated the Byzantines in many battles. He died near Sargasso.
‏النَّجَاشِيُّ (مَلِكُ الحَبَشَةِ)‏

‏كَانَ النَّجَاشِيُّ مَلِكًا لِلحَبَشَةِ أَيَّامَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ)، لَجَأَ إِلَيهِ المُسلِمُونَ الأَوَائِلُ فَقَدَّمَ لَهُم الحِمَايَةَ وَرَفَضَ تَسلِيمَهُم لِقُرَيشٍ، اِعتَنَقَ الإِسلَامَ، وَكَّلَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) فِي عَقدِ زَوَاجِهِ مِن أُمِّ المُؤمِنِينَ أُمِّ حَبِيبَةَ، فَأَمهَرَهَا بِأَربَعَةِ آلَافِ دِينَارٍ، صَلَّى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) عَلَى جَنَازَتِهِ.‏
Al-Najashi (Negus, King of Abyssinia) : King of Abyssinia at the time of the Prophet (peace be upon him). He received and protected the early Muslims who immigrated to his country. The Prophet deputized him to conclude his marriage contract to Umm Habibah. Negus offered her a dowry of four hundred dinars. He converted to Islam and when he died the Prophet performed the funeral Prayer for him.
‏تَيمُورلَنك (1336-1405)‏

‏إِمبِرَاطُورٌ مَغُولِيٌّ مُسلِمٌ اِمتَدَّ سُلطَانُهُ لِيُغَطِّيَ جُزءً كَبِيرًا مِن فَارِس وَتُركِيَا وَرُوسيَا وَالهِندِ، اِتَّخَذَ مِن سَمَرقَندَ فِي آسيَا الوُسطَى عَاصِمَةً لَهُ.‏
Timur (1336-1405) : Also Tamerlane, a Mongol Muslim emperor whose domain extended to include the vast areas of Persia, Turkey, Russia, and India. He took Samarkand of central Asia as the capital of his empire.
‏جَوهَرُ الصِّقِلِّيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 381 هـ/992 م)‏

‏جَوهَرُ بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ الصِّقِلِّيُّ، قَائِدٌ اِمتَازَ بِشَجَاعَتِهِ وَبَسَالَتِهِ فِي الحُرُوبِ، أَخضَعَ المَغرِبَ لِطَاعَةِ المُعِزِّ لِدِينِ اللَّهِ الفَاطِمِيِّ، أَعظَمُ أَعمَالِهِ العَسكَرِيَّةِ فَتحُ مِصرَ (358 هـ) وَالقَضَاءُ عَلَى دَولَةِ الإِخشِيدِيِّينَ، بَنَى الجَامِعَ الأَزهَرَ (361 هـ)، مَكَثَ حَاكِمًا لِمِصرَ حَتَّى قَدِمَهَا المُعِزُّ (362 هـ).‏
Jawhar Al-Siqilli (died in 381 A.H./992 A.D.) : A brave commander who conquered the Maghrib during the reign of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Mu`iz. The greatest among his achievements was the capture of Egypt in 358 A.H. The fall of Egypt marked the end of the Ikhshidid State in Egypt. He built Al-Azhhar Mosque in Cairo and ruled Egypt until the arrival of Al-Mu`iz in 362 A.H.
‏حَسَّانُ بنُ النُّعمَانِ (تُوُفِّيَ 87 هـ/705 م)‏

‏حَسَّانُ بنُ النُّعمَانِ بنِ عَدِيٍّ الأَزدِيُّ الغَسَّانِيُّ. مِن أَولَادِ مُلُوكِ غَسَّانَ، وَلَّاهُ مُعَاوِيَةُ بنُ أَبِي سُفيَانَ عَلَى إِفرِيقِيَّةَ سَنَةَ 69 هـ فَطَرَدَ الرُّومَ مِن شَمَالِ إِفرِيقِيَّةَ وَسَحَقَ مُقَاوَمَةَ البَربَرِ، وَأَنشَأَ مَدِينَةَ تُونُسَ. عُزِلَ سَنَةَ 85 هـ، مَاتَ فِي أَحَدِ الغَزَوَاتِ لِبِلَادِ الرُّومِ.‏
Hassan bin Al-Nu`man (died in 86 A.H./705 A.D.) : Hassan enjoyed a noble ancestral line going back to the royal family of Ghassan. In 69 A.H. he was appointed ruler of Ifriqiyah (present-day Tunisia) by `Abdul-Malik bin Marwan. He suppressed the Berber revolts and founded the city of Tunis. He was deposed in 85 A.H. and died while fighting the Byzantines.
‏خَفَاجَة بنُ سُفيَانَ (تُوُفِّيَ 255 هـ/869 م)‏

‏أَمِيرُ صِقِلِّيَّةَ، وَلِيَهَا سَنَةَ 247 هـ وَكَانَت قَاعِدَتُهُ مَدِينَةَ بَلِرمُو، غَزَا مَدِينَةَ قَصرَيَانَةَ وَسَرقُوسَةَ، وَفَتَحَ حُصُونًا كَثِيرَةً.‏
Khafajah bin Sufyan (died 255 A.H.) : Ruler of Sicily. He took Palermo as a base and successfully conquered Sargasso and other Byzantine cities and fortresses.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏خَيرُ الدِّينِ بَربَارُوسَا (1483-1546 م)‏

‏قَائِدٌ تُركِيٌّ، اِستَطَاعَ بِمُسَاعَدَةِ أَخِيهِ عَرُّوجَ اِستِعَادَةَ الجَزَائِرِ مِن الأَسبَانِ (1518 م)، وَإِخضَاعَهَا مَعَ بَاقِي الدُّوَيلَاتِ البَربَرِيَّةِ لِلسِّيَادَةِ العُثمَانِيَّةِ، قَادَ الأُسطُولَ التُّركِيَّ وَتَمَكَّنَ مِن هَزِيمَةِ الأَدمِيرَالِ الإِيطَالِيِّ أندريه دوريا مَرَّتَينِ عَامَي (1533 و 1544 م)، كَمَا اِستَطَاعَ تَدمِيرَ السَّوَاحِلِ اليُونَانِيَّةِ وَالإِيطَالِيَّةِ وَالأَسبَانِيَّةِ.‏
Khair Al-Din Barbarossa (1483-1546 A.D.) : A Turkish commander. He and his brother Aruj seized Algiers from Spain in 1518 A.D. and placed it and the other Barbari States under Turkish suzerainty. As admiral of the Turkish fleet under Suleyman I, he defeated the Italian admiral Andrea Doria twice (1533, 1544 A.D.) and ravaged the coasts of Greece, Italy, and Spain.
‏شَاه جَاهَان (1592-1666 م)‏

‏إِمبِرَاطُور المَغُولِ خَلَفًا لِأَبِيهِ جَهَانكِيز (1628-1658 م)، بَلَغَت الإِمبِرَاطُورِيَّةُ فِي عَهدِهِ ذُروَةَ مَجدِهَا، وَعَاشَت العَصرَ الذَّهَبِيَّ لِفَنِّ العِمَارَةِ، نَقَلَ عَاصِمَتَهُ مِن "أَغرَةَ" إِلَى "دِهلِي"، أَغنَى "أَغرَةَ" بِالمَبَانِي الرَّائِعَةِ وَأَشهَرُهَا "تَاَج مَحَل".‏
Shah Jahan (1592-1666 A.D.) : A Mughal emperor of India (1628-1658 A.D.) whose reign ushered in the golden age of Mongol art and architecture. The Taj Mahal (a red and white sandstone, marble mosque, meeting hall, and mausoleum) was built at his request as a memorial to his favorite wife.
‏طَارِقُ بنُ زِيَادٍ (50-102 هـ/670-720 م)‏

‏مِن أَعظَمِ قَادَةِ الإِسلَامِ الفَاتِحِينَ، وَلِيَ طَنجَةَ (89 هـ)، قَادَ الجُيُوشَ الإِسلَامِيَّةَ الَّتِي اِفتَتَحَت الأَندَلُسِ فَاجتَازَ المَضِيقَ الَّذِي عُرِفَ بَعدُ بَاسِمِهِ (مَضِيقُ جَبَلِ طَارِقٍ)، وَفَتَحَ حِصنَ قَرطَاجَنَّةَ وَتَغَلغَلَ فِي أَرضِ الأَندَلُسِ فَفَتَحَ كُلَّ مُدُنِهَا حَتَّى وَصَلَ إِلَى عَاصِمَتِهَا طُلَيطِلَةَ، ثُمَّ اِلتَقَت قُوَّاتُهُ بِجُيُوشِ مُوسَى بنُ نُصَيرٍ فَأَتَمَّا فَتحَ بَاقِي الأَندَلُسِ.‏
Tariq bin Ziad (50-102 A.H./670-720 A.D.) : A great Muslim leader, ruler of Tangier. He led the Muslim forces to conquer Andalusia. He crossed the Strait of Gibraltar [Jabal Tariq] (called after him). Muslim forces under his command successfully captured all Andalusian cities including the capital Toledo.
‏عَبَّاسُ الأَوَّلُ (1571-1629 م)‏

‏شَاه فَارِس (1587-1629 م)، يُعتَبَرُ أَحَدُ أَعظَمِ مُلُوكِ الأُسرَةِ الصَّفَوِيَّةِ وَيُعرَفُ بِالكَبِيرِ، اِنصَرَفَ إِلَى تَنظِيمِ الدَّولَةِ، فَأَنهَى الحُكمَ القَبَلِيَّ السَّائِدَ حِينَئِذٍ، وَقَضَى عَلَى الخَطَرِ الأُوزبَكِيِّ، وَمَدَّ نُفُوذَهُ عَلَى حِسَابِ التُّركِ وَالبُرتُغَالِيِّينَ.‏
`Abbas I (1571-1629 A.D.) : Known as `Abbas the Great, he was shah of Persia under the Safavid Dynasty (1587-1629 A.D.) He broke the power of the tribal chiefs, ended the Uzbek threat, and extended his domain at the expense of the Turks and Portuguese.
‏عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ الغَافِقِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 114 هـ/732 م)‏

‏قَائِدٌ عَرَبِيٌّ، حَكَمَ الأَندَلُسِ مِن (721-732 م)، وَزَحَفَ لِفَتحِ بِلَادِ الغال (فَرَنسَا الحَالِيَة)، فَاجتَازَ جِبَالَ البَرَانِسِ، وَاستَولَى عَلَى عِدَّةِ مُدُنٍ، وَدَحَرَ جُيُوشَ شَارل مَارتل، فَجَمَعَ شارل مارتل جَيشًا كَبِيرًا مِن الغَالِيِّينَ والجرمانيين، وَنَشَبَت مَعرَكَةٌ دَامِيَةٌ فِي بواتييه (عَامَ 732 م)، عُرِفَت ب "بَلَاطِ الشُّهَدَاءِ"، لَقِيَ فِيهَا عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ مَصرَعَهُ.‏
`Abdul-Rahman Al-Ghafiqi (died 114 A.H./732 A.D.) : An Arab Muslim commander and governor of Andalusia (721-732 A.D.) Planning to annex Gaul to Muslim provinces in Europe, he crossed the Pyrenees, captured Bordeaux and defeated an army under Eudo, duke of Aquitaine. He was then defeated by the Frankish leader Charles Martel, whose men killed `Abdul-Rahman at the Battle of Tour-Poitiers (732 A.D.)
‏عَبدُ القَادِرِ الجَزَائِرِيُّ (1808-1883 م)‏

‏زَعِيمٌ وَعَالِمٌ عَرَبِيٌّ جَزَائِرِيٌّ، بَايَعَهُ الجَزَائِرِيُّونَ وَوَلَّوهُ أَمرَ الجِهَادِ ضِدَّ المُستَعمِرِينَ الفِرِنسِيِّينَ، فَقَادَ الكِفَاحَ المُسَلَّحَ لِمُدَّةِ خَمسَةَ عَشَرَ عَامًا (1832-1847) أَنشَأَ خِلَالَهَا مُعَامِلًا لِلأَسلِحَةِ وَالأَدَوَاتِ الحَربِيَّةِ وَمَلَابِسِ الجُندِ، وَقَادَ عِدَّةَ حَمَلَاتٍ نَاجِحَةٍ عَلَى القُوَّاتِ الفِرِنسِيَّةِ، ثُمَّ وَقَّعَ الطَّرَفَانِ مُعَاهَدَةَ تَافنَا (1837 م) الَّتِي اِعتَرَفَ فِيهَا الفِرِنسِيُّونَ بِسِيَادَةِ عَبدِ القَادِرِ عَلَى غَربِ الجَزَائِرِ، ثُمَّ نَقَضَ الفِرِنسِيُّونَ المُعَاهَدَةَ وَقَامُوا بِعِدَّةِ هَجَمَاتٍ عَلَى القُوَّاتِ الجَزَائِرِيَّةِ وَاستَطَاعُوا القَبضَ عَلَى عَبدِ القَادِرِ فَسَجَنُوهُ ثُمَّ نَفَوهُ إِلَى دِمَشقَ وَاستَقَرَّ فِي دِمَشقَ حَتَّى تُوُفِّيَ عَامَ 1300 هـ/1883 م.‏
`Abdul-Qadir Al-Jaza'iri (1808-1883 A.D.) : An Arab emir and scholar who led the Algerians (from 1832 to 1847 A.D.) against the French occupation. `Abdul-Qadir established an arsenal and organized his troops. A Jihad was then declared against the French. He managed to defeat the French in many raids until they signed the Tafna Treaty (1837 A.D.) in which the French recognized the sovereignty of `Abdul-Qadir in the west of Algeria. The French, however, violated the Treaty, launched a series of raids upon cities in western Algeria, and finally captured `Abdul-Qadir. `Abdul-Qadir was imprisoned for a while, then expelled to Damascas where he died in 1300 A.H./1883 A.D.
‏عَبدُ الكَرِيمِ الخَطَابِيُّ (1882-1963 م)‏

‏زَعِيمٌ عَرَبِيٌّ مَغرِبِيٌّ، حَارَبَ مُحتَلِّي بِلَادِهِ مِن الأَسبَانِ وَالفِرِنسِيِّينَ، وَظَفَرَ فِي عِدَّةِ مَعَارِكٍ حَتَّى تَمَكَّنَ مِن إِنشَاءِ جُمهُورِيَّةِ الرِّيفِ، وَلَمَّا اِزدَادَ خَطَرُهُ تَحَالَفَ عَلَيهِ الأَسبَانُ وَالفِرِنسِيُّونَ، فَهَزَمُوهُ وَنَفَوهُ إِلَى جَزِيرَةِ "رِينيُونَ".‏
`Abdul-Karim Al-Khatabi (1882-1963 A.D.) : Moroccan revolutionist who led unabated public resistance against French and Spanish occupation. After some victorious battles, he announced the "Rif Republic, " but was soon trapped and exiled to Reunion Island.
‏عَبدُ الكَرِيمِ بنُ عَبدِ الوَاحِدِ (تُوُفِّيَ 209 هـ)‏

‏حَاجِبُ الأَمِيرِ عَبدِ الرَّحمَنِ بنِ الحَكَمِ بنِ هِشَامٍ أَمِيرِ الأَندَلُسِ، غَزَا الفِرِنجَةَ عَامَ 208 هـ وَاحتَلَّ مَدِينَةَ أَلبَةَ مَعَ عِدَّةِ حُصُونٍ، غَنِمَ مِنهَا مَغَانِمَ كَثِيرَةً، أَعَدَّ العُدَّةَ لِمُوَاصَلَةِ الغَزوِ وَلَكِنَّهُ مَاتَ سَنَةَ 209 هـ.‏
`Abdul-Karim `Abdul-Wahid (died in 209 A.H.) : Military leader during the rule of `Abdul-Rahman bin Al-Hakam bin Hisham of Andulasia. He raided the Frankish territories around Andulasia and captured Alba and many fortresses. Having made the necessary preparations to go on the raids, he died in 209 A.H.
‏عُقبَةُ بنُ نَافِعٍ (1 ق هـ-63 هـ/621-683 م)‏

‏عُقبَةُ بنُ نَافِعِ بنِ عَبدِ القَيسِ القُرَشِيُّ، فَاتِحٌ مِن كِبَارِ القَادَةِ فِي الإِسلَامِ، غَزَا إِفرِيقِيَّةَ وَوَلِيَهَا مِن قِبَلِ مُعَاوِيَةَ بنِ أَبِي سُفيَانَ (49 هـ)، أَسَّسَ مَدِينَةَ (القَيرَوَانِ)، خَرَجَ مِنهَا بِجَيشٍ كَثِيفٍ فَفَتَحَ حُصُونًا وَمُدُنًا، وَصَالَحَ أَهلَ (فَزَّانَ)، ثُمَّ سَارَ إِلَى (الزَّابِ) وَ (تَاهُرتَ) وَتَقَدَّمَ إِلَى المَغرِبِ الأَقصَى فَفَتَحَ (طَنجَةَ)، هَاجَمَتهُ قُوَّاتُ الرُّومِ وَالبَربَرِ فِي طَرِيقِ عَودَتِهِ إِلَى (القَيرَوَانِ) فَاستُشهِدَ وَمَعَهُ عَدَدٌ كَبِيرٌ مِن الصَّحَابَةِ وَالتَّابِعِينَ.‏
`Uqbah bin Nafi` (1 B.H.-63 A.H./621-683 A.D.) : A Muslim commander during the reign of Mu`awiah bin Abi Sufyan, he conquered Tunisia where he became governor in 49 A.H., and founded the city of Qairawan. Under his leadership, the Muslim armies reached the Maghrib up to the Atlantic Ocean and conquered Tangier. On his way back to Qairawan, he was attacked and killed by the Berbers supported by the Byzantine forces.
‏عُمَرُ المُختَارُ (1275-1350 هـ/1858-1931 م)‏

‏عُمَرُ بنُ مُختَارِ بنِ عُمَرَ، مِن أَشهَرِ مُجَاهِدِي لِيبيَا وَطَرَابُلُسَ فِي حَربِهِم مَعَ المُستَعمِرِينَ الإِيطَالِيِّينَ، تَوَلَّى قِيَادَةَ "الجَبَلِ الأَخضَرِ" وَتَلَاحَقَت بِهِ القَبَائِلُ وَانتُخِبَ القَائِدَ العَامَ وَالرَّئِيسَ الأَعلَى لِلمُجَاهِدِينَ، رَدَّ هُجُومَ القُوَّاتِ الإِيطَالِيَّةِ وَغَنِمَ مِنهَا آلَاتٍ حَربِيَّةً وَمُؤَنًا غَيرَ قَلِيلَةٍ، اُعتُقِلَ وَسُجِنَ أَربَعَةَ أَيَّامٍ، ثُمَّ قُتِلَ شَنقًا.‏
`Umar Al-Mukhtar (1275-1350 A.H./1858-1931 A.D.) : A Libyan political and military leader who led the movement of resistance against Italian occupation. Al-Mukhtar successfully exhausted the Italian forces by a series of lightning raids. Consequently, Italy sent reinforcements to Libya and managed to bring the resistance forces to heel. `Umar Al-Mukhtar was captured and hanged in 1350 A.H./1931 A.D.
‏عَنبَسَةُ بنُ سُحَيمٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 107 هـ)‏

‏هُوَ عَنبَسَةُ بنُ سُحَيمٍ الكَلبِيُّ. وَلَّاهُ بِشرُ بنُ صَفوَانَ، أَمِيرُ أَفرِيقيَا، عَلَى الأَندَلُسِ سَنَةَ 102 هـ فَأَوغَلَ فِي غَزوِ الفِرِنجِ وَفَتَحَ قَرقَشُونَة، وَاجتَازَ فَرَنسَا فَعَبَرَ نَهرَ الرون إِلَى الشَّرقِ، أُصِيبَ بِجِرَاحَاتٍ فِي بَعضِ الوَقَائِعِ فَكَانَت سَبَبًا فِي وَفَاتِهِ.‏
`Anbasah bin Suhaim Al-Kalbi : He was appointed ruler of Andulasia by Bishr bin Safwan, the governor of Ifriqiyah (present-day Tunisia). `Anbasah delved deeply into southern Europe through Pyrenees up to Rhone River. In one of the battles he was wounded and his wound proved fatal.
‏قُتَيبَة بنُ مُسلِمٍ (49-96 هـ/669-715 م)‏

‏قُتَيبَة بنُ مُسلِمِ بنِ عَمرِو بنِ الحُصَينِ البَاهِلِيُّ، وَلَّاهُ عَبدُ المَلِكِ بنُ مَروَانَ الرَّيَّ، وَوَلَّاهُ الوَلِيدُ بنُ عَبدِ المَلِكِ خُرَاسَانَ سَنَةَ 86 هـ، غَزَا مَا وَرَاءَ النَّهرِ وَاستَولَى عَلَى خَوَارِزمَ وَسِجِستَانَ وَسَمَرقَندَ، وَغَزَا أَطرَافَ الصِّينِ وَضَرَبَ الجِزيَةَ عَلَيهَا، قَتَلَهُ وَكِيعُ بنُ حَسَّانٍ التَّمِيمِيُّ بِفِرغَانَةَ.‏
Qutaibah bin Muslim (49-96 A.H./669-715 A.D.) : A military leader, ruler of Al-Rayy during the reign of `Abdul-Malik bin Marwan. When Al-Walid bin `Abdul-Malik assumed the caliphate, he appointed Qutaibah governor of Khurasan in 86 A.H. He conquered Transoxiana and seized Khwarazm, Sajistan, Samarkand, and managed to capture some Chinese lands.
‏مُحَمَّد أَحمَد المَهدِيُّ (1844-1885 م)‏

‏زَعِيمٌ صُوفِيٌّ سُودَانِيٌّ بَسَطَ سُلُطَاتِهِ عَلَى مُعظَمِ الأَرَاضِي السُّودَانِيَّةِ وَبَايَعَتهُ القَبَائِلُ، حَارَبَ الإِنجِلِيزَ، وَفَتَحَ الخُرطُومَ مَعَ أَتبَاعِهِ، تُوُفِّيَ بِأُمِّ دُرمَانَ.‏
Muhammad Ahmad Al-Mahdi (1844-1885) : A Muslim religious leader in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. In 1881 he spread his influence over most of the Sudanese territories. He fought the British and captured Khartum. He died shortly afterwards in Omdurman.
‏مُحَمَّد إِقبَال (1875-1938 م)‏

‏أَشهَرُ الشُّعَرَاءِ الفَلَاسِفَةِ وَالمُفَكِّرِينَ المُسلِمِينَ فِي الهِندِ، كَانَ أَوَّلَ مَن دَعَا إِلَى إِنشَاءِ دَولَةِ بَاكِستَانَ، لَهُ مُؤَلَّفَاتٌ وَدَوَاوِينُ بِالفَارِسِيَّةِ والأردو.‏
Muhammad Iqbal (1875-1938) : A great Indian Muslim poet and philosopher. He was the first to call for a Muslim independent state in Pakistan. He had many poetical and philosophical works of immense importance in Persian and Urdu.
‏مُحَمَّدُ بنُ القَاسِمِ الثَّقَفِيُّ (681-717 م)‏

‏قَائِدٌ عَرَبِيٌّ، فَتَحَ بِلَادَ السِّندِ (عَامَ 712 م)، وَلَّاهُ الحَجَّاجُ بنُ يُوسُفَ ثَغرَ السِّندِ وَأَمَدَّهُ بِالجُيُوشِ فَانطَلَقَ فِي البِلَادِ فَاتِحًا وَمُنَظِّمًا حَتَّى تَغَلَّبَ عَلَى "داهر" (مَلِكِ السِّندِ)، وَدَانَت لَهُ كُلُّ مُدُنِهَا.‏
Muhammad bin Al-Qasim Al-Thaqafi (681-717 A.D.) : A great Arab leader, he conquered Sind (89 A.H./708 A.D.) during the reign of Al-Walid bin `Abdul-Malik. He was appointed ruler of Sind. He made major reforms and regulations. His domain extended to the whole Indus Valley after defeating the enemy forces led by Dahir.
‏مُحَمَّد بنُ خَفَاجَةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 257 هـ/871 م)‏

‏هُوَ مُحَمَّدُ بنُ خَفَاجَةَ بنِ سُفيَانَ خَلَفَ أَبَاهُ فِي إِمَارَةِ صِقِلِّيَّةَ كَانَ عَونًا لِأَبِيهِ فِي غَزَوَاتِهِ، طَرَدَ الرُّومَ مِن مَالطَةَ سَنَةَ 255 هـ وَهَزَمَ أَسَاطِيلَهُم.‏
Muhammad bin Khafajah (died 257 A.H.) : He played a significant role in his father's raids against Byzantine cities. He ruled Sicily after the death of his father. He drove the Byzantines out of Malta and defeated their fleet in 255 A.H.
‏مُحَمَّدُ بنُ عَبدِ الوَهَّابِ (1703-1792 م)‏

‏مُصلِحٌ دِينِيٌّ مُسلِمٌ، أَسَّسَ الوَهَّابِيَّةَ، المَذهَبَ الرَّسمِيَّ فِي المَملَكَةِ العَرَبِيَّةِ السُّعُودِيَّةِ، وَدَعَا إِلَى تَنقِيَةِ الإِسلَامِ مِن الِانحِرَافَاتِ عَن طَرِيقِ القُرآنِ وَالسُّنَّةِ، وَلِلوَهَّابِيَّةِ أَنصَارٌ فِي الهِندِ وَسَمطَرَةَ وَشَمَالِ إِفرِيقيَا وَالسُّودَانِ، نَاصَرَهُ مُحَمَّدُ بنُ سُعُودٍ.‏
Muhammad bin `Abdul-Wahhab (1703-1892 A.D.) : A Muslim reformer, founder of the Wahhabi Movement, he taught that the Holy Qur'an and the Prophet's Sunna should be strictly observed, and stressed that all spurious accretions to the Islamic creed must be expunged. The movement, although centered in Arabia, had also spread eastward to India and Sumatra and westward to North Africa and the Sudan. During his lifetime, he was supported by Muhammad bin Saud.
‏مُحَمَّد بنُ مَروَانَ (تُوُفِّيَ 101 هـ/720 م)‏

‏هُوَ مُحَمَّدُ بنُ مَروَانَ بنُ الحَكَمِ الأُمَوِيُّ القُرَشِيُّ أَخُو عَبدِ المَلِكِ بنِ مَروَانَ وُلِّيَ أَمِيرًا عَلَى الجَزِيرَةِ وَأَرمِينِيَّةَ وَأَذرَبِيجَانَ عَامَ 73 هـ، لَهُ وَقَائِعُ مَعَ الرُّومِ، أَهَمُّهَا وَقعَةُ سَبَاستِيُولَ.‏
Muhammad bin Marwan (died 101 A.H./720 A.D.) : Brother of `Abdul-Malik bin Marwan, the Umayyad Caliph. He was appointed ruler of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Arabian Peninsula. He participated in many battles against the Byzantines, most important of which was the Battle of Sevastopol (73 A.H.)
‏مُحَمَّدُ عَلِيٍّ (1769-1849 م)‏

‏وَالِي مِصرَ (1805-1848 م)، مُؤَسِّسُ الأُسرَةِ الَّتِي حَكَمَت مِصرَ حَتَّى عَامَ (1952 م)، قَضَى عَلَى المَمَالِيكَ فِي مَذبَحَةِ القَلعَةِ (1811 م)، وَجَّهَ حَملَةً إِلَى الجَزِيرَةِ العَرَبِيَّةِ (1811-1819 م) , فَتَحَ السُّودَانَ (1821 م)، اِشتَرَكَ مَعَ العُثمَانِيِّينَ فِي حَربِ نَافَارِينُو (1827 م) لِقَمعِ التَّمَرُّدِ فِي اليُونَانِ لَكِنَّ القُوَّاتِ الأُورُبِّيَّةَ وَهِيَ فَرَنسَا وَبِرِيطَانيَا وَرُوسيَا تَدَخَّلَت مِمَّا أَدَّى إِلَى هَزِيمَةِ الأُسطُولِ المِصرِيِّ، ثُمَّ ثَارَ مُحَمَّد عَلِيٍّ عَلَى العُثمَانِيِّينَ وَهَزَمَهُم فِي قونية (1833 م) وَفِي نصيبين (1839 م)، حَقَّقَ لِمِصرَ نَهضَةً عِلمِيَّةً وَثَقَافِيَّةً وَزِرَاعِيَّةً.‏
Muhammad `Ali (1769-1849 A.D.) : Governor of Egypt (1805-1848 A.D.), founder of the dynasty which ruled Egypt until 1952 A.D. He massacred the Mamluks in Al-Qal`ah (1811). He won great victories for the Turks in Arabia and the Sudan. He fought the rebels in Greece, but his fleet was destroyed (1827 A.D.) at Navarino by the British, French, and Russians. In the 1830s A.D. he turned against the Ottomans and made inroads in Syria and Asia Minor and defeated them in the Battles of Konya (1833 A.D.) and Nusaibin (1839 A.D.), but was forced to give up his gains by the European powers.
‏مِدحَت بَاشَا (1822-1883 م)‏

‏سِيَاسِيٌّ عُثمَانِيٌّ، يُعتَبَرُ أَعظَمَ رِجَالِ الإِصلَاحِ وَالإِدَارَةِ العُثمَانِيِّينَ فِي القَرنِ التَّاسِعَ عَشَرَ، عُيِّنَ صَدرًا أَعظَمَ (1872-1877 م)، عَمِلَ عَلَى فَرضِ سُلطَةِ الدُّستُورِ، أَبعَدَهُ السُّلطَانُ عَبدُ الحَمِيدِ.‏
Midhat Basha (1822-1883) : An Ottoman political leader and one of the prominent Turkish administrative reformers of the 19th century. In 1872 he was appointed prime minister. He did his best to spread the constitutional authority. He was deposed by Sultan `Abdul-Hamid.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏مَسلَمَةُ بنُ عَبدِ المَلِكِ (تُوُفِّيَ 120 هـ/738 م)‏

‏هُوَ مَسلمَةُ بنُ عَبدِ المَلِكِ بنِ مَروَانَ، قَادَ الحَملَةَ الَّتِي جَهَّزَهَا أَخُوهُ سُلَيمَانُ لِغَزوِ القُسطَنطِينِيَّةِ سَنَةَ 98 هـ، وَوَلَّاهُ أَخُوهُ يَزِيدُ إِمرَةَ العِرَاقِيِّينَ سَنَةَ 102 هـ ثُمَّ وَلَّاهُ أَخُوهُ هُشَامٌ عَلَى أَرمِينِيَّةَ وَأَذرَبِيجَان سَنَةَ 107 هـ، غَزَا اَلرُّومَ فَكَانَت لَهُ فُتُوحَاتٌ مَشهُورَةٌ، تُوُفِّيَ فِي دِمَشقَ.‏
Maslamah bin `Abdul-Malik (died 120 A.H./738 A.D.) : A Muslim commander who led the expedition against Constantinople during the reign of his brother Sulaiman bin `Abdul-Malik in 98 A.H. Maslamah was appointed ruler of Iraq (102 A.H.) by his brother Caliph Yazid, and of Armenia and Azerbaijan (107 A.H.) by his brother Caliph Hisham. He conquered the Byzantine territories and achieved great victories. He died in Damascus.
‏مَسلَمَةُ بنُ مَخلَدٍ (1-62 هـ/622-682 م)‏

‏هُوَ مَسلَمَةُ بنُ مَخلَدِ بنِ صَامِتٍ الأَنصَارِيُّ الخَزرَجِيُّ، أَوَّلُ مَن جَعَلَ بُنيَانَ المَنَائِرِ فِي المَسَاجِدِ، وَلَّاهُ مُعَاوِيَةُ إِمَارَةَ مِصرَ سَنَةَ 47 هـ، وَأَقَرَّهُ يَزِيدُ بنُ مُعَاوِيَةَ فَاستَمَرَّ فِي الإِمَارَةِ إِلَى أَن تُوُفِّيَ فِي الأَسكَندَرِيَّةِ.‏
Maslamah bin Makhlad (1-62 A.H./622-682 A.D.) : Ruler of Egypt appointed by Mu`awiah bin Abi Sufyan in 47 A.H. He was a member of the Khazraj tribe of Medina. When Yazid bin Mu`awaih assumed the caliphate, he kept Maslamah in his post. Maslamah set the tradition of using mosque minarets for adhan. He died in Alexandria in 62 A.H.
‏مُصطَفَى كَامِل (1874-1908 م)‏

‏زَعِيمٌ وَطَنِيٌّ مِصرِيٌّ وَأَحَدُ مُؤَسِّسِي النَّهضَةِ الوَطَنِيَّةِ المِصرِيَّةِ، عَمِلَ مِن أَجلِ تَحرِيرِ مِصرَ مِن الِاحتِلَالِ البِرِيطَانِيِّ، أَنشَأَ ثَلَاثَ صُحُفٍ بِالعَرَبِيَّةِ وَالإِنجِلِيزِيَّةِ وَالفِرِنسِيَّةِ وَسَمَّاهَا جَمِيعًا "اللِّوَاءَ"، أَسَّسَ "الحِزبَ الوَطَنِيَّ" وَانتُخِبَ رَئِيسًا لَهُ طُولَ حَيَاتِهِ.‏
Mustafa Kamil (1874-1908 A.D.) : An Egyptian national leader. In his attempt to get the British occupation out of Egypt, he established Al-Liwa' magazine in Arabic, English and French. He also founded the National Party and was chosen the leader of the party to the end of his life.
‏مُوسَى بنُ نُصَيرٍ (19-97 هـ/640-715 م)‏

‏مُوسَى بنُ نُصَيرِ بنِ عَبدِ الرَّحمَنِ اللَّخمِيُّ، مِن أَشهَرِ فَاتِحِي الإِسلَامِ، غَزَا قُبرُصَ عَلَى أَيَّامِ مُعَاوِيَةَ، وَغَزَا إِفرِيقِيَّةَ فِي خِلَافَةِ عَبدِ المَلِكِ بنِ مَروَانَ، وَتَابَعَ فُتُوحَاتِهِ فِي عَهدِ الوَلِيدِ بنِ عَبدِ المَلِكِ، أَرسَلَ مَولَاهُ طَارِقَ بنَ زِيَادٍ لِغَزوِ الأَندَلُسِ وَلَحِقَ بِهِ، فَتَوَغَّلَ فِي أَسبَانيَا، وَأَتَمَّ فَتحَهَا، وَكَانَ يُرِيدُ أَن يُوَاصِلَ مَسِيرَهُ وَيَغزُوَ كُلَّ جَنُوبِ أُورُوبَّا حَتَّى يَصِلَ إِلَى القُسطَنطِينِيَّةَ عَن طَرِيقِ البَحرِ الأَسوَدِ، وَلَكِن اِستَوقَفَهُ الخَلِيفَةُ الوَلِيدُ، فَعَادَ إِلَى دِمَشقَ بِغَنَائِمَ عَظِيمَةٍ، مَاتَ بِمَكَّةَ أَثنَاءَ أَدَاءِ الحَجِّ.‏
Musa bin Nusair (19-97 A.H./640-715 A.D.) : One of the most remarkable figures of Islamic history. Al-Walid bin `Abdul-Malik, the Umayyad Caliph, appointed him governor of Ifriqiyah (present-day Tunisia) in 89 A.H. Musa played a vital role in the Conquest of Andalusia, which he undertook at the age of seventy-five. He had the desire to enter Spain and then head east towards Constantinople. Musa bin Nusair arrived at the French borders with the aim of invading all southern European countries. He retained the position of Emir of Morocco and Andalusia for about 18 years. He died in Wadi Al-Qura, Hejaz, while performing Hajj.
‏يَزِيدُ بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ بنِ دِينَارٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 255 هـ)‏

‏تُركِيُّ الأَصلِ، وَلَّاهُ المُتَوَكِّلُ عَلَى مِصرَ سَنَةَ 242 هـ فَمَهَّدَ أُمُورَهَا وَبَنَى مِقيَاسَ النِّيلَ فِي الجَزِيرَةِ المَعرُوفَةِ بِالرَّوضَةِ، ثَارَ عَلَيهِ أَهلُ الأَسكَندَرِيَّةِ سَنَةَ 253 هـ أَيَّامَ الخَلِيفَةِ المُعتَزِّ فَعَزَلَهُ المُعتَزُّ، وَقِيلَ إِنَّهُ تُوُفِّيَ بَعدَهَا.‏
Yazid bin `Abdullah bin Dinar (died 255 A.H.) : A Turkish ruler. In 242 A.H. he was appointed ruler of Egypt by the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil. He organized the country affairs and established devises for measuring the Nile River at Al-Raudah Island in Cairo. In the wake of the revolt that erupted in Alexandria against him, he was deposed by Al-Mu`tazz in 253 A.H.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

صحابيات وتابعيات

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏أَروَى بِنتُ عَبدِ المُطَّلِبِ (تُوُفِّيَت 15 هـ)‏

‏عَمَّةُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ وَمِن فُضلَيَاتِ النِّسَاءِ فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ وَالإِسلَامِ، كَانَت رَاجِحَةَ الرَّأيِ، تَقُولُ الشِّعرَ الجَيِّدَ.‏
Arwa bint `Abdul-Muttalib (died 15 A.H.) : Aunt of the Prophet Muhammad and one of the meritorious women of the Pre-Islamic and Islamic periods. She was known for her wisdom and skill in writing poetry.
‏أَسمَاءُ بِنتُ أَبِي بَكرٍ (تُوُفِّيَت 73 هـ)‏

‏صَحَابِيَّةٌ مِن الفُضلَيَاتِ، كَانَت مِن السَّابِقِينَ إِلَى الإِسلَامِ، أَبلَت فِي الهِجرَةِ بَلَاءً حَسَنًا، وَلُقِّبَت بِذَاتِ النِّطَاقَينِ، شَهِدَت مَعرَكَةَ اليَرمُوكِ وَأَبلَت فِيهَا بَلَاءً حَسَنًا، كَانَت فَصِيحَةً تَقُولُ الشِّعرَ، هِيَ أُمُّ عَبدِ اللَّهِ بنِ الزُّبَيرِ، وَآخِرُ المُهَاجِرِينَ وَالمُهَاجِرَاتِ وَفَاةً.‏
Asma' bint Abi Bakr (died 73 A.H.) : A meritorious female Companion, she was one of the first to adopt Islam. She was called "the Woman of the Two Girdles" because she split her girdle to bind the food she carried to Abu Bakr and the Prophet on their Migration journey. She composed good poetry, and was the last woman immigrant to die.
‏أَسمَاءُ بِنتُ يَزِيدَ الأَنصَارِيَّةُ (تُوُفِّيَت 30 هـ)‏

‏مِن أَخطَبِ نِسَاءِ العَرَبِ، عُرِفَت بِالشَّجَاعَةِ وَالإِقدَامِ، مُحَدِّثَةٌ حَضَرَت مَعرَكَةَ اليَرمُوكَ، فَسَقَت وَضَمَّدَت الجِرَاحَ، وَلَمَّا اِشتَدَّت الحَربُ أَخَذَت عَمُودَ خَيمَتِهَا وَدَخَلَت المَعرَكَةَ وَصَرَعَت تِسعَةً مِن الرُّومِ.‏
Asma' Bint Yazid Al-Ansariyah (died 30 A.H.) : One of the greatest Arab women orators. She narrated hadiths. She was known for her courage and bravery. She attended the Battle of Al-Yarmuk providing water to the fighters and nursing the wounded, but when the fight raged, she used her tent pole to fight the Byzantines, killing nine.
‏أُمُّ الدَّردَاءِ (خَيِّرَةُ بِنتُ أَبِي حَدرَد الأَسلَمِيِّ) (تُوُفِّيَت 30 هـ)‏

‏صَحَابِيَّةٌ مِن فُضلَيَاتِ النِّسَاءِ وَذَوَاتِ الرَّأيِ فِيهِنَّ، حَفِظَت الحَدِيثَ عَن رَسُولِ اللَّهِ، وَرَوَى عَنهَا جَمَاعَةٌ مِن التَّابِعِينَ مِنهُم صَفوَانُ بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ، أَقَامَت بِالمَدِينَةِ، وَتُوُفِّيَت بِالشَّامِ.‏
Umm Al-Darda' (Khaiyrah bint Abi Hadrad Al-Aslami) (died 30 A.H.) : One of the meritorious female Companions, known for her discretion. She memorized Hadiths from the Prophet and reported them to compilers of Hadiths like Safwan bin `Abdullah. She spent most of her life in Medina, but died in Syria.
‏أُمُّ حَرَامٍ (مُلَيكَةُ بِنتُ مِلحَانَ بنِ خَالِدٍ الأَنصَارِيَّةُ) (تُوُفِّيَت 28 هـ)‏

‏صَحَابِيَّةٌ كَانَت تَخرُجُ مَعَ الغُزَاةِ وَتَشهَدُ الوَقَائِعَ، حَضَرَت فَتحَ قُبرُصَ مَعَ زَوجِهَا فَسَقَطَت عَن بَغلَتِهَا وَاستُشهِدَت بِهَا.‏
Umm Haram (Mulaikah bint Milhan bin Khalid Al-Ansariyah) (died 28 A.H.) : A female Companion who used to accompany fighters in battles. She attended the Conquest of Cyprus with her husband, but she fell off her mule and died.
‏أُمُّ عَطِيَّةَ الأَنصَارِيَّةُ (نَسِيبَةُ بِنتُ الحَارِثِ) (تُوُفِّيَت 8 هـ)‏

‏مِن كِبَارِ نِسَاءِ الصَّحَابَةِ، بَايَعَت الرَّسُولَ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ)، وَرَوَت عَنهُ وَغَزَت مَعَهُ سَبعَ غَزَوَاتٍ، فَكَانَت تَصنَعُ الطَّعَامَ لِلمُجَاهِدِينَ، وَتُدَاوِي جَرحَاهُم، وَتَقُومُ عَلَى مَرضَاهُم.‏
Umm `Atiyah Al-Ansariyah (Nasibah bint Al-Harith) (died 8 A.H.) : One of the great female Companions, she pledged her allegiance to the Prophet. She narrated many Hadiths, and participated in seven battles. During war she would make food for the fighters, nurse the wounded and care for the sick.
‏أُمُّ عِمَارَةَ (نَسِيبَةُ بِنتُ كَعبٍ) (تُوُفِّيَت 13 هـ)‏

‏صَحَابِيَّةٌ اُشتُهِرَت بِالشَّجَاعَةِ، تُعَدُّ مِن أَبطَالِ المَعَارِكِ، شَهِدَت بَيعَةَ العَقَبَةِ وَأُحُدًا وَالحُدَيبِيَةَ وَخَيبَرَ وَحُنَينًا، كَانَت تُقَاتِلُ وَتَسقِي الجَرحَى، وَجُرِحَت يَومَ "أُحُدٍ" اِثنَي عَشَرَ جُرحًا، وَقُطِعَت يَدُهَا يَومَ "اليَمَامَةِ".‏
Umm `Imarah (Nasibah bint Ka`b) (died 13 A.H.) : A female Companion known for her courage and considered as one of the great fighters. She participated in the Pledge of Al-`Aqabah and the Battles of Uhud, Al-Hudaibiah, Khaibar and Hunain. She used to fight and provide water and medicine to the wounded. At the Battle of Uhud she suffered twelve wounds, and had a hand cut off at the battle of Al-Yamamah.
‏أُمُّ قَيسِ بِنتُ مِحصَن‏

‏آمِنَةُ بِنتُ مِحصَن الأَسَدِيَّةُ، أُمُّ قَيسٍ، أَسلَمَت قَدِيمًا، هَاجَرَت وَبَايَعَت النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، هِيَ الَّتِي أَتَت النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِابنٍ صَغِيرٍ لَهَا فَوَضَعَهُ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي حِجرِهِ فَبَالَ عَلَيهِ فَدَعَا النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِمَاءٍ فَأَتبَعَهُ بَولَهُ وَلَم يَغسِلهُ.‏
Umm Qais bint Mihsan : A female Companion, among the vanguard Muslims, embarked on Hijrah [Migration], pledged allegiance to the Prophet (peace be upon him). It was she who handed a little boy to the Prophet to sit on his lap. When the boy urinated, the Prophet (peace be upon him) called for water to clean only the affected spot on his garment.
‏أُمُّ كُلثُومِ بِنتُ عُقبَةَ بنِ مُعَيطٍ (تُوُفِّيَت 40 هـ)‏

‏أَسلَمَت فِي مَكَّةَ، وَكَانَت أَوَّلَ مَن هَاجَرَ مِن النِّسَاءِ، وَمَشَت عَلَى قَدَمَيهَا مِن مَكَّةَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ.‏
Umm Kulthum bint `Uqbah bin Mu`ait (died 40 A.H.) : A female Companion who embraced Islam in Mecca, she was the first woman to emigrate from Mecca to Medina. She made her way from Mecca to Medina on foot.
‏أُمُّ هَانِئ بِنتُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 40 هـ)‏

‏هِيَ فَاخِتَةُ وَقِيلَ فَاطِمَة بِنتُ أَبِي طَالِبِ بنِ هَاشِمٍ، اِبنَةُ عَمِّ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَأُختُ عَلِيِّ بنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، رَوَت عَدَدًا مِن الأَحَادِيثِ عَن النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ.‏
Umm Hani' bint Abi Talib (died 40 A.H.) : Cousin of the Prophet (peace be upon him), sister of `Ali bin Abi Talib, named Fakhitah bint Abi Talib. She reported many Prophetic Hadiths.
‏أُمُّ وَرَقَةَ بِنتُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ بنِ الحَارِثِ (تُوُفِّيَت 15 هـ)‏

‏أَسلَمَت وَبَايَعَت الرَّسُولَ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ)، كَانَت تَجمَعُ القُرآنَ، شَهِدَت بَدرًا، فَكَانَت تُدَاوِي الجَرحَى وَتَقُومُ عَلَى المَرضَى .‏
Umm Waraqah bint `Abdullah bin Al-Harith (died 15 A.H.) : A female Companion who embraced Islam and pledged allegiance to the Prophet (peace be upon him). She took part in the compilation of the Holy Qur'an. At the Battle of Badr she nursed the wounded and cared for the sick.
‏الخَنسَاءُ بِنتُ عَمرٍو (تُمَاضِر بِنتُ عَمرِو بنِ الحَارِثِ) (تُوُفِّيَت 24 هـ)‏

‏شَاعِرَةٌ مَشهُورَةٌ، وَفَدَت عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ فِي قَومِهَا وَأَسلَمَت وَأَنشَدَتهُ مِن شِعرِهَا فَأَعجَبَهُ، حَضَرَت حَربَ القَادِسِيَّةِ وَمَعَهَا بَنُوهَا الأَربَعَةُ، وَهِيَ تَحُثُّهُم عَلَى القِتَالِ فَقُتِلُوا جَمِيعًا.‏
Al-Khansa' bint Amr (Tumadir bint Amr bin Al-Harith) (died 24 A.H.) : A famous poet, she came to the Prophet in a delegation, converted to Islam and recited some of her poetry which the Prophet praised. She was present at the Battle of Al-Qadisiyah with her four sons. She encouraged her sons to fight and they were all killed in the battle.
‏الرُّبَيِّعُ بِنتُ مُعَوِّزِ بنِ الحَارِثِ الأَنصَارِيَّةُ (تُوُفِّيَت 45 هـ)‏

‏صَحَابِيَّةٌ مِن ذَوَاتِ الشَّأنِ فِي الإِسلَامِ، بَايَعَت الرَّسُولَ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) بَيعَةَ الرِّضوَانِ، وَصَحِبَتهُ فِي غَزَوَاتِهِ، فَكَانَت تَسقِي المُجَاهِدِينَ وَتَخدِمُهُم وَتُدَاوِي الجَرحَى وَتَرُدُّ القَتلَى وَالجَرحَى إِلَى المَِدينَةِ.‏
Al-Rubaiyi` bint Mu`awwiz bin Al-Harith Al-Ansariyah (died 45 A.H.) : A prominent female Companion, she pledged her allegiance to the Prophet at the Pledge of Al-Ridwan and witnessed all battles commanded by the Prophet. She used to provide water to the fighters, treat the wounded and remove the injured and the dead from the battlefield.
‏الرُّمَيصَاءُ بِنتُ مِلحَانَ ( تُوُفِّيَت 30 هـ )‏

‏صَحَابِيَّةٌ جَلِيلَةٌ، أُمُّ أَنَسِ بنِ مَالِكٍ، شَارَكَت فِي الحُرُوبِ، كَانَت يَومَ "أُحُدٍ" تَسقِي العَطشَى وَتُدَاوِي الجَرحَى، وَكَانَت يَومَ "حُنَينٍ" مَعَ عَائِشَةَ تَملَآنِ القِرَبَ وَتَسقِيَانِ المُسلِمِينَ، وَالحَربُ دَائِرَةٌ، وَتَرجِعَانِ فَتَملَآنِهَا.‏
Al-Rumaisa' bint Milhan (died 30 A.H.) : A female Companion of great prominence, she was mother of Anas bin Malik. She participated in many battles: at the Battle of Uhud she provided water to the thirsty and nursed the wounded, and at the Battle of Hunain she, along with `A'ishah, would fill water-skins to provide water for Muslim fighters while the battle was raging, then go back to refill them.
‏الشِّفَاءُ بِنتُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ العَدَوِيَّةُ القُرَشِيَّةُ (تُوُفِّيَت 20 هـ)‏

‏صَحَابِيَّةٌ مِن فُضلَيَاتِ النِّسَاءِ، كَانَت تَكتُبُ فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ، وَعَلَّمَت حَفصَةَ (أُمَّ المُؤمِنِينَ) الكِتَابَةَ، أَقطَعَهَا النَّبِيُّ دَارًا بِالمَدِينَةِ، كَانَ عُمَرُ بنُ الخَطَّابِ يُقَدِّمُهَا فِي الرَّأيِ.‏
Al-Shifa' bint `Abdullah Al-`Adawiyah Al-Quraishiah (died 20 A.H.) : A meritorious female Companion, she was one of the few people who were literate in the Pre-Islamic era. She taught writing to Hafsah, the Prophet's wife. The Prophet gave her a house in Medina, and the Caliph `Umar used to consult her.
‏جُوَيرِيَّةُ بِنتُ أَبِي سُفيَانَ (تُوُفِّيَت 54 هـ)‏

‏مُجَاهِدَةٌ جَلِيلَةٌ، جَاهَدَت فِي سَاحَاتِ الوَغَى فِي وَقعَةِ اليَرمُوكِ، فَقَاتَلَت الأَعدَاءَ قِتَالًا شَدِيدًا، وَجَالَت جَولَاتٍ فِي الحُرُوبِ دَلَّت عَلَى فُرُوسِيَّتِهَا وَشِدَّةِ بَأسِهَا.‏
Juwairiah bint Abi Sufyan (died 54 A.H.) : A female Companion and a great woman who fought in the cause of Allah. At the Battle of Al-Yarmuk, she fought bravely and made great bouts.
‏خَولَةُ بِنتُ الأَزوَرِ الأَسدِيِّ (تُوُفِّيَت 35 هـ)‏

‏شَاعِرَةٌ مِن أَشجَعِ النِّسَاءِ فِي عَصرِهَا، وَتَشَبَّهَت بِخَالِدِ بنِ الوَلِيدِ فِي حَمَلَاتِهَا، وَلَهَا أَخبَارٌ كَثِيرَةٌ فِي فُتُوحِ الشَّامِ، وَفِي شِعرِهَا جَزَالَةٌ وَفَخرٌ.‏
Khaulah bint Al-Azwar Al-Asadi (died 35 A.H.) : A poet and one of the most courageous women of her time. It was said that she was similar to Khalid bin Al-Walid, a great commander, in fighting. Many stories are told of her bravery in the conquests of Syria. Her poetry was imbued with pride and marked by precision.
‏رُفَيدَةُ الأَنصَارِيَّةُ (تُوُفِّيَت 35 هـ)‏

‏صَحَابِيَّةٌ كَانَت تُدَاوِي الجَرحَى، وَتَحتَسِبُ نَفسَهَا عَلَى خِدمَةِ المُجَاهِدِينَ، أَوَّلُ مُمَرِّضَةٍ فِي الإِسلَامِ، حُمِلَ سَعدُ بنُ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ إِلَى خَيمَتِهَا يَومَ الخَندَقِ وَكَانَت هِيَ الَّتِي ضَمَّدَت جِرَاحَهُ.‏
Rufaidah Al-Ansariyah (died 35 A.H.) : A female Companion who used to go into battle to nurse the wounded and take care of the fighters. She was the first nurse in the Islamic era. When Sa`d bin Abi Waqqas was wounded at the Battle of the Trench, he was carried to her tent to be nursed.
‏زَينَبُ بِنتُ عَلِيِّ بنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ (تُوُفِّيَت 62 هـ)‏

‏هِيَ شَقِيقَةُ الحَسَنِ وَالحُسَينِ، حَضَرَت مَعَ أَخِيهَا الحُسَينِ وَقعَةَ كَربِلَاء، وَكَانَت خَطِيبَةً فَصِيحَةً، رَفِيعَةَ القَدرِ.‏
Zainab bint `Ali bin Abi Talib (died 62 A.H.) : Sister of Al-Hasan and Al-Husain, she was present with Al-Husain at the Battle of Karbila' where he was killed. She was a dignified and great orator.
‏سُبَيعَةُ بِنتُ الحَارِثِ‏

‏سُبَيعَةُ بِنتُ الحَارِثِ الأَسلَمِيَّةُ، صَحَابِيَّةٌ، كَانَت تَحتَ سَعدِ بنِ خَولَةَ مِن بَنِي عَامِرٍ مِن بَنِي لُؤَيٍّ، وَكَانَ شَهِدَ بَدرًا فَتُوُفِّيَ عَنهَا فِي حَجَّةِ الوَدَاعِ، رَوَى عَنهَا عُمَرُ بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ بنِ الأَرقَمِ فِي (الطَّلَاقِ).‏
Subai`ah bint Al-Harith : A female Companion. Her late husband, Sa`d bin Khaulah of Bani `Amir, participated in the decisive Battle of Badr. He died in the Farewell Hajj. `Amr bin `Abdullah bin Al-Arqam transmitted the Prophetic Hadiths she narrated on divorce.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏غَزَالَةُ الحَرُورِيَّةُ (تُوُفِّيَت 77 هـ)‏

‏اِمرَأَةُ شَبِيبِ بنِ يَزِيدَ الحَرُورِيِّ، مِن شَهِيرَاتِ النِّسَاءِ فِي الشَّجَاعَةِ وَالفُرُوسِيَّةِ، كَانَت تُقَاتِلُ فِي الحُرُوبِ قِتَالَ الأَبطَالِ، وَأَشهَرُ أَخبَارِهَا فِرَارُ الحَجَّاجِ بنِ يُوسُفَ الثَّقَفِيِّ مِنهَا فِي إِحدَى الوَقَائِعِ.‏
Ghazalah Al-Haruriyah (died 77 A.H.) : Wife of Shabib bin Yazid Al-Haruri, she was known for her bravery and courage. She fought in battles heroically. One of the well-known stories told about her was that Al-Hajjaj bin Yusuf Al-Thaqafi, a fierce commander, could not stand fighting her in battle and ran away.
‏فَاطِمَةُ بِنتُ قَيسِ بنِ خَالِدٍ (تُوُفِّيَت 50 هـ)‏

‏صَحَابِيَّةٌ مِن المُهَاجِرَاتِ الأُوَّلِ، كَانَت ذَاتَ رَأيٍ، فِي بَيتِهَا اِجتَمَعَ أَصحَابُ الشُّورَى بَعدَ مَقتَلِ عُمَرَ بنِ الخَطَّابِ.‏
Fatimah bint Qais bin Khalid (died 50 A.H.) : A female Companion known for her discretion and wisdom, she was one of the first women to emigrate from Mecca to Medina. It was in her house that the council was held to choose a new caliph after the murder of `Umar bin Al-Khattab.
‏قَتِيلَةُ بِنتُ الحَارِثِ بنِ كِلدَةَ (تُوُفِّيَت 20 هـ)‏

‏شَاعِرَةٌ مِن الطَّبَقَةِ الأُولَى مِن النِّسَاءِ، كَانَ أَخُوهَا النَّضرُ مِمَّن يَصُدُّونَ النَّاسَ عَن النَّبِيِّ، فَأُسِرَ وَقُتِلَ فِي بَدرٍ، فَرَثَتهُ بِقَصِيدَةٍ كَانَت السَّبَبَ فِي نَهيِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ عَن قَتلِ أَسرَى قُرَيشٍ، أَسلَمَت وَرَوَت الحَدِيثَ.‏
Qatilah bint Al-Harith (died 20 A.H.) : A Great poet whose poetry was considered to be of the first class. When her brother Al-Nadr was captured and killed by Muslims at the Battle of Badr, she composed a sympathetic elegy. Hearing it, the Prophet forbade the killing of captives. She converted to Islam and narrated Hadiths.
‏لُبَابَةُ الكُبرَى (لُبَابَةُ بِنتُ الحَارِثِ الهِلَالِيِّ) (تُوُفِّيَت 30 هـ)‏

‏زَوجَةُ العَبَّاسِ بنِ عَبدِ المُطَّلِبِ، مِن النَّبِيلَاتِ المُنجِبَاتِ، أَسلَمَت بِمَكَّةَ بَعدَ خَدِيجَةَ فَكَانَت ثَانِي اِمرَأَةٍ فِي الإِسلَامِ.‏
Lubabah Al-Kubra (Lubabah bint Al-Harith Al-Hilali) (died 30 A.H.) : A noble woman, she was wife of Al-`Abbas bin `Abdul-Muttalib, uncle of the Prophet. She converted to Islam in Mecca and was the second woman to embrace Islam after Khadijah.
‏لَيلَى الغِفَارِيَّةُ (تُوُفِّيَت 40 هـ)‏

‏مِن كِرَامِ المُسلِمَاتِ الصَّحَابِيَّاتِ، كَانَت تَخرُجُ مَعَ النَّبِيِّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) فِي مَغَازِيهِ تُدَاوِي الجَرحَى وَتَقُومُ عَلَى المَرضَى، وَخَرَجَت مَعَ عَلِيٍّ إِلَى البَصرَةِ يَومَ "الجَمَلَ".‏
Laila Al-Ghifariyah (died 40 A.H.) : One of the noble Muslim Companions, she used to go into battle with the Prophet to treat the wounded and care for the sick. She was also present at Battle of the Camel in Basra with the Caliph `Ali bin Abi Talib.
‏مُعَاذَةُ بِنتُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ العَدَوِيَّةُ (تُوُفِّيَت 83 هـ)‏

‏فَاضِلَةٌ مِن العَالِمَاتِ بِالحَدِيثِ، رَوَت عَن عَائِشَةَ وَعَلِيٍّ وَهِيَ ثِقَةٌ حُجَّةٌ.‏
Mu`adhah bint `Abdullah Al-`Adawiyah (died 83 A.H.) : A great scholar of Hadith who narrated from `A'ishah and `Ali. She was one of the trustworthy narrators.
‏هِندُ بِنتُ عُتبَةَ بنِ رَبِيعَةَ (تُوُفِّيَت 14 هـ)‏

‏صَحَابِيَّةٌ قُرَشِيَّةٌ، كَانَت فَصِيحَةً جَرِيئَةً، صَاحِبَةَ رَأيٍ وَحَزمٍ وَأَنَفَةٍ، تَقُولُ الشِّعرَ الجَيِّدَ، كَانَت قَبلَ إِسلَامِهَا تُحَرِّضُ المُشرِكِينَ عَلَى المُسلِمِينَ، أَسلَمَت يَومَ "فَتحِ مَكَّةَ"، شَهِدَت اليَرمُوكَ وَحَرَّضَت عَلَى قِتَالِ الرُّومِ.‏
Hind bint `Utbah bin Rabi`ah (died 14 A.H.) : A female Companion from the Quraish, she was known for her courage, eloquence, discretion, dignity and her skill in writing poetry. Before adopting Islam she used to incite the polytheists against the Muslims. She converted to Islam on the day of the Conquest of Mecca. She participated in the Battle of Al-Yarmuk and encouraged Muslims in their fight against the Byzantines

[أحمد سعد الدين]

فقيهات ومحدثات


‏أُمُّ حَبِيبٍ الأَصبَهَانِيَّةُ (عَائِشَةُ بِنتُ مَعمَرِ بنِ الفَاخِرِ) (تُوُفِّيَت 607 هـ)‏

‏مُحَدِّثَةٌ، سَمِعَت مِن فَاطِمَةَ الجُورذَانِيَّةِ، وَرَوَت مُسنَدَ أَبِي يَعلَى.‏
Umm Habib Al-Asbahaniyah (`A'ishah bint Mu`ammar bin Al-Fakhir) (died 607 A.H.) : A scholar of Hadith who learned from Fatimah Al-Jurdhaniyah. She narrated Abu Ya`la's Hadith book "Al-Musnad. "
‏زَينَبُ بِنتُ الكَمَالِ (زَينَبُ بِنتُ أَحمَدَ بنِ عَبدِ الرَّحِيمِ) (تُوُفِّيَت 740 هـ)‏

‏مُسنِدَةُ الشَّامِ، سَمِعَت الحَدِيثَ مِن شُيُوخِ زَمَانِهَا وَرَوَتهُ، وَتَزَاحَمَ عَلَيهَا الطَّلَبَةُ وَقَرَءُوا عَلَيهَا كُتُبَ الحَدِيثِ.‏
Zainab bint Al-Kamal (Zainab bint Ahmad bin `Abdul-Rahim) (died 740 A.H.) : A scholar of Hadith from Syria, she learned hadiths from scholars of her time and narrated from them. Numerous students went to learn from her.
‏سِتُّ الكَتَبَةِ (نِعمَةُ بِنتُ عَلِيِّ بنِ يَحيَى بنِ الطَّرَّاحِ) (تُوُفِّيَت 604 هـ)‏

‏شَيخَةٌ مِن أَهلِ دِمَشقَ، عَالِمَةٌ بِالحَدِيثِ، رَوَتهُ عَن جَدِّهَا يَحيَى وَرَوَى عَنهَا وَأَجَازَهَا بِهِ الحَافِظُ بنُ عَسَاكِر، تُوُفِّيَت فِي دِمَشقَ عَن 86 عَامًا.‏
Sitt Al-Katabah (Ni`mah bint `Ali bin Yahya bin Al-Tarrah) (died 604 A.H.) : A scholar from Damascus, she learned hadiths from her grandfather. Al-Hafizh bin `Asakir, a major compiler of Hadiths, approved her narration. She died in Damascus at the age of 86.
‏سِتُّ المُلُوكِ (فَاطِمَةُ بِنتُ عَلِيِّ بنِ أَبِي البَدرِ) (تُوُفِّيَت 710 هـ)‏

‏فَقِيهَةٌ حَنبَلِيَّةٌ، رَوَت الحَدِيثَ وَرُوِيَ عَنهَا وَأَجَازَت بَعضَ مُعَاصِرِيهَا.‏
Sitt Al-Muluk (Fatimah bint `Ali bin Abi Al-Badr) (died 710 A.H.) : A jurist of the Hanbali School, she learned Hadiths and narrated some as well. She had the capacity of licensing scholars.
‏سِتُّ الوُزَرَاءِ (تُوُفِّيَت 716 هـ)‏

‏أُمُّ مُحَمَّدِ بِنتُ الشَّيخِ عُمَرَ بنِ أَسعَدَ، فَقِيهَةٌ مُحَدِّثَةٌ، رَوَت البُخَارِيَّ فِي مِصرَ وَدِمَشقَ، وَرُحِلَ إِلَيهَا مِن الأَقطَارِ.‏
Sitt Al-Wuzara' (died 716 A.H.) : A scholar of jurisprudence and Hadith, she narrated Al-Bukhari's book of Hadith in Egypt and Damascus. Scholars traveled to learn from her.
‏شَهدَةُ الكَاتِبَةُ (شَهدَةُ بِنتُ أَبِي النَّصرِ أَحمَدَ بنِ الفَرَجِ) (تُوُفِّيَت 574 هـ)‏

‏عَالِمَةٌ بِالفِقهِ وَالحَدِيثِ، سَمِعَ عَلَيهَا خَلقٌ كَثِيرٌ، وَبَعُدَ صِيتُهَا، عُرِفَت بِالكَاتِبَةِ لِجَودَةِ خَطِّهَا.‏
Shahdah the Calligrapher (Shahdah bint Abi Al-Nasr Ahmad bin Al-Faraj) (died 574 A.H.) : She was a scholar of jurisprudence and Hadith. She gained fame and many people studied under her. She was known as "the Calligrapher" for her neat hand-writing.
‏عَفِيفَةُ الأَصبَهَانِيَّةُ (عَفِيفَةُ بِنتُ أَحمَدَ بنَ عَبدِ القَادِرِ) (تُوُفِّيَت 607 هـ)‏

‏مِن أَهلِ بَغدَادَ، لَهَا إِجَازَاتٌ عَالِيَةٌ فِي الحَدِيثِ، يُقَالُ عَنهَا رَوَت لِأَكثَرَ مِن خَمسِمِائَةِ شَيخٍ.‏
`Afifah Al-Asbahaniyah (`Afifah bint Ahmad bin Abdul-Qadir) (died 607 A.H.) : A great scholar of Hadith from Baghdad, she learned hadiths from more than five-hundred narrators.
‏فَاطِمَةُ الأَنصَارِيَّةُ (فَاطِمَةُ بِنتُ سُلَيمَانَ بنِ عَبدِ الكَرِيمِ) (تُوُفِّيَت 708 هـ)‏

‏عَالِمَةٌ بِالحَدِيثِ، أَخَذَتهُ عَن أَبِيهَا وَغَيرِهِ، وَأَجَازَهَا مُعظَمُ عُلَمَاءِ الشَّامِ وَالعِرَاقِ وَالحِجَازِ وَفَارِس فِي عَصرِهَا، كَانَت لَهَا ثَروَةٌ وَاسِعَةٌ فَبَنَت عِدَّةَ مَدَارِسَ وَوَقَفَت لَهَا أَوقَافًا.‏
Fatimah Al-Ansariyah (Fatimah bint Sulaiman bin Abdul-Karim) (died 708 A.H.) : A scholar of Hadith, she learned from her father and from other scholars. Her narration was approved by scholars of Syria, Iraq, Hejaz and Persia. Being wealthy, she built many schools and made religious endowments.
‏فَاطِمَةُ البَغدَادِيَّةُ (فَاطِمَةُ بِنتُ عَلِيِّ بنِ المُظَفَّرِ) (تُوُفِّيَت 532 هـ)‏

‏رَوَت الحَدِيثَ وَكَانَت تُلَقِّنُ النِّسَاءَ تُوُفِّيَت عَن 97 عَامًا.‏
Fatimah Al-Baghdadiyah (Fatimah bint `Ali bin Al-Muzhaffar) (died 532 A.H.) : She narrated hadiths and taught women religious matters. She died at the age of 97.
‏فَاطِمَةُ الجُورذَانِيَّةُ (فَاطِمَةُ بِنتُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ بنِ أَحمَدَ) (تُوُفِّيَت 524 هـ)‏

‏عَالِمَةٌ بِالحَدِيثِ، كَانَ لَهَا شَأنٌ عَظِيمٌ بِأَصبَهَانَ حَتَّى عُرِفَت ب "مُسنِدَةِ أَصبَهَانَ"، تُوُفِّيَت عَن 99 عَامًا.‏
Fatimah Al-Jurdhaniyah (Fatimah bint `Abdullah bin Ahmad) (died 524 A.H.) : A scholar of Hadith study from Isfahan (a city in Iran), she was so knowledgeable that people called her "the Scholar of Isfahan. " She died at the age of 99.
‏فَاطِمَةُ السَّمَرقَندِيَّةُ (تُوُفِّيَت 581 هـ)‏

‏فَاطِمَةُ بِنتُ مُحَمَّدِ بنِ أَحمَدَ السَّمَرقَندِيِّ، مُؤَلِّفِ كِتَابِ (تُحفَةُ الفُقَهَاءِ)، وَزَوجَةُ عَلَاءِ الدِّينِ بنِ مَسعُودٍ، صَاحِبِ كِتَابِ (بَدَائِعُ الصَّنَائِعِ فِي تَرتِيبِ الشَّرَائِعِ)، تَفَقَّهَت عَلَى أَبِيهَا وَكَانَ زَوجُهَا يَرجِعُ إِلَى قَولِهَا، كَانَت الفَتوَى تَخرُجُ بِخَطِّهَا وَخَطِّ أَبِيهَا وَخَطِّ زَوجِهَا، تُوُفِّيَت بِحَلَبَ.‏
Fatimah Al-Samarqandiyah (died 581 A.H.) : Her full name was Fatimah bint Muhammad bin Ahmad Al-Samarqandi. Her father and husband were jurists. She learned from her father, and her husband used to consult her. She had the capacity to authorize fatwas (legal opinions) insomuch as her father and her husband. She died in Aleppo.
‏فَاطِمَةُ بِنتُ العِزِّ (تُوُفِّيَت 747 هـ)‏

‏فَاطِمَةُ بِنتُ العِزِّ إِبرَاهِيمَ بنِ الخَطِيبِ المَقدِسِيَّةُ، مُحَدِّثَةٌ سَمِعَت الحَدِيثَ عَلَى والِدِهَا وَشُيُوخِ عَصرِهَا وَتَفَرَّدَت بِالرِّوَايَةِ عَنهُم، وَكَانَت عَابِدَةً خَيِّرَةً.‏
Fatimah bint Al-`Izz (died 747 A.H.) : A scholar of Hadith who learned from her father and from scholars of her time. She was charitable and pious.
‏فَاطِمَةُ بِنتُ سَعدِ الخَيرِ (تُوُفِّيَت 600 هـ)‏

‏مِن أَهلِ أَصبَهَانَ، سَمِعَت الحَدِيثَ مِن فَاطِمَةَ الجُرذَانِيَّة، وَمِن شُيُوخِ أَصبَهَانَ.‏
Fatimah bint Sa`d Al-Khair (600 A.H.) : A scholar from Isfahan, she learned Hadiths form Fatimah Al-Jurdhaniyah and from the scholars of Isfahan.
‏فَاطِمَةُ بِنتُ عَيَّاشٍ (تُوُفِّيَت 714 هـ)‏

‏فَاطِمَةُ بِنتُ عَيَّاشٍ البَغدَادِيَّةُ الوَاعِظَةُ، كَانَت عَالِمَةً بِالفِقهِ، وَكَانَ اِبنُ تَيمِيَةَ يُثنِي عَلَيهَا وَيَتَعَجَّبُ مِن ذَكَائِهَا، اِنتَفَعَ بِهَا نِسَاءُ أَهلِ دِمَشقَ وَالقَاهِرَةِ، وَذَاعَ صِيتُهَا.‏
Fatimah bint `Aiyash (died 714 A.H.) : A jurist and scholar. Ibn Taimiah, a great jurist, praised her and wondered at her intelligence. She gained renown, and women from Damascus and Cairo studied under her.
‏نَفِيسَةُ البَزَازَةُ (نَفِيسَةُ بِنتُ مُحَمَّدِ عَلِيٍّ البَغدَادِيَّةُ) (تُوُفِّيَت 563 هـ)‏

‏عَالِمَةٌ بِالحَدِيثِ، أَخَذَ عَنهَا الفَقِيهُ عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ أَحمَدَ المَعرُوفُ بِابنِ قُدَامَةَ، وَفُقَهَاءُ آخَرُونَ.‏
Nafisah Al-Bazazah (Nafisah bint Muhammad `Ali Al-Bughdadiyah) (died 563 A.H.) : She was a scholar of Hadith. Many famous jurists learned hadiths from her.
‏هُجَيمَةُ بِنتُ حُيَيٍّ (تُوُفِّيَت 81 هـ)‏

‏هُجَيمَةُ بِنتُ حُيَيٍّ الوَصَابِيَّةُ، كَانَت فَقِيهَةً مُحَدِّثَةً تَابِعِيَّةً، وَاسِعَةَ العِلمِ، رَوَت عَن أَبِي الدَّردَاءِ، وَسَلمَانَ الفَارِسِيِّ، وَعَن عَائِشَةَ (أُمِّ المُؤمِنِينَ) وَرَوَى عَنهَا كِبَارُ الحُفَّاظِ.‏
Hujaimah bin Huyai (died 81 A.H.) : A scholar of jurisprudence and Hadith, she was of the generation that followed the Companions of the Prophet. She was knowledgeable and narrated from some Companions such as Abu Al-Darda', Salman Al-Farisi and `A'ishah.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

ملكات



‏الحُرَّةُ الصُّلَيحِيَّةُ (أَروَى بِنتُ أَحمَدَ بنِ جَعفَر) (تُوُفِّيَت 532 هـ)‏

‏تُلَقَّبُ ب "بَلقِيس الصُّغرَى"، مَلِكَةٌ يَمَانِيَةٌ، حَازِمَةٌ مُدَبِّرَةٌ، تَزَوَّجَهَا المكرم الصُّلَيحِيُّ وَأُصِيبَ بِفَالِجٍ فَفَوَّضَ الأَمرَ إِلَيهَا فَقَامَت بِتَدبِيرِ المُلكِ إِلَى أَن مَاتَ، وَخَلَفَهُ اِبنُ عَمِّهِ فَاستَمَرَّت فِي الحُكمِ، وَكَانَت تُرفَعُ إِلَيهَا الرِّقَاعُ وَيَجتَمِعُ عِندَهَا الوُزَرَاءُ وَتَحكُمُ مِن وَرَاءِ حِجَابٍ، تَحَصَّنَت ب "ذِي جبلة"، اِستَولَت عَلَى مَا حَولَهَا مِن الأَعمَالِ وَالحُصُونِ، وَأَقَامَت لَهَا وُزَرَاءَ وَعُمَّالًا، وَامتَدَّت أَيَّامُهَا أَربَعِينَ عَامًا بَعدَ ضَعفِ الصُّلَيحِيِّينَ.‏
Al-Hurrah Al-Sulaihiyah (Arwa bint Ahmad bin Ja`far) (died 532 A.H.) : A Muslim Yemeni queen, known for her decisiveness and judgment. She was called "Young Balqis" because she was reminiscent of the ancient Queen of Sheba. She took power after the death of her husband, King Al-Makram Al-Sulaihi. She stayed at Dhi Gabalah and occupied neighboring forts and territories. She appointed ministers and governors. Grievances were sent to her for consideration. She used to meet with ministers and deliver her decisions from behind a screen. Her reign lasted for forty years.
‏رَضِيَّة جَلَالُ الدِّينِ (رَضِيَّةُ بِنتُ شَمسِ الدِّينِ القُطبِيِّ) (تُوُفِّيَت 637 هـ)‏

‏تَوَلَّت السَّلطَنَةَ بَعدَ وَفَاةِ أَبِيهَا شَمسِ الدِّينِ السُّلطَانِ الثَّالِثِ فِي دَولَةِ المَمَالِيكِ بِالهِندِ (633 هـ) وَامتَدَّت وِلَايَتُهَا أَربَعَينِ سَنَةً، خَلَعَهَا أَخُوهَا مَحمُود خَان، وَقَد حَاوَلَت أَن تَنتَزِعَ مِنهُ المُلكَ فَقُتِلَت.‏
Radiyah Jalal Al-Din (Radiyah bint Shams Al-Din Al-Qutbi) (died 637 A.H.) : A Muslim Indian queen who assumed power in 633 A.H. after the death of her father Shams Al-Din, the third sultan of the Mamluk dynasty in India. She reigned for forty years until her brother Mahmoud Khan deposed her.
‏شَجَرَةُ الدُّرِّ (تُوُفِّيَت 655 هـ)‏

‏زَوجَةُ المَلِكِ الصَّالِحِ نَجمِ الدِّينِ أَيُّوبَ، مَلِكَةُ مِصرَ بَعدَ وَفَاةِ زَوجِهَا وَاغتِيَالِ اِبنِهِ تُورَان شَاه، تَزَوَّجَت بِوَزِيرِهَا عِزِّ الدِّينِ أَيبَك، مُؤَسِّسُ دَولَةِ المَمَالِيكِ، وَنَزَلَت لَهُ عَن السَّلطَنَةِ وَاحتَفَظَت بِالسَّيطَرَةِ عَلَيهِ وَاستَمَرَّت فِي تَدبِيرِ شُئُونِ الدَّولَةِ.‏
Shajar Al-Durr (died 655 A.H.) : A Muslim queen of Egypt who assumed power after the death of her husband King Al-Salih Najm Al-Din Ayyub. She married `Izz Al-Din Aybak and ceded the throne to him, yet she continued to manage state affairs.
‏عَلَمُ الحُرَّةِ (تُوُفِّيَت 545 هـ)‏

‏أُمُّ فَاتِك بنِ فَاتِك بنِ نَجَاحٍ، مَلِكَةٌ يَمَانِيَةٌ فِي دَولَةِ بَنِي نَجَاحٍ، كَانَت عَاقِلَةً، مُتَدَيِّنَةً، صَالِحَةً، مُحسِنَةً، جعلَ لَهَا تَدبِيرَ مُلكِ زَوجِهَا مَنصُورِ بنِ فَاتِك، فَنَهَضَت بِهِ بَعدَ قَتلِهِ، وَتَوَلَّى المُلكَ اِبنُهَا (فَاتِك) وَهُوَ طِفلٌ فَتَوَلَّت أُمُورَ الدَّولَةِ وَأَخَذَت تُعَيِّنُ الوُزَرَاءَ وَتَخلَعُهُم، قُتِلَ اِبنُهَا (531 هـ)، وَاستَمَرَّت تَحكُمُ إِلَى أَن تُوُفِّيَت.‏
`Alam Al-Hurrah (died 545 A.H.) : A Yemeni queen of the Banu Najah dynasty. She was known for her sagacity, piety, righteousness and generosity. She assumed power after the death of her husband, King Mansour bin Fatik, as a regent of her child, king Fatik. After the death of Fatik in 531 A.H., she continued to manage state affairs and reigned until her death.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

]أميرات[/ALIGN]


‏الست العَذرَاءُ (عِصمَةُ الدِّينِ بِنتُ شَاهِنشَاه بنِ أَيُّوبَ) (تُوُفِّيَت 539 هـ)‏

‏صَاحِبَةُ المَدرَسَةِ العَذرَاوِيَّةِ، بَنَتهَا فِي دِمَشق لِفُقَهَاءِ الحَنَفِيَّةِ وَالشَّافِعِيَّةِ، تُوُفِّيَت فِي دِمَشق وَدُفِنَت فِي مَدرَسَتِهَا.‏
Al-Sitt Al-`Adhra' (died 539 A.H.) : A noble woman who built the `Adhrawiyah School in Damascus for the Hanafi and Shafi`i jurists.
‏خَاتُون السفرية (تُوُفِّيَت 515 هـ)‏

‏هِيَ حَظِيَّةُ السُّلطَانِ ملكشاه السَّلجُوقِيِّ وَأُمُّ وَلَدَيهِ سنجر وَمُحَمَّدٍ، تُركِيَّةُ الأَصلِ، كَانَت كَثِيرَةَ الصَّدَقَاتِ وَالإِحسَانِ وَفِيهَا دِينٌ وَخَيرٌ.‏
Khatun Al-Sifriyah (died 515 A.H.) : A slave girl owned by the Suljuk Sultan Malikshah, she gave birth to his two sons Sinjur and Muhammad. Even though a slave of Turkish origin, she rose to prominence under the Suljuk sultanate. She was generous charitable and known for her piety.
‏خوند طغاي (تُوُفِّيَت 749 هـ)‏

‏زَوجَةُ المَلِكِ النَّاصِرِ مُحَمَّدِ بنِ قَلَاوَونَ، كَانَ لَهَا مَالٌ كَثِيرٌ، مِنهُ أَلفُ جَارِيَةٍ وَثَمَانُونَ طواشيا، فَأَعتَقَت الجَمِيعَ، كَانَت مِن أَعظَمِ نِسَاءِ وَقتِهَا وَأَحشَمِهِنَّ.‏
Khund Tughai (died 749 A.H.) : Wife of King Al-Nasir Muhammad bin Qalawun, she was notable for her piety and modesty. She owned vast property including one-thousand slave-girls and eighty eunuchs. She set all her slaves free for the sake of Allah.
‏زُمُرُّد خَاتُونَ (تُوُفِّيَت 557 هـ)‏

‏صَفوَةُ المَلِكِ بِنتُ الأَمِيرِ جاولي، زَوجِ بوري بن طُغتِكِين أَمِيرِ دِمَشق، رَوَت الحَدِيثَ وَاستَنسَخَت الكُتُبَ وَحَفِظَت القُرآنَ، بَعدَ وَفَاةِ زَوجِهَا تَزَوَّجَت عِمَادَ الدِّينِ زنكي، وَلَمَّا قُتِلَ (541 هـ) ذَهَبَت إِلَى مَكَّةَ فَحَجَّت ثُمَّ أَقَامَت فِي المَدِينَةِ حَتَّى تُوُفِّيَت وَدُفِنَت بِالبَقِيعِ.‏
Zumurrud Khatun (died 557 A.H.) : A noble princess, wife of Buri bin Taghtakin, prince of Damascus. She memorized the Holy Qur'an, scribed books and narrated the Prophet's Hadiths. After the death of her husband, she married `Imad Al-Din Zanki, a famous commander. When he died in 541 A.H., she went to Mecca on a Hajj journey, then stayed in Medina until she died.
‏سِتُّ الشَّامِ (تُوُفِّيَت 616 هـ)‏

‏أُختُ السُّلطَانِ صَلَاحِ الدِّينِ، تَزَوَّجَهَا مُحَمَّدُ بنُ أَسَدِ الدِّينِ شيركوه، كَانَت كَثِيرَةَ البِرِّ وَالصَّدَقَاتِ، وَكَانَت تَعمَلُ فِي دَارِهَا الأَشرِبَةَ وَالمَعَاجِينَ وَالعَقَاقِيرَ كُلَّ سَنَةٍ بِأُلُوفِ الدَّنَانِيرِ وَتُوَزِّعُهَا عَلَى النَّاسِ، وَكَانَ بَابُهَا مَلجَأً لِلقَاصِدِينَ، وَهِيَ صَاحِبَةُ الأَربِطَةِ وَالأَوقَافِ بِدِمَشق وَغَيرِهَا.‏
Sitt Al-Sham (died 616 A.H.) : Sister of Saladin and wife of Muhammad bin Asad Al-Din Shirkuh, she was generous and charitable. Drinks, food and medicine were prepared at her house and distributed among the poor. The needy used to go to her for assistance. She made many religious endowments in Damascus and elsewhere.
‏ضيفة خَاتُون (تُوُفِّيَت 640 هـ)‏

‏بِنتُ المَلِكِ العَادِلِ بنِ أَيُّوبَ وَزَوجَةُ المَلِكِ الظَّاهِرِ بنِ صَلَاحِ الدِّينَ، صَاحِبِ حَلَبَ، مَلَكَت حَلَبَ بَعدَ وَفَاةِ زَوجِهَا وَوِلَايَةِ اِبنِهَا العَزِيزِ وَهُوَ طِفلٌ، فَقَامَت بِالمُلكِ أَحسَنَ قِيَامٍ وَدَامَ حُكمُهَا سِتَّ سَنَوَاتٍ، تُوُفِّيَت وَدُفِنَت فِي قَلعَةِ حَلَبَ، مِن آثَارِهَا مَدرَسَةُ الفِردَوسِ وخانقاه.‏
Daifah Khatun (died 640 A.H.) : Daughter of King Al-`Adil bin Ayyub and wife of Al-Zhahir bin Saladin King of Aleppo. After the death of her husband, she managed state affairs for six years as a regent of her child king. She built a school and a retreat for the Sufis and managed the affairs of her kingdom well.
‏عِصمَةُ الدِّينِ خَاتُونَ (تُوُفِّيَت 581 هـ)‏

‏هِيَ بِنتُ الأَمِيرِ مُعِينِ الدِّينِ، تَزَوَّجَهَا صَلَاحُ الدِّينِ بَعدَ وَفَاةِ زَوجِهَا الأَوَّلِ المَلِكِ نُورِ الدِّينِ الشَّهِيدِ، كَانَت مِن أَعَفِّ النَّاسِ وَأَكرَمِهِنَّ، وَكَانَت لَهَا صَدَقَاتٌ كَثِيرَةٌ، بَنَت فِي دِمَشق مَدرَسَةً لِلحَنَفِيَّةِ، وَرِبَاطًا لِلصُّوفِيَّةِ، وَوَقَفَت عَلَى مَا بَنَت أَوقَافًا عَظِيمَةً.‏
`Ismat Al-Din Khatun (died 581 A.H.) : A noble princess, daughter of Mu`in Al-Din and wife of Saladin. She was known for her piety, generosity and charity. She built a school in Damascus for the Hanafi jurists and a retreat for the Sufis.
‏عَلَمُ الآمرية (تُوُفِّيَت 535 هـ)‏

‏هِيَ زَوجَةُ الخَلِيفَةِ الآمِرِ بِأَحكَامِ اللَّهِ الفَاطِمِيِّ، كَانَت مُحسِنَةً، بَنَت كَثِيرًا مِن المَبَانِي مِنهَا (مَسجِدُ الأَندَلُسِ) فِي القَاهِرَةِ وَبِجَانِبِهِ (رِبَاطُ الأَندَلُسِ) وَجَعَلَتهُ مَوئِلًا لِلأَرَامِلِ وَالعَجَائِزِ، وَكَانَت تُرسِلُ الصِّلَاتِ وَالعَطَايَا إِلَى أَربَابِ البُيُوتِ المَستُورِينَ.‏
`Alam Al-Amiriyah (died 535 A.H.) : Wife of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Amir bi Ahkam Allah. Known for her charity, she built the Mosque of Al-Andalus in Cairo, and next to it a haven for the widows and the aged. She also used to send alms to the needy.
‏قُرَّةُ العَينِ (أُرجُوَان) (تُوُفِّيَت 512 هـ)‏

‏أُمُّ الخَلِيفَةِ المُقتَدِي بِأَمرِ اللَّهِ، كَانَت كَثِيرَةَ البِرِّ وَالمَعرُوفِ، حَجَّت ثَلَاثَ حَجَّاتٍ، أَدرَكَت خِلَافَةَ اِبنِهَا المُقتَدِي وَابنِهِ المُستَظهِرِ وَابنِ اِبنِهِ المُستَرشِدِ، وَرَأَت البَطنَ الرَّابِعَ مِن أَولَادِهَا.‏
Qurrat Al-`Ain (Urjwan) (died 512 A.H.) : Mother of Caliph Al-Muqtadi bi Amr Allah, she was known for her piety and charity. She performed three journeys for Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca). She lived during the caliphate of her son Al-Muqtadi, her grandson Al-Mustazhhir and her grand grandson Al-Mustarshid, and even saw the fourth generation of her children.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

صناع الحضارة

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏أَبُو الأَسوَدِ الدُّؤَلِيُّ (605-688 م)‏

‏مِن التَّابِعِينَ، وَلِيَ إِمَارَةَ البَصرَةِ فِي عَهدِ عَلِيِّ بنِ أَبِي طَالِب وَكَانَ شَاعِرًا وَنَحوِيًّا عَرَبِيًّا، يُعتَبَرُ وَاضِعَ عِلمِ النَّحوِ العَرَبِيِّ وَقَوَاعِدِهِ، كَانَ مَعدُودًا مِن الفُقَهَاءِ وَكَانَ خَطِيبًا عَالِمًا.‏
Abu Al-Aswad Al-Du'ali (605 -688 A.D.) : A scholar of the generation that followed the Companions of the Prophet. He was appointed governor of Basra by the Caliph `Ali bin Abi Talib. Abu Al-Aswad was a great poet and scholar of Arabic, he initiated the rules of Arabic grammar. He was an outstanding jurist and professional preacher.
‏أَبُو الحَسَنِ الأَشعَرِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 936 م)‏

‏مِن أَئِمَّةِ المُتَكَلِّمِينَ، وَازَنَ بَينَ أَدِلَّةِ الفُقَهَاءِ وَآرَاءِ المُعتَزِلَةِ، يُنسَبُ إِلَيهِ مَذهَبُ الأَشَاعِرَةِ، أَلَّفَ حَوَالِي تِسعَةِ كُتُبٍ، مِن مُؤَلَّفَاتِهِ "الإِبَانَةُ عَن أُصُولِ الدِّيَانَةِ. "‏
Abu Al-Hasan Al-Ash`ari (died 963 A.D.) : An outstanding scholar of Theology. He compared juristic opinions with those of Al-Mu`tazilah's. As founder of Al-Asha`irah school, he wrote nine books, the most famous of which was Al-Ibananh `An Usul Al-Dianah [Explaining Pillars of Religion].
‏أَبُو الحَسَنِ المَسعُودِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 957 م)‏

‏مُؤَرِّخٌ وَجُغرَافِيٌّ وَرَحَّالَةٌ بَغدَادِيٌّ، رَحَلَ إِلَى بِلَادٍ كَثِيرَةٍ ثُمَّ اِستَقَرَّ فِي مِصرَ حَتَّى وَفَاتِهِ، أَلَّفَ أَكثَرَ مِن عَشرِ كُتُبٍ تُنَاقِشُ تَارِيخَ الأُمَمِ. كُتُبُهُ عَلَى قَدرٍ كَبِيرٍ مِن الأَهَمِّيَّةِ.‏
Abu Al-Hasan Al-Mas`udi ( died 957 A.D.) : A historian, geographer and traveler from Baghdad. He traveled to many countries, then settled in Egypt where he died. He wrote ten books on the history of nations. His books were very important.
‏أَبُو الرَّيحَانِ البَيرُونِيُّ (973-1048 م)‏

‏مُؤَرِّخٌ وَرِيَاضِيٌّ وَعَالِمُ فَلَكٍ عَرَبِيٌّ وَجُغرَافِيٌّ وَطَبِيبٌ وَصَيدَلِيٌّ، مِن أَعظَمِ عُلَمَاءِ الإِسلَامِ، وَقَد وُصِفَ بِأَنَّهُ أَعظَمُ عَقلِيَّةٍ عَرَفَهَا التَّارِيخُ، وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ مِن قَالَ إِنَّ الأَرضَ تَدُورُ حَولَ مِحوَرِهَا، صَنَّفَ كُتُبًا تَربُو عَن المِائَةِ وَالعِشرِينَ.‏
Abu Al-Raihan Al-Bairuni ( 973-1048 A.D.) : An Arab historian, mathematician, astronomer, geographer, physician and pharmacist. He was one of the greatest scientists in history and the first to discover that the Earth turns on its axis. He authored more than 120 books.
‏أَبُو الطَّيِّبِ المُتَنَبِّي ( 915-965 م)‏

‏مِن كِبَارِ شُعَرَاءِ العَرَبِ، إِمَامُ الطَّرِيقَةِ الإِبدَاعِيَّةِ فِي الشِّعرِ العَرَبِيِّ، اِشتَهَرَ بِقَصَائِدِ المَدِيحِ وَالحِكمَةِ وَحُبِّهِ لِلمُغَامَرَةِ، يَعُدُّهُ العَرَبُ أَشعَرَ الإِسلَامِيِّينَ.‏
Abu Al-Taiyib Al-Mutanabbi (915-965 A.D.) : An outstanding Arab poet and leader of the Imaginative Method of Arabic poetry. He is most famous for his poems on wisdom and eulogy and for his love for adventure. The Arabs considered him the "Most poetic Muslim".
‏أَبُو العَتَاهِيَةِ ( 748-825 م)‏

‏شَاعِرٌ مُسلِمٌ، اِعتَزَلَ الغَزَلَ وَالمَدحَ وَاتَّجَهَ إِلَى الزُّهدِ، كَانَ لَهُ مَكَانَةٌ عَالِيَةٌ عِندَ هَارُونَ الرَّشِيدِ.‏
Abu Al-`Atahiah (748-825 A.D.) : A poet. He abandoned the flirtatious and elegy poetry of his days. He was most famous for his poems on asceticism. The Caliph Harun Al-Rashid held him in high esteem.
‏أَبُو العَلَاءِ المَعَرِّي ( 973-1057 م)‏

‏شَاعِرٌ وَفَيلَسُوفٌ مُسلِمٌ، كَانَ عَالِمًا بِالأَديَانِ وَالمَذَاهِبِ وَفِي عَقَائِدِ الفِرَقِ وَكَانَ آيَةً فِي مَعرِفَةِ التَّارِيخِ وَالأَخبَارِ، عَاشَ زَاهِدًا، دَعَا نَفسَهُ "رَهِينَ المَحبَسَينِ"، صَنَّفَ أَكثَرَ مِن سَبعِينَ كِتَابًا وَالعَدِيدَ مِن الدَّوَاوِينَ الشِّعرِيَّةِ، تُرجِمَت كُتُبُهُ إِلَى لُغَاتٍ كَثِيرَةٍ.‏
Abu Al-`Ala' Al-Ma`arri (973-1057 A.D.) : An ascetic poet and philosopher and scholar on religions, creeds and beliefs of each sect at that time. He was a brilliant historian and storyteller. He called himself "Prisoner in two prisons, " for he was blind, kept for some time in jail. His seventy books and divans (collection of poems) were translated into many languages.
‏أَبُو الفَرَجِ الأَصفَهَانِيِّ ( 897-967 م)‏

‏مِن أَئِمَّةِ الأَدَبِ وَالتَّارِيخِ وَاللُّغَةِ، أَلَّفَ العَدِيدَ مِن الكُتُبِ مِن أَهَمِّهَا كِتَابُ "الأَغَانِي"، دَوَّنَ فِيهِ التَّارِيخَ بِأُسلُوبٍ دَقِيقٍ.‏
Abu Al-Faraj Al-Asbahani (897-967 A.D.) : An outstanding scholar of literature, history and language. He wrote many books, most famous of which was Al-Aghani [Songs] in which he accurately scientifically recorded history in an accurate way.
‏أَبُو القَاسِمِ الزَّهرَاوِيُّ (1030-1106 م)‏

‏أَكبَرُ الجَرَّاحِينَ العَرَبِ فِي زَمَانِهِ، أَوَّلُ مَن أَلَّفَ فِي الجِرَاحَةِ عِندَ العَرَبِ كَكِتَابِ "التَّصرِيفِ لِمَن عَجَزَ عَن التَّألِيفِ"، اِستَحدَثَ آلَاتٍ جِرَاحِيَّةً كَثِيرَةً، شَمَلَ نُبُوغُ الزَّهرَاوِيِّ كُلَّ فُرُوعِ الطِّبِّ وَالصِّنَاعَاتِ المُلحَقَةِ بِهِ، تُرجِمَت كُتُبُهُ إِلَى اللَّاتِينِيَّةِ وَالعِبرِيَّةِ وَالفَرَنسِيَّةِ وَالإِيطَالِيَّةِ.‏
Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi [Abulcasis] (1030-1106 A.D.) : The most brilliant and outstanding surgeon both in the Arab world and Europe. He was the first to write books of surgery such as Al-Tasrif liman `Ajaz `An Al-Ta'lif. Al-Zahrawi's genius was not only in surgery but also in medicine and its equipment. He invented several surgical instruments. His books were translated into many languages such as Latin, Hebrew, French and Italian.
‏أَبُو الوَفَاءِ البُوزَجَانِيُّ (940-998 م)‏

‏مُهَندِسٌ فَلَكِيٌّ، أَعظَمُ رِيَاضِيِّي العَرَبِ قَاطِبَةً، أَحَدُ المُتَرجِمِينَ العِظَامِ مِن اليُونَانِيَّةِ، أَلَّفَ حَوَالَي خَمسَةِ كُتُبٍ، مِن آثَارِهِ "الهَندَسَةُ. "‏
Abu Al-Wafa' Al-Buzjani (940-998 A.D.) : An engineer, astronomer, and the best Arab mathematician in his time. He was an outstanding translator of Greek. He wrote five books, the most important of which was Al-Handasah [Geometry]
‏أَبُو بَكرٍ البَيطَارِ (تُوُفِّيَ 1340 م)‏

‏طَبِيبٌ بَيطَرِيٌّ، كَانَ مُدَبِّرًا لِخَيلِ النَّاصِرِ بنِ قَلَاوُونَ، كَانَ عَالِمًا بِأَمرَاضِ الخَيلِ، وَأَودَعَ تَجَارِبَهُ فِي كِتَابِ "كَاشِفِ الوَيلِ فِي مَعرِفَةِ أَمرَاضِ الخَيلِ. "‏
Abu Bakr Al-Baitar (died 1340 A.D.) : A veterinarian who treated the horses of Al-Nasir bin Qalawun. He wrote Kashif Al-Wail fi Ma`rifat Amrad Al-Khail [The Comprehensive Book on Diseases of Horses] in which he included all his experience in treating horses.
‏أَبُو بَكرٍ البَيهَقِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 1066 م)‏

‏فَقِيهٌ شَافِعِيٌّ, لَهُ فَضلٌ كَبِيرٌ عَلَى المَذهَبِ الشَّافِعِيِّ لِكَثرَةِ تَصَانِيفِهِ, يُعتَبَرُ مِن كِبَارِ عُلَمَاءِ الحَدِيثِ, صَنَّفَ أَكثَرَ مِن عَشرِ كُتُبٍ, مِن أَهَمِّ تَصَانِيفِهِ "السُّنَنُ الكُبرَى. "‏
Abu Bakr Al-Baihaqi (died 1066 A.D.) : A Shafi'i jurist. His contributions to the Shafi`i juristic school is well-known because of his valuable books on the methodology of this school. He was one of the major Hadith scholars. He compiled more than ten books, the most famous of which was Al-Sunan Al-Kubra [The Biggest Traditions]
‏أَبُو بَكر الرَّازِي (864-923 م)‏

‏مِن أَعظَمِ أَطِبَّاءِ الإِسلَامِ وَفَلَاسِفَتِهِم، بَرَعَ فِي الكِيميَاءِ وَالمُوسِيقَى وَنَظمِ الشِّعرِ وَالفَلَكِ، تَصَانِيفُهُ كَثِيرَةٌ أَنَافَت عَن المِائَتَي كِتَابٍ نِصفُهَا فِي الطِّبِّ، مِن أَشهَرِ كُتُبِهِ "الحَاوِي" وَرِسَالَةُ "الجُدَرِي وَالحَصبَةِ. "‏
Abu Bakr Al-Razi [Razhes] (864-923 A.D.) : An outstanding physician and philosopher, he was brilliant at Chemistry, Music, Astronomy and composing poetry. He wrote more than two hundred books, the most famous of which were Al-Hawi [The Comprehensive] and a study on Smallpox and Measles.
‏أَبُو بَكرٍ الكَرخِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 1020 م)‏

‏عَالِمٌ رِيَاضِيٌّ مُسلِمٌ، مِن أَهلِ بَغدَادَ، لَهُ مُصَنَّفَاتٌ عَدِيدَةٌ فِي الجَبرِ وَالحِسَابِ، مِن أَهَمِّهَا كِتَابُ الكَافِي فِي الحِسَابِ.‏
Abu Bakr Al-Karkhi (died 1020 A.D.) : A mathematician from Baghdad. He wrote many books on Algebra and arithmetic, such as Al-Kafi [The Sufficient] on arithmetic.
‏أَبُو تَمَّامٍ (788-845 م)‏

‏شَاعِرٌ عَرَبِيٌّ مِن الدَّولَةِ العَبَّاسِيَّةِ، بَلَغَ مِن الشِّعرِ مَبلَغًا لَم يُزَاحِمهُ فِيهِ أَحَدٌ، اِمتَازَ بِخَيَالِهِ الوَاسِعِ، ضَمَّنَ شِعرَهُ الكَثِيرَ مِن الحِكَمِ وَالأَمثَالِ، لَهُ عِدَّةُ دَوَاوِينَ مِن أَشهَرِهَا تِلكَ الَّتِي أَنشَدَهَا بَعدَ اِنتِصَارِ المُعتَصِمِ فِي وَقعَةِ "عَمُورِيَّة. "‏
Abu Tammam (788-845 A.D.) : An outstanding Arab Abbasid poet, whose poems were characterized by a high degree of excellence. His style was most famous for its vast imagination and proverbs. He composed many poems but was most known by for poem which he wrote after the Caliph Al-Mu`tasim's victory at the battle of Amoriah.
‏أَبُو جَعفَرٍ الخَازِنُ (تُوُفِّيَ 1010 م)‏

‏مِن كِبَارِ الفَلَكِيِّينَ فِي الإِسلَامِ عَالِمٌ بِالرِّيَاضِيَّاتِ وَالهَندَسَةِ أَلَّفَ أَكثَرَ مِن أَربَعِ كُتُبٍ مِن أَهَمِّهِم "المَسَائِلُ العَدَدِيَّةُ. "‏
Abu Ja`far Al-Khazin (died 1010 A.D.) : One of the major astronomers in the Islamic era. He was brilliant at mathematics and geometry. He wrote more than four books, the most important of which was Al-Masa'il Al-`Adadiyah [Equations].
‏أَبُو جَعفَرٍ الطُّوسِيُّ (995-1067 م)‏

‏مُفَسِّرٌ وَفَقِيهٌ شِيعِيٌّ مُؤَسِّسُ جَامِعَةِ النَّجَفِ تَعَرَّضَت كُتُبُهُ لِلتَّلَفِ عِدَّةَ مَرَّاتٍ مِن أَشهَرِ تَصَانِيفِهِ "البَيَانُ الجَامِعُ لِعُلُومِ القُرآنِ" وَ"الحَدِيثُ عِندَ الشِّيعَةِ. "‏
Abu Ja`far Al-Tusi ( 995-1067 A.D.) : An interpreter of the Holy Qur'an and a Shiite jurist, he was the founder of Al-Najaf University. His books were damaged several times. The most well-known among them were Al-Bayan Al-Jami` li`ulum Al-Qur'an [The Comprehensive Book on the Studies of Qur'an] and Al-Hadith `Inda Al-Shi`ah [Shiites and Prophetic Traditions].
‏أَبُو حَامِد الغَزَالِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 1111 م)‏

‏فَيلَسُوفٌ وَعَالِمٌ مُسلِمٌ، لُقِّبَ بِ "حُجَّةِ الإِسلَامِ"، لَهُ أَكثَرُ مِن أَربَعَةَ عَشَرَ مُؤَلَّفًا، مِن أَشهَرِ كُتُبِهِ "إِحيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ. "‏
Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali (died 1111 A.D.) : A Muslim scholar and philosopher, known as Hujjat Al-Islam [Expert on Islam]. He wrote more than fourteen books, the most important of which was Ihya' `Ulum Al-Din [Reviving Studies of Religion].
‏أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ الدِّينَوَرِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 895 م)‏

‏مُهَندِسٌ وَمُؤَرِّخٌ وَفَيلَسُوفٌ وَعَالِمُ نَبَاتٍ عَرَبِيٌّ، قَالَ عَنهُ أَبُو حَيَّان التَّوحِيدِيُّ أَنَّهُ جَمَعَ بَينَ حِكمَةِ الفَلَاسِفَةِ وَبَيَانِ العَرَبِ. وَلَهُ فِي كُلِّ فَنٍّ سَاقٌ وَقَدَمٌ وَرِوَاءُ وَحِكَمٌ. صَنَّفَ مَا يَربُو عَن العَشرِ كُتُبٍ.‏
Abu Hanifah Al-Dainawari (died 895 A.D.) : An Arab engineer, chronicler, philosopher and Botanist. Abu Haiyan Al-Tauhidi said about him, "He [Abu Hanifah] was able to combine both the wisdom of the philosophers and eloquence of the Arabs, and be a scholar in all fields of knowledge. " He authored over ten books.
‏أَبُو حَيَّانَ التَّوحِيدِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 1010 م)‏

‏كَاتِبٌ وَفَيلَسُوفٌ عَرَبِيٌّ مُعتَزِلِيٌّ مُتَصَوِّفٌ، مِن أَهلِ العَدلِ وَالتَّوحِيدِ، صَاحِبُ طِرَازٍ فَرِيدٍ فِي الكِتَابَةِ.‏
Abu Haiyan Al-Tauhidi (died 1010 A.D.) : An Arab writer and philosopher, he belonged to the Mu`tazilah sect. Most known by his piety and firm belief in the oneness of Allah. He had a unique style of writing.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏أَبُو دَاوُدَ السِّجِستَانِيُّ (817-889 م)‏

‏مِن أَئِمَّةِ الحَدِيثِ، لَهُ كِتَابُ "السُّنَنِ"، مِن الصِّحَاحِ السِّتَّةِ.‏
Abu Dawud Al-Sijistani (817-889 A.D.) : A scholar of Prophetic Hadiths. He compiled Al-Sunan [The Prophetic Traditions], which is considered one of the six major authentic books on Prophetic Traditions.
‏أَبُو ذُؤَيب الهُذَلِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 648 م)‏

‏شَاعِرٌ مُسلِمٌ فَحلٌ مُخَضرَمٌ، اِشتَرَكَ فِي فَتحِ إِفرِيقِيَّةَ "تُونُسُ الحَالِيَّةُ. "‏
Abu Dhu'aib Al-Hudhali (died 648 A.D.) : An eminent poet, he lived through paganism and Islam. Participated in the Conquest of Ifriqiyah (present-day Tunisia).
‏أَبُو زَيدٍ البَلخِيٌّ (850-934 م)‏

‏عَالِمٌ فِي الفَلسَفَةِ وَالجُغرَافِيَا مُسلِمٌ، أَلَّفَ أَكثَرَ مِن أَربَعَةَ عَشَرَ كِتَابًا، اِشتَهَرَ بِكِتَابِهِ "صُوَرُ الأَقَالِيمِ. "‏
Abu Zaid Al-Balkhi (850-934 A.D.) : A geographer and philosopher. He wrote more than fourteen books. He is famous for his book Suwar Al-Aqalim [Maps of Countries].
‏أَبُو سُلَيمَانَ المَنطِقِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 990 م)‏

‏فَيلَسُوفٌ وَعَالِمُ مَنطِقٍ عَرَبِيٌّ، أَلَّفَ العَدِيدَ مِن الكُتُبِ مِن أَهَمِّهَا "صُوَانُ الحِكمَةِ" سَجَّلَ فِيهِ تَارِيخَ الفَلسَفَةِ اليُونَانِيَّةِ وَالإِسلَامِيَّةِ.‏
Abu Sulaiman Al-Mantiqi (died 990 A.D.) : An Arab philosopher and scholar of Logic. He authored many books, most important of which was Suwan Al-Hikmah [Preserver of Wisdom] which dealt with the history of Greek and Islamic philosophy.
‏أَبُو عَبدِ اللَّهِ الإِدرِيسِيُّ (1100-1165 م)‏

‏رَحَّالَةٌ مَغرِبِيٌّ، عَالِمٌ بِالجُغرَافِيَا وَالطِّبِّ، مُؤَلَّفَاتُهُ مِن أَشهَرِ كُتُبِ الجُغرَافِيَا القَدِيمَةِ وَقَد تُرجِمَت إِلَى عِدَّةِ لُغَاتٍ أُورُوبِّيَّةٍ.‏
Abu `Abdullah Al-Idrisi (1100-1165 A.D.) : A Moroccan traveler, geographer and physician. His writings in geography were of great importance to the modern world, and were translated into many European languages.
‏أَبُو عُثمَانَ المَازِنِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 863 م)‏

‏لُغَوِيٌّ بَصرِيٌّ، مِن كِبَارِ عُلَمَاءِ اللُّغَةِ العَرَبِيَّةِ، كَانَ وَرِعًا وَتَقِيًّا، لَهُ أَكثَرُ مِن سِتَّةِ مُصَنَّفَاتٍ مِن أَهَمِّهَا "التَّصرِيفُ. "‏
Abu `Uthman Al-Mazini (died 863 A.D.) : A scholar of Arabic, he wrote many books, most famous of which was Al-Tasrif [Morphology].
‏أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الخَيَّاطُ (تُوُفِّيَ 835 م)‏

‏فَلَكِيٌّ عَرَبِيٌّ مِن أَشهَرِ الفَلَكِيِّينَ فِي تَارِيخِ الإِسلَامِ، تُرجِمَت بَعضُ كُتُبِهِ إِلَى اللَّاتِينِيَّةِ.‏
Abu `Ali Al-Khaiyat [Al-Bohali] (died 835 A.D.) : One of the best astronomers in the Islamic era. His books were translated into Latin.
‏أَبُو فِرَاسٍ الحَمدَانِيُّ (932-968 م)‏

‏أَمِيرٌ وَشَاعِرٌ وَفَارِسٌ، لَهُ وَقَائِعُ كَثِيرَةٌ، تَقَلَّدَ منبجا وَحَرَّانَ، أَسَرَهُ الرُّومُ فَنَظَمَ أَشهَرَ قَصَائِدِهِ "الرُّومِيَّاتِ. "‏
Abu Firas Al-Hamdani (932-968 A.D.) : An Emir, poet and knight who engaged in many battles. He was the governor of Minbaga and Harran. When he was captured by the Byzantines, it inspired him to compose his most famous poems Al-Rumiyat.
‏أَبُو كَامِلٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 951 م)‏

‏(شُجَاعُ بنُ أَسلَمَ)، مُهَندِسٌ وَعَالِمُ حِسَابٍ مِصرِيٌّ، اشتَهَرَت مُؤَلَّفَاتُهُ فِي أُورُوبَّا.‏
Abu Kamil (Shuja` bin Aslam) (died 951 A.D.) : An Egyptian engineer and mathematician. His books were known in Europe.
‏أَبُو مِحجَن الثَّقَفِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 650 م)‏

‏شَاعِرٌ مُسلِمٌ وَفَارِسٌ شُجَاعٌ،أَبلَى بَلَاءً حَسَنًا فِي مَعرَكَةِ القَادِسِيَّةِ، أَشهَرُ شِعرِهِ فِي المَفَاخِرِ.‏
Abu Mihjan Al-Thaqafi (died 650 A.D.) : A poet, known for his chivalry and courage. He participated in the Battle of Al-Qadisiyah. His poetry always tackled matters of glory.
‏أَبُو مَعشَرٍ البَلخِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 788-886 م)‏

‏عَالِمٌ فَلَكِيٌّ، لَهُ دِرَاسَاتٌ فِي تَأثِيرِ النُّجُومِ فِي حَيَاةِ الإِنسَانِ، مُكتَشِفُ حَقِيقَةٍ عِلمِيَّةٍ تَتَعَلَّقُ بِالمَدِّ وَالجَزرِ، نَاقَشَ العَدِيدَ مِن الأَفكَارِ فِي مُؤَلَّفَاتِهِ.‏
Abu Ma`shar Al-Balkhi (Abumasar) ( 788-886 A.D.) : An outstanding astronomer who studied the effect of stars on human life. He discovered some facts related to the ebb and flow of tides. He tackled different fields of knowledge throughout his books.
‏أَبُو مَنصُورٍ الثَّعَالِبِيُّ (961-1038 م)‏

‏أَدِيبٌ وَلُغَوِيٌّ وَمُؤَرِّخٌ مِن الدَّولَةِ العَبَّاسِيَّةِ، صَنَّفَ كَثِيرًا مِن كُتُبِ الأَدَبِ وَالتَّارِيخِ وَاللُّغَةِ تَزِيدُ عَلَى التِّسعِينَ كِتَابًا مِن أَهَمِّهَا "يَتِيمَةُ الدَّهرِ فِي شُعَرَاءِ أَهلِ العَصرِ. "‏
Abu Mansur Al-Tha`alibi (961-1038 A.D.) : An Abbasid writer, linguist and historian. He wrote about ninety books on culture, history and language. The most important was Yatimat Al-Dahr fi Shu`ara' Ahl Al-`Asr [Matchless Book on Contemporary Poets]
‏أَبُو نَصر الفَارَابِي (878-950 م)‏

‏مِن أَعظَمِ فَلَاسِفَةِ المُسلِمِينَ، كَانَ عَالِمًا بِالمَنطِقِ وَالرِّيَاضِيَّاتِ وَالمُوسِيقَى، حَاوَلَ التَّوفِيقَ بَينَ الشَّرِيعَةِ الإِسلَامِيَّةِ وَالفَلسَفَةِ اليُونَانِيَّةِ، أَلَّفَ أَكثَرَ مِن مِائَةِ كِتَابٍ.‏
Abu Nasr Al-Farabi [Alfarabi] (878-950 A.D.) : An outstanding Muslim philosopher and scholar of Logic, Mathematics, and Music. He tried to create a balance between Islamic Shari`ah [Law] and Greek philosophy. He wrote more than one hundred books.
‏أَبُو نُوَاسٍ (757-814 م)‏

‏مِن أَكبَرِ الشُّعَرَاءِ فِي تَارِيخِ الأَدَبِ العَرَبِيِّ، شَاعِرُ العِرَاقِ فِي عَصرِهِ، أَوَّلُ مَن نَهَجَ فِي الشِّعرِ طَرِيقَتَهُ الحَضَرِيَّةَ وَأَخرَجَهُ مِن اللَّهجَةِ البَدَوِيَّةِ‏
Abu Nuwas ( 757-814 A.D.) : One of the outstanding poets in the history of the Arabic culture. He was the national poet of Iraq at that time. Abu Nuwas was the first to modernize Bedouin poems.
‏أَبُو هِلَال العَسكَرِي (تُوُفِّيَ 1005 م)‏

‏أَدِيبٌ وَشَاعِرٌ عَرَبِيٌّ، مِن أَكبَرِ عُلَمَاءِ البَلَاغَةِ، لَهُ أَكثَرُ مِن عَشرَةِ مُؤَلَّفَاتٍ، صَاحِبُ "كِتَابِ الصِّنَاعَتَينِ: النَّظمِ وَالنَّثرِ. "‏
Abu Hilal Al-`Askari (died 1005 A.D.) : An Arab writer and poet, and one of the major linguists. He wrote more than ten books, the most famous of which was Kitab Al-Sina`atain: Al-Nazhm wa Al-Nathr [Book of Two Arts: Poetry and Prose].
‏أَحمَدُ اليَعقُوبِي (تُوُفِّيَ 905 م)‏

‏جُغرَافِيٌّ وَمُؤَرِّخٌ بَغدَادِيٌّ كَثِيرُ الأَسفَارِ، أَلَّفَ ثَلَاثَةَ كُتُبٍ وَلَكِنَّهُ اِشتَهَرَ بِكِتَابِهِ "البُلدَان" الَّذِي دَوَّنَ فِيهِ مُلَاحَظَاتِهِ فِي التَّارِيخِ وَالِاجتِمَاعِ وَالأَدَبِ عَن البِلَادِ الَّتِي زَارَهَا.‏
Ahmad Al-Ya`qubi (died 905 A.D.) : A geographer, historian and traveler from Baghdad. Although he wrote three books, he was best known for his book Al-Buldan [Countries] in which he recorded his notes on history and the social and cultural background of the countries he visited.
‏أَحمَدُ بنُ عَرَبشَاه (تُوُفِّيَ 1388-1450 م)‏

‏مُؤَرِّخٌ وَرَحَّالَةٌ دِمَشقِيٌّ، لَهُ مُصَنَّفَاتٌ بِالعَرَبِيَّةِ وَالفَارِسِيَّةِ وَالتُّركِيَةِ.‏
Ahmad bin `Arabshah (1388-1450 A.D.) : A historian and traveler from Damascus. He wrote many books in Farsi and Turkish.
‏أَحمَد تَيمُور (1871-1930 م)‏

‏أَدِيبٌ، بَاحِثٌ وَمُؤَرِّخٌ مِصرِيٌّ، مِن عُلَمَاءِ اللُّغَةِ العَرَبِيَّةِ، صَنَّفَ مَا يَقرُبُ مِن الأَربَعِينَ كِتَابًا.‏
Ahmad Taimur (1871-1931 A.D.) : An Egyptian writer, researcher and historian. He was also an outstanding linguist. He wrote more than forty books.
‏أَحمَد شَوقِي (1868-1932 م)‏

‏شَاعِرٌ مِصرِيٌّ، مِن أَشهَرِ شُعَرَاءِ العَصرِ الحَدِيثِ، لُقِّبَ بِأَمِيرِ الشُّعَرَاءِ،عَالَجَ فِي شِعرِهِ أَكثَرَ فُنُونِ الشِّعرِ.‏
Ahmad Shauqi (1868-1932 A.D.) : An Egyptian poet who was one of the major poets of the modern times. He was called the "Emir of Poets, " as his work dealt with most kinds of poetry.
‏أَحمَدُ فَارِس الشِّديَاق (1804-1888 م)‏

‏أَدِيبٌ وَلُغَوِيٌّ لُبنَانِيٌّ، مِن رُوَّادِ الصَّحَافَةِ العَرَبِيَّةِ، مُؤَسِّسُ جَرِيدَةِ "الجَوَائِبِ"، لَهُ مَا يَربُو عَن العَشرِ مُؤَلَّفَاتٍ.‏
Ahmad Faris Al-Shidyaq (1804-1888 A.D.) : A Lebanese linguist and writer. He was a pioneer in Arabic Journalism. He was the founder of the newspaper Al-Jawa'ib, and the author of over ten books.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏إِسمَاعِيلُ أَبُو الفِدَاءِ (1273-1331 م)‏

‏أَمِيرٌ عَرَبِيٌّ، مُؤَرِّخٌ وَجُغرَافِيٌّ شَهِيرٌ.‏
Isma`il Abu Al-Fida' (1273-1331 A.D.) : An Arab Emir, he was a distinguished historian and geographer.
‏اِبنُ آجُرُّومٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 1323 م)‏

‏أَبُو عَبدِ اللَّهِ الصَّنهَاجِيُّ، عَالِمُ نَحوٍ مَغرِبِيٌّ، اِشتَهَرَ بِكِتَابِهِ "المُقَدِّمَةُ الآجُرُّومِيَّةُ فِي عِلمِ العَرَبِيَّةِ. "‏
Ibn Ajurrum (died 1323 A.D.) : Real name: Abu `Abdullah Al-Sanhaji. He was a Moroccan scholar of Arabic grammar. He was best known for his book [The Ajurumic Introduction to the Arabic Language].
‏اِبنُ أَبِي الرِّجَالِ (تُوُفِّيَ 1040 م)‏

‏فَلَكِيٌّ وَرِيَاضِيٌّ أَندَلُسِيٌّ، اشتَهَرَ عِندَ عُلَمَاءِ الغَربِ بِكِتَابِهِ "البَارِعِ فِي أَحكَامِ النُّجُومِ"، تُرجِمَت أَعمَالُهُ إِلَى اللَّاتِينِيَّةِ.‏
Ibn Abi Al-Rijal (died 1040 A.D.) : Andalusian astronomer and mathematician. He was best known for his book Al-Barri` fi Ahkam Al-Nujum [Comprehensive work on the position of the Stars]. His books were translated into Latin.
‏اِبنُ أَبِي الشُّكرِ (تُوُفِّيَ 1281 م)‏

‏فَلَكِيٌّ أَندَلُسِيٌّ مِن أَهلِ قُرطُبَةَ، عَمِلَ مَعَ نَصِيرِ الدِّينِ الطُّوسِيِّ فِي مَرصَدِ مَرَاغَةَ، صَنَّفَ أَكثَرَ مِن عَشرِ كُتُبٍ مِن أَشهَرِهَا "الأَربَعُ مَقَالَاتٍ فِي النُّجُومِ. "‏
Ibn Abi Al-Shukr (died 1281 A.D.) : An Andalusian astronomer, who lived in Cordoba and worked with Nusair Al-Din Al-Tusi in the observatory of Maraghah. He wrote more than ten books, the most famous of which was Al-Arba` Maqalat fi Al-Nujum [Four Short Studies on Stars].
‏اِبنُ أَبِي صَادِقٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 1077 م)‏

‏طَبِيبٌ وَفَيلَسُوفٌ مِن أَهلِ نَيسَابُور، تِلمِيذُ اِبنِ سِينَا، شَرَحَ مُؤَلَّفَاتِ أَبُقرَاطَ وَجَالِينِيس، يُلَقَّبُ بِسُقرَاط الثَّانِي.‏
Ibn Abi Sadiq (died 1077 A.D.) : A physicist and philosopher from Naisabur. He studied physics and philosophy under Avecinne. He illustrated and explained the works of Abuqrat and Jalinis. He was known as "The Second Socrates. "
‏اِبنُ البَيطَارِ (تُوُفِّيَ 1248 م)‏

‏أَعظَمُ عُلَمَاءِ التَّارِيخِ الطَّبِيعِيِّ فِي القُرُونِ الوُسطَى، عَالِمُ نَبَاتٍ أَندَلُسِيٌّ، أَلَّفَ أَكثَرَ مِن سِتِّ كُتُبٍ مِن أَشهَرِهَا كِتَابُ "الجَامِعِ لِمُصَنَّفَاتِ الأَدوِيَةِ وَالأَغذِيَةِ. "‏
Ibn Al-Baitar (died 1248 A.D.) : One of the greatest biologists in the Middle ages, he was also a botanist. He wrote more than six books, the most famous among them was Al-Jami` Limusanafat Al-Adwiah wa Al-Aghdhiah [The Comprehensive Book on Medicine and Food].
‏اِبنُ الجَوزِيِّ (1120-1200 م)‏

‏فَقِيهٌ وَمُؤَرِّخٌ عَرَبِيٌّ، صَنَّفَ مَا يَقرُبُ مِن عِشرِينَ كِتَابًا فِي شَتَّى فُرُوعِ المَعرِفَةِ، مِن آثَارِهِ "المُنتَظِم فِي تَارِيخِ الأُمَم. "‏
Ibn Al-Jauzi (1120-1200 A.D.) : An outstanding Arab historian and jurist. He wrote about twenty books in which he tackled many fields of knowledge; most important of them was Al-Muntazhim fi Tarikh Al-Umam [The Well-Organized Book on History of Nations].
‏اِبنُ الحَاجِبِ (تُوُفِّيَ 1249 م)‏

‏فَقِيهٌ وَنَحوِيٌّ مِصرِيٌّ، مِن أَئِمَّةِ اللُّغَوِيِّينَ، لَهُ مُؤَلَّفَاتٌ فِي النَّحوِ وَالصَّرفِ وَالعَرُوضِ وَأُصُولِ الفِقهِ.‏
Ibn Al-Hajib ( died 1249 A.D.) : An Egyptian jurist, he was an outstanding linguist. He wrote many books on Arabic Grammar, Morphology, Prosody and Principles of Jurisprudence.
‏اِبنُ الرُّومِيِّ (836-896 م)‏

‏شَاعِرٌ، مِن أَعظَمِ شُعَرَاءِ الدَّولَةِ العَبَّاسِيَّةِ، عُرِفَ بِالوَصفِ البَارِعِ وَالهِجَاءِ اللَّاذِعِ.‏
Ibn Al-Rumi (836-896 A.D.) : One of the most famous poets in the Abbasid Empire. His fame was based on his brilliant descriptions and bitter satire.
‏اِبنُ الشَّاطِرِ (تُوُفِّيَ 1375 م)‏

‏أَبُو الحَسَنِ عَلِيٌّ، عَالِمٌ بِالفَلَكِ وَالحِسَابِ، مِن أَهلِ دِمَشق، مِن أَشهَرِ مُؤَلَّفَاتِهِ "الإِسطِرلَابُ. "‏
Ibn Al-Shatir (died 1375 A.D.) : An astronomer and mathematician from Damascus. He wrote many books on astronomy, most important of which was Al-Istirlab [Astrolabe].
‏اِبنُ الطَّيِّبِ السَّرخَسِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 899 م)‏

‏فَيلَسُوفٌ عَرَبِيٌّ، كَانَ غَزِيرَ العِلمِ بِالتَّارِيخِ وَالفَلسَفَةِ وَالسِّيَاسَةِ وَالأَدَبِ وَالفُنُونِ، أَلَّفَ أَكثَرَ مِن أَربَعَةَ عَشَرَ كِتَابًا، مُعَلِّمُ المُعتَضِدِ وَصَدِيقُهُ وَمُستَشَارُهُ.‏
Ibn Al-Taiyib Al-Sarkhasi (died 899 A.D.) : An Arab philosopher, he was also a scholar in history, politics, culture and arts. He wrote more than fourteen books and was the teacher, friend and counselor of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu`tadid.
‏اِبنُ العَرَبِيِّ (تُوُفِّيَ 1148 م)‏

‏خَاتَمُ عُلَمَاءِ الأَندَلُسِ وَآخِرُ أَئِمَّتِهَا وَحُفَّاظِهَا، لَهُ تَصَانِيفُ كَثِيرَةٌ تَتَنَاوَلُ القُرآنَ وَالسُّنَّةَ مِنهَا "أَحكَامُ القُرآنِ. "‏
Ibn Al-`Arabi (died 1148 A.D.) : The last outstanding Andalusian Hafizh [Memorizer of Prophetic Hadiths] at that time. Ibn Al-`Arabi wrote many books on the studies of the Holy Qur'an and Prophetic Hadiths; such as Ahkam Al-Qur'an [Injunctions in the Holy Qur'an].
‏اِبنُ العَمِيدِ (تُوُفِّيَ 970 م)‏

‏شَاعِرٌ وَأَدِيبٌ بُوَيهِيٌّ، كَانَ وَزِيرًا لِرُكنِ الدَّولَةِ، يُعتَبَرُ مِن أَئِمَّةِ البَيَانِ العَرَبِيِّ.‏
Ibn Al-`Amid (died 970 A.D.) : A poet and writer. He was the counselor of Rukn Al-Dawalah. Ibn Al-`Amid was an outstanding figure in Arabic rhetoric.
‏اِبنُ العَوَّامِ (تُوُفِّيَ 1158 م)‏

‏عَالِمُ نَبَاتٍ أَندَلُسِيٌّ، لَهُ كِتَابُ "الفِلَاحَةِ الأَندَلُسِيَّةِ"، وَهُوَ مِن المَرَاجِعِ فِي تَارِيخِ عِلمِ النَّبَاتِ.‏
Ibn Al-`Awwam (died 1158 A.D.) : An outstanding botanist. Ibn Al-`Awwam helped to develop the science of botany, especially by his book Al-Filahah Al-Andalusiyah [Andalusian Agriculture].
‏اِبنُ الفَارِضِ (1181-1235 م)‏

‏عُمَرُ بنُ عَلِيِّ بنِ مُرشِدِ بنِ عَلِيٍّ، شَاعِرٌ عَرَبِيٌّ صُوفِيٌّ، اِشتَهَرَ بِمَدَائِحِهِ لِلذَّاتِ الإِلَهِيَّةِ.‏
Ibn Al-Farid (1181-1235 A.D.) : Real name: `Umar bin `Ali bin Murshid bin `Ali. An Arab Sufi poet, he was most known for praising Allah in his poems.
‏اِبنُ النَّقِيبِ (1494 م -1563 م)‏

‏طَبِيبٌ عَالِمٌ بِالفَلَكِ وَالحِسَابِ وَالشِّعرِ وَالمُوسِيقَى، كَانَ مَاهِرًا فِي وَضعِ الآلَاتِ الهَندَسِيَّةِ الفَلَكِيَّةِ لِرَصدِ الكَوَاكِبِ.‏
Ibn Al-Naqib (1494-1563 A.D.) : A physician, astronomer, mathematician, poet and musician. Ibn Al-Naqib was most famous for his invention of astronomical equipment.
‏اِبنُ اليَاسمِين (تُوُفِّيَ 1204 م)‏

‏كَاتِبٌ رِيَاضِيٌّ، عَالِمٌ بِالحِسَابِ وَالعَدَدِ وَالهَندَسَةِ وَالمَنطِقِ وَالتَّنجِيمِ، لَهُ مُؤَلَّفَاتٌ فِي الجَبرِ وَالمُقَابَلَةِ.‏
Ibn Al-Yasmin (died 1204 A.D.) : An outstanding mathematician, he was brilliant in Algebra, geometry, logic, and astronomy. Ibn Al-Yasmin wrote many books on Algebra and logarithms.
‏اِبنُ بَاجَه (تُوُفِّيَ 1138 م)‏

‏فَيلَسُوفٌ عَرَبِيٌّ شَهِيرٌ، شَرَحَ مُؤَلَّفَاتِ أَرِسطُو، اِمتَازَ بِمَعَارِفِهِ الطِّبِّيَّةِ وَالفَلَكِيَّةِ وَالمُوسِيِقِيَّةِ.‏
Ibn Bajah [Ibn Bajja] (died 1138 A.D.) : An outstanding Arab philosopher. Ibn Bajah illustrated and explained the books of Aristotle. He was known for his extensive knowledge of medicine, astronomy and music.
‏اِبنُ بَطُوطَةَ (1304-1377 م)‏

‏رَحَّالَةٌ مُسلِمٌ، طَافَ أَنحَاءَ العَالَمِ المَعرُوفِ، اِستَغرَقَت رِحلَاتُهُ الثَّلَاثُ 29 عَامًا، اِمتَازَ بِدِقَّةِ المُلَاحَظَةِ وَأَمَانَةِ الرِّوَايَةِ.‏
Ibn Batutah (1304-1377 A.D.) : A traveler who traversed the whole world for twenty-eight years. He was best known for his accurate observations and honesty in narration.
‏اِبنُ تَيمِيَةَ (1263-1328 م)‏

‏فَقِيهٌ عَرَبِيٌّ، مِن أَئِمَّةِ المَذهَبِ الحَنبَلِيِّ، لُقِّبَ بِ "مُحيِي السُّنَّةِ وَإِمَامِ المُجتَهِدِينَ"، لَهُ أَكثَرُ مِن خَمسِ مُؤَلَّفَاتٍ مِن أَشهَرِهَا كِتَابُ "الفَتَاوَى. "‏
Ibn Taimiah (1263 - 1328 A.D.) : An outstanding Arab jurist and one of the leaders of the Hanbali school. Ibn Taimiah was entitled the "Reviver of Prophetic Traditions and Leader of Juristic Scholars. " He was the author of more than five books, most famous of which was Al-Fatawa [Legal Opinions].

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏اِبنُ جُبَيرٍ (1145-1217 م)‏

‏رَحَّالَة أَندَلُسِيٌّ، قَامَ بِثَلَاثِ رِحلَاتٍ جَابَ فِيهِم الأَقطَارَ العَرَبِيَّةَ، دَوَّنَ مَا شَاهَدَهُ فِي ثَلَاثِ كُتُبٍ وَلَكِن لَم يَصِلنَا مِنهَا إِلَّا كِتَابُهُ عَن الرِّحلَةِ الأُولَى "رِحلَاتُ اِبنِ جُبَيرٍ"، لَهُ العَدِيدُ مِن المُصَنَّفَاتِ وَلَهُ دِيوَانُ شِعرٍ.‏
Ibn Jubair (1145-1217 A.D.) : An Andalusian traveler who traveled through the Arab world three times. He recorded everything he saw on each journey in a separate book. Unfortunately only Rahalat Ibn Al-Jubair [Ibn Al-Jubair's voyage] has survived. He wrote many books and a divan.
‏اِبنُ جَرِيرٍ الطَّبَرِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 923 م)‏

‏مُؤَرِّخٌ وَمُفَسِّرٌ وَفَقِيهٌ شَافِعِيٌّ، مَن كُتُبِهِ "جَامِعُ البَيَانِ فِي تَفسِيرِ القُرآنِ" المَعرُوفُ ب "تَفسِيرِ الطَّبَرِيِّ. "‏
Ibn Jarir Al-Tabari (died 923 A.D.) : A historian, interpreter and a Shafi`i jurist, he wrote many books such as Jami` Al-Bayan fi Tafsir Al-Qur'an which is known as Tafsir Al-Tabari [Interpretation of the Qur'an].
‏اِبنُ جَزلَةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 1100 م)‏

‏طَبِيبٌ عَرَبِيٌّ نَصرَانِيٌّ أَسلَمَ عَلَى يَدِ أَبِي عَلِيِّ بنِ الوَلِيدِ المَغرِبِيِّ، مِن أَشهَرِ مُؤَلَّفَاتِهِ "كِتَابُ المِنهَاجِ فِي الأَدوِيَةِ المُرَكَّبَةِ"وَ"تَقوِيمُ الأَبدَانِ"، نُقِلَت مُؤَلَّفَاتُهُ إِلَى اللَّاتِينِيَّةِ.‏
Ibn Jazlah (died 1100 A.D.) : An Arab physician, he embraced Islam under the tutelage of Abi `Ali bin Al-Walid Al-Maghribi. Ibn Jazlah wrote many books, the most famous of which was Kitab Al-Minhaj fi Al-Adwiah Al-Murakkabah [Methodology of Compound Drugs] and Taqwim Al-Abdan [For Healthy Bodies]. His books were translated into Latin.
‏اِبنُ جِنِّي (942-1002 م)‏

‏مِن أَئِمَّةِ اللُّغَةِ وَالنَّحوِ العَرَبِيِّ، وَكَانَ شَاعِرًا أَلَّفَ أَكثَرَ مِن خَمسِ كُتُبٍ، مِن أَشهَرِهَا كِتَابُ "الخَصَائِصِ "‏
Ibn Jinni (942-1002 A.D.) : A scholar of Arabic. Ibn Jinni was also a poet. He wrote more than five books, the most famous among them was Al-Khasa'is [Characteristics].
‏اِبنُ حَجَرٍ العَسقَلَانِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 1449 م)‏

‏مُحَدِّثٌ وَمُؤَرِّخٌ مِصرِيٌّ، مِن أَئِمَّةِ عُلَمَاءِ الحَدِيثِ، مِن آثَارِهِ الكَثِيرَةِ " فَتحُ البَارِي بِشَرحِ صَحِيحِ البُخَارِي. "‏
Ibn Hajar Al-`Asqalani (died 1449 A.D.) : An Egyptian historian and outstanding scholar of Prophetic Hadiths. Ibn Hajar Al-`Asqalani wrote many books, the most important work was Fath Al-Bari Bisharh Sahih Al-Bukhari [The Inspirations on Explaining Sahih Al-Bukhari].
‏اِبنُ حَزمٍ (994-1064 م)‏

‏شَاعِرٌ وَفَيلَسُوفٌ وَمُؤَرِّخٌ وَفَقِيهٌ مُسلِمٌ أَندَلُسِيٌّ، قِيلَ إِنَّ مُؤَلَّفَاتِهِ بَلَغَت الأَربَعَمِائَةِ كِتَابٍ، يُعَدُّ كِتَابُهُ "الفَصلُ فِي المِلَلِ وَالأَهوَاءِ وَالنِّحَلِ" أَوَّلَ مُؤَلَّفٍ فِي عِلمِ مُقَارَنَةِ الأَديَانِ.‏
Ibn Hazm (994-1064 A.D.) : An Andalusian poet, philosopher, historian and jurist. Ibn Hazm was said to have written more than 400 books. His book Al-Fasl fi Al-Milal wa Al-Ahwa` wa Al-Nihal [An Explication of religions, Desires and Beliefs] is considered the first book in the discussion of Comparative Religions.
‏اِبنُ حَوقَلٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 978 م)‏

‏رَحَّالَةٌ وَجُغرَافِيٌّ عَرَبِيٌّ، جَابَ الأَقطَارَ الإِسلَامِيَّةَ، اِشتَهَرَ بِكِتَابِهِ "صُورَةُ الأَرضِ. "‏
Ibn Hauqal (died 978 A.D.) : An Arab explorer and geographer. Ibn Hauqal traveled throughout the Islamic world. His most famous book was Surat Al-Ard [Shape of the Earth].
‏اِبنُ خُلدُونَ (1332-1406 م)‏

‏مُؤَرِّخٌ وَفَيلَسُوفٌ عَرَبِيٌّ، يُعتَبَرُ مُؤَسِّسَ عِلمِ فَلسَفَةِ التَّارِيخِ وَعِلمِ الاِجتِمَاعِ، أَلَّفَ العَدِيدَ مِن الكُتُبِ مِن أَشهَرِهَا كِتَابُ "المُقَدِّمَةِ. " الَّتِي اِحتَوَت عَلَى نَظَرِيَّاتٍ غَيرِ مَسبُوقَةٍ فِي التَّارِيخِ وَالاِجتِمَاعِ.‏
Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406 A.D.) : An Arab historian and philosopher. Ibn Khaldun is considered the founder of the philosophy of history and the science of Sociology. He wrote many books, but the most important was Al-Muqaddimah [The Introduction], which introduced unprecedented theories in history and sociology.
‏اِبنُ خَلكَانَ (1211-1282 م)‏

‏مُؤَرِّخٌ وَكَاتِبُ سِيَرٍ عَرَبِيٌّ، صَاحِبُ المُعجَمِ التَّارِيخِيِّ الشَّهِيرِ "وَفِيَّاتِ الأَعيَانِ وَأَنبَاءِ أَبنَاءِ الزَّمَانِ. "‏
Ibn Khalkan (1211-1282 A.D.) : An Arab historian and biographer, he compiled the famous reference Wafiyat Al-A`yan wa Anba' Abna' Al-Zaman [Noble People's Deaths and News of Great People].
‏اِبنُ رُشدٍ (1126-1198 م)‏

‏فَيلَسُوفٌ عَرَبِيٌّ أَندَلُسِيٌّ، كَانَ عَالِمًا بِالفِقهِ وَالشِّعرِ وَالطِّبِّ وَالرِّيَاضِيَّاتِ وَالفَلَكِ، حَاوَلَ التَّوفِيقَ بَينَ الشَّرِيعَةِ الإِسلَامِيَّةِ وَالفَلسَفَةِ اليُونَانِيَّةِ.‏
Ibn Rushd [Averroes] (1126-1198 A.D.) : An Andalusian Arab philosopher, he was a scholar of jurisprudence, poetry, medicine, mathematics, and astronomy. Ibn Rushd tried to create a balance between Greek philosophy and the Islamic religion.
‏اِبنُ زَهرٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 1162 م)‏

‏طَبِيبٌ عَرَبِيٌّ أَندَلُسِيٌّ، حَارَبَ الشَّعوَذَةَ وَالخُرَافَاتِ فِي الطِّبِّ، أَلَّفَ العَدِيدَ مِن الكُتُبِ المُتَخَصِّصَةِ فِي الطِّبِّ وَالَّتِي كَانَت لَهَا أَهَمِّيَّةٌ كُبرَى حَتَّى نِهَايَةِ القَرنِ السَّابِعَ عَشَرَ.‏
Ibn Zahr (died 1162 A.D.) : An Andalusian physician of Arabic origin. Ibn Zahr directed his efforts to establish modern treatment. He wrote many books on medicine which were of great importance until the end of the seventeenth century.
‏اِبنُ زَيدُونَ (1004-1071 م)‏

‏وَزِيرٌ أَندَلُسِيٌّ، كَاتِبٌ وَشَاعِرٌ كَانَ يُسَمَّى بِبُحتُرِي المَغرِبِ حَيثُ اِمتَازَ أُسلُوبُهُ بِالرِّقَّةِ وَالعُذُوبَةِ وَحُسنِ التَّشبِيهِ.‏
Ibn Zaidun (1004 - 1071 A.D.) : An Andalusian minister, he was a writer and poet. Ibn Zaidun was known as Western Buhturi. He was best known for his eloquent and brilliant style.
‏اِبنُ سَعدٍ الزَّهرِيُّ (784-845 م)‏

‏مُحَدِّثٌ وَمُؤَرِّخٌ مُسلِمٌ، صَاحِبُ كِتَابِ "الطَّبَقَاتِ الكُبرَى" فِي طَبَقَاتِ الصَّحَابَةِ وَالتَّابِعِينَ.‏
Ibn Sa`d Al-Zahri (784 - 845 A.D.) : A historian and scholar of the Prophet's Hadiths. He wrote Al-Tabaqat Al-Kubra [Major Categories] on categories of the Companions and Followers of the Messenger (peace be upon him).
‏اِبنُ سِيرِينَ (تُوُفِّيَ 729 م)‏

‏إِمَامُ وَقتِهِ فِي عُلُومِ الدِّينِ، اِشتَهَرَ بِالوَرَعِ وَتَفسِيرِ الرُّؤيَا، مِن كُتُبِهِ "تَعبِيرُ الرُّؤيَا" فِي تَفسِيرِ الأَحلَامِ.‏
Ibn Sirin (died 729 A.D.) : An outstanding scholar in the studies of religion. Ibn Sirin was famous for his piety and his ability to interpret dreams and visions. He wrote Ta`bir Al-Ru'ya [Interpreting Visions].
‏اِبنُ سِينَا (980-1037 م)‏

‏مِن أَكبَرِ الأَطِبَّاءِ وَالفَلَاسِفَةِ فِي تَارِيخِ الإِسلَامِ، تَجَاوَزَت مُصَنَّفَاتُهُ المِائَةَ، مِن أَشهَرِهَا كِتَابُ "القَانُون" فِي الطِّبِّ وَ "الشِّفَاءُ" فِي الفَلسَفَةِ.‏
Ibn Sina [Avecinne] (980-1037 A.D.) : A physician and philosopher of Islamic history. Considered a genius, he wrote more than 100 books on philosophy and medicine. The most famous among his books were Al-Qanun [Law] on medicine and Al-Shifa' [Healing] on philosophy.
‏اِبنُ طُفَيلٍ (1100-1185 م)‏

‏عَالِمٌ مَوسُوعِيٌّ أَندَلُسِيٌّ، كَانَ طَبِيبًا وَفَيلَسُوفًا وَفَلَكِيًّا وَشَاعِرًا، لَهُ قِصَّةُ "حَيِّ بنِ يَقظَانَ" وَالَّتِي حَاوَلَ فِيهَا التَّوفِيقَ بَينَ الفَلسَفَةِ وَالدِّينِ.‏
Ibn Tufail (1100-1185 A.D.) : An encyclopedic Andalusian scholar, philosopher, astronomer and poet. Ibn Tufail wrote the story Hai bin Yaqzhan in which he tried to create a balance between philosophy and the Islamic religion.
‏اِبنُ عِذَارِيٍّ (تُوُفِّيَ 1320 م)‏

‏مُؤَرِّخٌ عَرَبِيٌّ مَغرِبِيٌّ، أَلَّفَ العَدِيدَ مِن الكُتُبِ، لَكِنَّهُ اِشتَهَرَ بِكِتَابِهِ "البَيَانُ المُغرٍبُ فِي أَخبَارِ مُلُوكِ الأَندَلُسِ وَالمَغرِبِ. "‏
Ibn `Izari (died 1320 A.D.) : An Arab Moroccan historian. While being the author of many books, his fame was derived from his book Al-Bayan Al-Mugharrab fi Akhbar Muluk Al-Andalus wa Al-Maghrib [The Comprehensive Book on the Caliphs of Andalusia and the Maghrib].
‏اِبنُ عَسَاكِرَ (1105-1175 م)‏

‏مِن أَئِمَّةِ الحَدِيثِ فِي عَصرِهِ، مُؤَرِّخٌ عَرَبِيٌّ، كَانَ مَشهُورًا بِلَقَبِ "الحَافِظِ بنِ عَسَاكِرَ"، أَلَّفَ العَدِيدَ مِن الكُتُبِ مِن أَهَمِّهَا "تَارِيخُ دِمَشقَ الكَبِيرِ."‏
Ibn `Asakir (1105-1175 A.D.) : One of the major Arab scholars of Prophetic Hadiths in his era, and a great historian. Ibn `Asakir was entitled Al-Hafizh bin `Asakir. He wrote many books, the most famous of which was Tarikh Dimashq Al-Kabir [History of Damascus].
‏اِبنُ عَقِيلٍ (1298-1367 م)‏

‏نَحوِيٌّ مِصرِيٌّ، مِن أَئِمَّةِ النُّحَاةِ، أَشهَرُ مُؤَلَّفَاتِهِ "شَرحُ أَلفِيَّةِ اِبنِ مَالِكٍ "‏
Ibn `Aqil (1298-1367 A.D.) : An outstanding Egyptian linguist and author. The most important among his works was Sharh Alfiyit Ibn Malik [Explanation of Alfiyit Ibn Malik].
‏اِبنُ قَيِّم الجَوزِيَّة (تُوُفِّيَ 1350 م)‏

‏فَقِيهٌ حَنبَلِيٌّ دِمَشقِيٌّ، قَاوَمَ الفَلَاسِفَةَ، مُؤَلَّفَاتُهُ كَثِيرَةٌ وَمِنهَا "مَدَارِجُ السَّالِكِينَ. "‏
Ibn Qaiyim Al-Jauziah (died 1350 A.D.) : A Hanbali jurist from Damascus. Ibn Qaiyim opposed the methodology of philosophers and criticized them. He wrote many books, such as Madarij Al-Salikin [Guidelines for Worshippers].

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏اِبنُ كَثِيرٍ (1300-1372 م)‏

‏حَافِظٌ وَمُؤَرِّخٌ فَقِيهٌ دِمَشقِيٌّ، صَنَّفَ أَكثَرَ مِن أَحَدَ عَشَرَ كِتَابًا، أَغلَبُ تِلكَ الكُتُبِ مُكَوَّنَةٌ مِن عَدَدٍ مِن الأَجزَاءِ، مِن أَشهَرِ كُتُبِهِ "البِدَايَةُ وَالنِّهَايَةُ" وَ "تَفسِيرُ القُرآنِ العَظِيمِ" مِن أَربَعَةِ أَجزَاءَ.‏
Ibn Kathir (1300-1327 A.D.) : An outstanding historian, jurist and Hafizh [Memorizer of the Prophetic Hadiths]. He wrote more than eleven books. Most of his works are divided into many parts. He was most famous for Al-Bidayah wa Al-Nihayah [Beginning and End] and Tafsir Al-Qur'an Al-`Azhim [Interpretation of the Holy Qur'an].
‏اِبنُ مَاجِدٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 1498 م)‏

‏بَحَّارٌ وَمَلَّاحٌ عَرَبِيٌّ، قَادَ فَاسكُو دَا جَامَا مِن سَوَاحِلِ إِفرِيقيَا الشَّرقِيَّةِ إِلَى سَوَاحِلِ الهِندِ، تَرَكَ نَحوَ عِشرِينَ مُؤَلَّفًا فِي عِلمِ الإِبحَارِ.‏
Ibn Majid (died 1498 A.D.) : An Arab mariner who led Vasco da Gama on the trip along the coast of East Africa to the coast of India. He wrote about twenty books on navigation.
‏اِبنُ مَالِكٍ (1204-1274 م)‏

‏لُغَوِيٌّ أَندَلُسِيٌّ مَشهُورٌ، كَانَ إِمَامًا فِي القِرَاءَاتِ وَالنَّحوِ، نَظَمَ العَدِيدَ مِن القَصَائِدِ مِن أَشهَرِهَا القَصِيدَةُ المَعرُوفَةُ بِاسمِ "أَلفِيَّةِ بنِ مَالِكٍ" حَيثُ لَخَّصَ فِيهَا قَوَاعِدَ النَّحوِ العَرَبِيَّةَ فِي أَلفِ بَيتٍ.‏
Ibn Malik (1204-1274 A.D.) : An outstanding Andalusian linguist, known for his mastery of Arabic linguistics. He composed many poems, the most famous of which was Alfiyat Ibn Malik in which he analyzed Arabic grammar in a thousand verses.
‏اِبنُ مَنظُورٍ (1232-1311 م)‏

‏لُغَوِيٍّ مِصرِيٌّ، وَضَعَ مُعجَمًا ضَخمًا دَعَاهُ "لِسَانَ العَرَبِ"، كَانَ مُغرَمًا بِتَلخِيصِ الكُتُبِ الكَبِيرَةِ بِحَيثُ تَدُلُّ عَلَى أُصُولِهَا وَتَكَادُ تَتَغَنَّى بِهَا، لَخَّصَ أَكثَرَ مِن أَحَدَ عَشَرَ كِتَابًا.‏
Ibn Manzhur (1232-1311 A.D.) : An Egyptian linguist, he compiled Lisan Al-`Arab [Dialects of the Arabs] - a comprehensive Arabic dictionary. He specialized in summarizing large books, while analyzing their contents and meaning. He summarized over eleven books.
‏اِبنُ يُونُسَ (تُوُفِّيَ 1009 م)‏

‏فَلَكِيٌّ مِصرِيٌّ، مِن أَكبَرِ عُلَمَاءِ الفَلَكِ العَرَبِ، اِبتَدَعَ العَدِيدَ مِن القَوَانِينَ وَالمُعَادَلَاتِ الَّتِي كَانَ لَهَا أَكبَرُ الأَثَرِ فِي اِكتِشَافِ اللُّوغَارِيتمات، اِختَرَعَ بَندُولَ السَّاعَةِ. تُرجِمَت بَعضُ كُتُبِهِ إِلَى الفِرِنسِيَّةِ، وَعُنِيَ بِمُؤَلَّفَاتِهِ فَلَكِيُّو الصِّينِ.‏
Ibn Yunus (died 1009 A.D.) : An outstanding Egyptian astronomer. Ibn Yunus discovered many rules and equations which were of great importance in discovering Logarithms and the pendulum. Some of his books were translated into French. Chinese astronomers were very interested in his books.
‏الأَصمَعِيُّ (740-831 م)‏

‏رَاوِيَةُ العَرَبِ وَأَحَدُ أَئِمَّةِ العِلمِ فِيهِم، لُغَوِيٌّ عَرَبِيٌّ شَهِيرٌ، مُعَلِّمُ الخَلِيفَةِ الأَمِينِ، صَنَّفَ أَكثَرَ مِن خَمسَةَ عَشَرَ كِتَابًا مِن أَهَمِّهَا "الأَصمَعِيَّاتُ" فِي رِوَايَةِ أَشعَارِ العَرَبِ.‏
Al-Asma'i (740-831 A.D.) : A major Arab storyteller and scholar. He was an outstanding linguist, and teacher of the Caliph Al-`Amin. He wrote more than fifteen books, the most important of which was Al-Asma`iyat which is a compilation of famous Arabic poems.
‏الإِمَامُ أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ النُّعمَان (699-767 م)‏

‏مِن أَعظَمِ فُقَهَاءِ الإِسلَامِ، كَانَ فَقِيهَ العِرَاقِ، صَاحِبُ المَذهَبِ الحَنَفِيِّ أَحَدِ المَذَاهِبِ الفِقهِيَّةِ الأَربَعَةِ.‏
Abu Hanifah Al-Nu`man (699-767 A.D.) : One of the greatest scholars of jurisprudence. He was the religious counselor of Iraq. He was the founder of the Hanafi school which is one of the four major juristic schools.
‏الإِمَامُ أَحمَدُ بنُ حَنبَلٍ (ت 780-855 م)‏

‏مِن أَعظَمِ فُقَهَاءِ الإِسلَامِ، إِمَامُ أَهلِ الحَدِيثِ فِي عَصرِهِ، صَاحِبُ المَذهَبِ الحَنبَلِيِّ، أَحَدِ المَذَاهِبِ الفِقهِيَّةِ الأَربَعَةِ.‏
Ahmad bin Hanbal (780-855 A.D.) : An outstanding scholar of jurisprudence and the Prophetic Hadiths. He was founder of the Hanbali school, which is one of the four major juristic schools.
‏الإِمَامُ الأَوزَاعِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 707-774 م)‏

‏مِن أَئِمَّةِ الفِقهِ الإِسلَامِيِّ، لَهُ مَذهَب فِقهِيٌّ مَعرُوفٌ كَانَ مُنتَشِرًا فِي بِلَادِ الشَّامِ، إِمَامُ الدِّيَارِ الشَّامِيَّةِ فِي الفِقهِ وَالزُّهدِ، مِن أَكَابِرِ المُحَدِّثِينَ.‏
Al-Auza`i (707-774 A.D.) : One of the greatest scholars of jurisprudence and Prophetic Hadiths. Founder of a juristic sect which was most known at Syria. He was known for his asceticism and piety.
‏الإِمَامُ الشَّافِعِيُّ (767-819 م)‏

‏أَحَدُ الأَئِمَّةِ اَلأَربَعَةِ الكِبَارِ، لَازَمَ الإِمَامَ مَالِكًا فِي المَدِينَةِ وَدَرَسَ عَلَيهِ، يُنسَبُ إِلَيهِ المَذهَبُ الشَّافِعِيُّ أَحَدُ المَذَاهِبِ الفِقهِيَّةِ الأَربَعَةِ، لَهُ العَدِيدُ مِن المُصَنَّفَاتِ وَمِن آثَارِهِ كِتَابُ "الأُمِّ. "‏
Al-Shafi`i (767-819 A.D.) : One of the four major scholars of jurisprudence. He studied jurisprudence under Imam Malik in Medina. He was the founder of the Shafi`i school, one of the four major juristic schools. He wrote many books, the most important of which was Al-Umm [The Source].
‏الإِمَامُ مَالِكُ بنُ أَنَسٍ (712-795 م)‏

‏يُنسَبُ إِلَيهِ المَذهَبُ المَالِكِيُّ، أَحَدُ المَذَاهِبِ الفِقهِيَّةِ الأَربَعَةِ، مِن آثَارِهِ "المُوَطَّأُ"، أَوَّلُ كِتَابٍ ظَهَرَ فِي الفِقهِ الإِسلَامِيِّ.‏
Malik bin Anas (712-795 A.D.) : The founder of the Maliki juristic school, one of the major four juristic schools. He wrote Al-Muwata', the first book on Islamic jurisprudence.
‏الاِصطَخرِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 957 م)‏

‏رَحَّالَة مُسلِمٌ، مِن عُلَمَاءِ الجُغرَافِيَا المَشهُورِينَ، طَافَ بِلَادَ العَرَبِ وَبَعضَ بِلَادِ الهِندِ، اِستَعَانَ بِمُؤَلَّفَاتِ أَبِي زَيدٍ البَلخِيِّ فِي الجُغرَافِيَا، تُرجِمَت أَعمَالُهُ إِلَى كَثِيرٍ مِن اللُّغَاتِ.‏
Al-Istakhri (died 957 A.D.) : An outstanding traveler and geographer. Al-Istakhri traveled throughout the Arab world and India. He was guided by the geographical books of Abu Zaid Al-Balkhi. His writings were translated into many languages.
‏البَتَّانِيُّ (858-929 م)‏

‏أَبُو عَبدِ اللَّهِ مُحَمَّدٌ، عَالِمُ فَلَكٍ عَرَبِيٌّ، حَدَّدَ طُولَ الفُصُولِ بِدِقَّةٍ، اِشتَهَرَ بِكِتَابِهِ "الزِّيج. "‏
Al-Battani [Albateginus] (858-929 A.D.) : Also known as Abu `Abdullah Muhammad. This outstanding Arab astronomer accurately specified the length of each season. He was most known for his book Al-Zij.
‏البُحتُرِيُّ (820-897 م)‏

‏شَاعِرٌ عَرَبِيٌّ عَبَّاسِيٌّ، كَانَ شَاعِرَ المُتَوَكِّلِ، عُرِفَ بِحُسنِ الدِّيبَاجَةِ وَبَرَعَ فِي وَصفِ الطَّبِيعَةِ.‏
Al-Buhturi (820-897 A.D.) : An Abbasid poet of Arab origin. Al-Buhturi was the poet of Caliph Al-Mutawakil, and was most known for his fine preamble and brilliant descriptions of nature.
‏البُخَارِيُّ (810-870 م)‏

‏عَالِمٌ مُسلِمٌ، مِن كِبَارِ المُحَدِّثِينَ، وَيُعَدُّ كِتَابُهُ "صَحِيحُ البُخَارِيِّ" أَعظَمَ وَأَصَحَّ كُتُبِ الحَدِيثِ عَلَى الإِطلَاقِ.‏
Al-Bukhari (810 - 870 A.D.) : One of the major scholars on the Prophetic Hadiths. His book Sahih Al-Bukhari, is the greatest and most authentic book on Prophetic Hadiths.
‏البُوصِيرِيُّ (1213- 1297 م)‏

‏شَاعِرٌ مِصرِيٌّ، اِشتَهَرَ بِقَصَائِدِهِ الَّتِي يَمتَدِحُ فِيهَا الرَّسُولَ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) كَقَصِيدَةِ "البُردَة"، كَانَ مُحَدِّثًا وَخَطَّاطًا مَاهِرًا.‏
Al-Busiri (1213 - 1297 A.D.) : An outstanding Egyptian poet, he was most famous for his poems in which he praised the Messenger (peace be upon him), an example of which was Al-Burdah [The Mantle Ode]. He was also a scholar of Prophetic Hadiths and a skillful calligrapher.
‏البَيضَاوِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 1286 م)‏

‏أَحَدُ مُفَسِّرِي القُرآنِ، صَنَّفَ العَدِيدَ مِن الكُتُبِ الَّتِي تَتَنَاوَلُ عُلُومَ الدِّينِ مِن أَهَمِّهَا "أَنوَارُ التَّنزِيلِ وَأَسرَارُ التَّأوِيلِ" الَّذِي يَحتَلُّ مَكَانَةً عَظِيمَةً عِندَ أَهلِ السُّنَّةِ.‏
Al-Baidawi (died 1286 A.D.) : One of the outstanding interpreters of the Holy Qur'an. He wrote many books on the studies of religion. The most important was Anwar Al-Tanzil wa Asrar Al-ta'wil [Guidance in Revelations and Secrets of Interpretation], which was of great importance to the scholars of the Prophetic Hadiths.
‏التِّرمِذِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 892 م)‏

‏مُحَدِّثٌ مُسلِمٌ، مِن كِبَارِ عُلَمَاءِ الحَدِيثِ، أَلَّفَ العَدِيدَ مِن الكُتُبِ، يُعَدُّ كِتَابُهُ "الجَامِعُ الصَّحِيحُ" مِن أَصَحِّ كُتُبِ الحَدِيثِ السِّتَّةِ.‏
Al-Tirmidhi (died 892 A.D.) : A scholar on Prophetic Hadiths. He wrote many books but his Al-Jami` Al-Sahih [The Authentic Compilation] is considered one of the six major authentic books on the Prophetic Hadiths.
‏الثَّعلَبِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 1046 م)‏

‏أَحمَدُ بنُ مُحَمَّدِ بنِ إِبرَاهِيمَ النَّيسَابُورِيُّ، مِن أَئِمَّةِ المُفَسِّرِينَ وَالمُؤَرِّخِينَ، أَلَّفَ أَكثَرَ مِن خَمسِ كُتُبٍ، مِن كُتُبِهِ "العَرَائِسُ فِي قِصَصِ الأَنبِيَاءِ. "‏
Al-Tha`labi (died 1046 A.D.) : Real name: Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Ibrahim Al-Naisaburi. He was an outstanding interpreter of the Prophetic Hadiths and a historian. He wrote more than five books. The most famous among them was Al-`Ara'is fi Qasas Al-Anbia' [Stories of the Prophets]
‏الجَاحِظُ (775-868 م)‏

‏أَدِيبٌ عَبَّاسِيٌّ عَرَبِيٌّ، عُرِفَ بِالظُّرفِ وَالسُّخرِيَةِ البَارِعَةِ، أَلَّفَ أَكثَرَ مِن مِائَتَي كِتَابٍ، مِن أَشهَرِ مُؤَلَّفَاتِهِ "البُخَلَاءُ. "‏
Al-Jahizh (775-868 A.D.) : An Abbasid man of letters of Arabic origin. Al-Jahizh was most famous for his brilliant sense of humor and irony. Having written more than 200 books, he was most famous for Al-Bukhala' [The Misers].

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏الحَرِيرِيُّ (1054-1122 م)‏

‏أَدِيبٌ وَكَاتِبٌ وَشَاعِرٌ عَرَبِيٌّ، أَشهَرُ مُؤَلَّفَاتِهِ "المَقَامَاتُ. "‏
Al-Hariri (1054-1122 A.D.) : An Arab poet and writer. Al-Hariri composed many poems. The most famous among them was Al-Maqamat [Discourses].
‏الحَسَنُ البَصرِيُّ (642-728 م)‏

‏فَقِيهٌ مُسلِمٌ،إِمَامُ أَهلِ البَصرَةِ، وَحَبرُ الأُمَّةِ فِي زَمَنِهِ، مِن كِبَارِ عُلَمَاءِ الحَدِيثِ وَالكَلَامِ، مَذهَبُهُ يَقُومُ عَلَى التَّصَوُّفِ وَالزُّهدِ.‏
Al-Hasan Al-Basri (642-728 A.D.) : A jurist from Basra. Al-Hasan Al-Basri was the most knowledgeable scholar of religious studies at that time. He was one of the major scholars of Prophetic Hadiths and theology. He was a pious and ascetic man.
‏الحَسَنُ بنُ الهَيثَمِ (965-1040 م)‏

‏مُهَندِسٌ فَلَكِيٌّ وَرِيَاضِيٌّ مُسلِمٌ، أَعظَمُ فِيزيَائِيٍّ فِي العَالَمِ العَرَبِيِّ وَالقُرُونِ الوُسطَى، رَائِدُ عِلمِ البَصَرِيَّاتِ، أَفَادَ العُلَمَاءُ مِن تَصَانِيفِهِ، لَهُ مُؤَلَّفَاتٌ كَثِيرَةٌ فِي تِلكَ العُلُومِ مِن أَشهَرِهَا كِتَابُ "المَنَاظِرِ" فِي البَصَرِيَّاتِ.‏
Al-Hasan bin Al-Haitham (Al-Hazem) (965-1040 A.D.) : An engineer, astronomer and mathematician. Al-Hasan bin Al-Haitham is considered one of the greatest Arab physicists in the Arab world during the Middle Ages. He was a pioneering optical scientist whose books were of great importance. He wrote many books on different fields of knowledge, such as Al-Manazhir on optical sciences.
‏الخَازِنِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 1155 م)‏

‏فَلَكِيٌّ مُهَندِسٌ مُسلِمٌ، مِن آثَارِهِ "مِيزَانُ الحِكمَةِ" الَّذِي تُرجِمَ إِلَى العَدِيدِ مِن اللُّغَاتِ.‏
Al-Khazini (died 1155 A.D.) : An astronomer and engineer, he wrote many books, most important of which was Mizan Al-Hikmah [Balance of Wisdom] which was translated into many languages.
‏الخَطِيبُ البَغدَادِيُّ (1002-1071 م)‏

‏مُؤَرِّخٌ وَمُحَدِّثٌ بَغدَادِيٌّ، لَهُ أَكثَرُ مِن تِسعِ مُصَنَّفَاتٍ، مِن أَشهَرِ كُتُبِهِ "تَارِيخُ بَغدَادَ" فِي أَربَعَةَ عَشَرَ مُجَلَّدًا.‏
Al-Khatib Al-Baghdadi (1002-1071 A.D.) : A historian and scholar of the Prophetic Hadiths. Al-Khatib Al-Baghdadi wrote more than nine books. The most famous among them was Tarikh Baghdad [History of Baghdad] in fourteen volumes.
‏الخَلِيلُ بنُ أَحمَدَ (تُوُفِّيَ 791 م)‏

‏مِن أَئِمَّةِ اللُّغَةِ العَرَبِيَّةِ، وَاضِعُ عِلمِ العَرُوضِ، أَلَّفَ أَوَّلَ مُعجَمٍ أَبجَدِيٍّ عَرَبِيٍّ.‏
Al-Khalil bin Ahmad (died 791 A.D.) : Major scholar of Linguistics and an authentic narrator of the Prophetic Hadiths. He is considered the founder of Arabic Prosody. He compiled the first alphabetic Arabic dictionary.
‏الدَّارَ قُطنِيُّ (تُوُفِّي995 م)‏

‏مُحَدِّثٌ مِن أَهلِ بَغدَادَ، إِمَامُ الحَدِيثِ فِي عَصرِهِ وَكَانَ عَالِمًا فِي النَّحوِ وَالقِرَاءَاتِ أَلَّفَ حَوَالَي أَربَعَةِ كُتُبٍ مِن أَشهَرِ تَصَانِيفِهِ "السُّنَنُ "‏
Al-Darqutni (died 995 A.D.) : An outstanding scholar from Baghdad. He studied the Prophetic Hadiths and linguistics. He wrote about four books. Al-Sunan [The Prophetic Traditions] was one of his major works.
‏الدَّارِمِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 869 م)‏

‏مِن أَعلَامِ المُحَدِّثِينَ، مِن تَلَامِيذِهِ الإِمَامُ مُسلِمٌ وَأَبُو دَاوُدَ وَاَلتِّرمِذِيُّ وَالنَّسَائِيُّ، تَوَلَّى قَضَاءَ سَمَرقَندَ لِفَترَةٍ، كِتَابُهُ "سُنَنُ الدَّارِمِيِّ" مِن أَصَحِّ كُتُبِ الحَدِيثِ.‏
Al-Darimi (died 869 A.D.) : An outstanding scholar on Prophetic Hadiths. Major Hadith scholars like Muslim, Abu Dawud, Al-Tirmidhi and Al-Nasa'i narrated from him. He assumed the post of judge in Samarkand. His book Sunan Al-Darimi [Al-Darimi's Prophetic Hadiths] is one of the six major authentic books on Prophetic Hadiths.
‏الزَّمَخشَرِيُّ (1075-1144 م)‏

‏أَحَدُ أَئِمَّةِ اللُّغَةِ وَالنَّحوِ وَالتَّفسِيرِ فِي تَارِيخِ الإِسلَامِ، صَنَّفَ أَكثَرَ مِن عَشرِ كُتُبٍ مِن أَشهَرِهَا "الكَشَّافُ" فِي تَفسِيرِ القُرآنِ.‏
Al-Zamakhshari (1075-1144 A.D.) : One of the major scholars in language, Arabic grammar and interpretation of the Qur'an. He wrote more than ten books, the most important of which was Al-Kashaf [The Search Light], on interpretation of the Holy Qur'an.
‏الشَّيبَانِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 821 م)‏

‏لُغَوِيٌّ كُوفِيٌّ وَعَالِمٌ بِلَهَجَاتِ العَرَبِ، لَهُ العَدِيدُ مِن الكُتُبِ الَّتِي عَوَّلَ عَلَيهَا عُلَمَاءُ مَذهَبِ الحَنَفِيَّةِ شَرحًا وَتَعلِيقًا.‏
Al-Shaibani (died 821 A.D.) : A Kufi linguist and author of many books which were of great importance to scholars of the Hanafi school.
‏الشَّيخُ عَلِيُّ يُوسُفُ (1863-1913 م)‏

‏صَحَفِيٌّ مِصرِيٌّ، أَنشَأَ عِدَّةَ مَجَلَّاتٍ ذَاتَ تَأثِيرٍ سِيَاسِيٍّ كَبِيرٍ، عُرِفَ بِ"شَيخِ الصَّحَافَةِ الإِسلَامِيَّةِ. "‏
`Ali Yusuf (1863-1913 A.D.) : An Egyptian journalist. `Ali Yusuf established many political magazines which had a great impact on the people. He was called the "Master of Journalism. "
‏الشَّيخُ مُحَمَّد عَبدُهُ (1849-1905 م)‏

‏سِيَاسِيٌّ مِصرِيٌّ، مِن عُلَمَاءِ المُسلِمِينَ الدَّاعِينَ إِلَى التَّجدِيدِ وَالإِصلَاحِ، عَمِلَ مَفتِيًا لِلدِّيَارِ المِصرِيَّةِ، وَاشتَغَلَ بِالتَّدرِيسِ وَالتَّألِيفِ.‏
Muhammad `Abduh (1849-1905 A.D.) : An Egyptian politician. Muhammad `Abduh lead a major movement for reformation and renovation. He was the Mufti of Egypt.
‏الصَّاحِبُ بنُ عَبَّادٍ (938-995 م)‏

‏أَدِيبٌ وَلُغَوِيٌّ وَشَاعِرٌ، مِن كِبَارِ الوُزَرَاءِ البُوَيهِيِّينَ، مِن كُتُبِهِ "المُحِيطُ" وَهُوَ مُعجَمٌ لُغَوِيٌّ فِي سَبعَةِ مُجَلَّدَاتٍ.‏
Al-Sahib bin `Abbad (938-995 A.D.) : An outstanding writer, linguist and poet. Al-Sahib bin `Abbad was one of the major ministers in the period of the Buyid state. He wrote many books, the most important of which was a dictionary of linguistics in seven volumes called Al-Muhit [The Comprehensive].
‏الفَرَّاءُ (761-822 م)‏

‏إِمَامُ الكُوفِيِّينَ فِي النَّحوِ وَأَعلَمُهُم بِاللُّغَةِ وَفُنُونِ الأَدَبِ، صَنَّفَ العَدِيدَ مِن الكُتُبِ مِنهَا كِتَابُ "مَعَانِي القُرآنِ. "‏
Al-Farra' (761-822 A.D.) : An outstanding Kufi linguist. Al-Farra' was the master of language and literature at that time. He wrote many books covering different fields of study, one of which was Ma`ani Al-Qur'an [Meanings of the Qur'an].
‏الفَرَزدَقُ (تُوُفِّيَ 729 م)‏

‏شَاعِرٌ عَرَبِيٌّ أُمَوِيٌّ، اِشتَهَرَ أُسلُوبُهُ بِالهِجَاءِ اللَّاذِعِ، نَشَأَ بَينَهُ وَبَينَ خَصمَيهِ جَرِير وَالأَخطَلِ مَعرَكَةُ الهِجَاءِ حَتَّى عُرِفُوا بِالمُثَلَّثِ الأُمَوِيِّ.‏
Al-Farazdaq (died 729 A.D.) : An Umayyad Arab poet, best known for his bitter satiric style. He engaged in a fierce poetic competition with his two opponents, Jarir and Al-Akhtal. They were known as "The Umayyad triangle. "
‏الفَيرُوزآبَادِيُّ (1329-1415 م)‏

‏مِن أَئِمَّةِ اللُّغَةِ وَالأَدَبِ، وَلِيَ قَضَاءَ زُبَيدَ، أَشهَرُ آثَارِهِ "القَامُوسُ المُحِيطُ. "‏
Al-Fairuzabadi (1329-1415 A.D.) : An outstanding linguist and writer. He was the judge of Zubaid. He wrote many books, the most important of which was Al-Qamus Al-Muhit [The Comprehensive Dictionary].
‏الكِسَائِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 805 م)‏

‏نَحوِيٌّ كُوفِيٌّ، أَحَدُ القُرَّاءِ السَّبعَةِ، مُؤَدِّبُ الرَّشِيدِ وَالأَمِينِ، أَلَّفَ أَكثَرَ مِن عِشرِينَ كِتَابًا فِي النَّحوِ وَالقِرَاءَةِ.‏
Al-Kisa'i (died 805 A.D.) : A Kufi linguist, one of the authentic reciters of the Holy Qur'an and a teacher of the Abbasid Caliphs Al-Rashid and Al-Amin. He wrote more than twenty books on Arabic grammar and recitation of the Holy Qur'an.
‏الكِندِيُّ (796-873 م)‏

‏مِن كِبَارِ فَلَاسِفَةِ العَرَبِ، عُنِيَ بِالرِّيَاضِيَّاتِ وَالمَنطِقِ وَالعُلُومِ الطَّبِيعِيَّةِ وَالفَلَكِ وَالمُوسِيقَى وَالفَلسَفَةِ، لَهُ كُتُبٌ كَثِيرَةٌ فِي شَتَّى فُرُوعِ المَعرِفَةِ.‏
Al-Kindi (796 - 873 A.D.) : An outstanding Arab philosopher, he was known for his love of mathematics, logic, physical sciences, astronomy and music. He wrote many books dealt with different subjects.
‏المَاتُرِيدِيُّ (توفي 944 م)‏

‏فَقِيهٌ حَنَفِيٌّ، مِن أَئِمَّةِ عِلمِ التَّوحِيدِ وَالتَّفسِيرِ وَأُصُولِ الفِقهِ، تُنسَبُ إِلَيهِ المَدرَسَةُ المَاتُرِيدِيَّةُ فِي عِلمِ الكَلَامِ لَهُ أَكثَرُ مِن سَبعِ مُؤَلَّفَاتٍ.‏
Al-Maturidi (died 944 A.D.) : A Hanifi jurist and scholar of theology and interpretation of the Holy Qur'an. Al-Maturidi was founder of Al-Maturidiyah School of theology. He wrote more than seven books.
‏المُبَرٍّدُ (826-898 م)‏

‏مِن أَئِمَّةِ النَّحوِ بِالبَصرَةِ، أَحَدُ الأَئِمَّةِ فِي الأَدَبِ وَالأَخبَارِ، أَلَّفَ أَكثَرَ مِن سَبعِ كُتُبٍ أَهَمُّ مُؤَلَّفَاتِهِ "الكَامِلُ. "‏
Al-Mubarrid (826-898 A.D.) : An outstanding linguist from Basra, he was a scholar of Arabic culture. He wrote more than seven books, the most important of which was Al-Kamil [The Comprehensive].

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏المُقرِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 1631 م)‏

‏مُؤَرِّخٌ مِن أَهلِ تِلِمسَانَ، تُوُفِّيَ بِمِصرَ، مِن مُؤَلَّفَاتِهِ الكَثِيرَةِ "نَفحُ الطِّيبِ مِن غُصنِ الأَندَلُسِ الرَّطِيبِ. "‏
Al-Muqarri (died 1631 A.D.) : A historian from Tlemcen. He wrote many books, the most important of which was Nafh Al-Tib min Ghusn Al-Andalus Al-Ratib [Anthology from Andalusia]. He died in Egypt.
‏المَقرِيزِيُّ (1364-1441 م)‏

‏مُؤَرِّخٌ مِصرِيٌّ، وُلِدَ بِالقَاهِرَةِ وَتَوَلَّى القَضَاءَ فِيهَا، مِن أَهَمِّ كُتُبِهِ "النُّقُودُ الإِسلَامِيَّةُ القَدِيمَةُ"، تَرجَمَ إِلَى اللَّاتِينِيَّةِ.‏
Al-Maqrizi (1364-1441 A.D.) : An Egyptian historian, born in Cairo. He became judge and authored many books, the most famous among them was Al-Nuqud Al-Islamiyah Al-Qadimah [Old Islamic Coins].
‏النَّسَائِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 915 م)‏

‏أَحَدُ الأَئِمَّةِ الحُفَّاظِ، شَافِعِيُّ المَذهَبِ، يُعَدُّ كِتَابُهُ "السُّنَنُ الكُبرَى" مِن كُتُبِ الحَدِيثِ المُعتَمَدَةِ.‏
Al-Nasa'i (died 915 A.D.) : A Shafi`i Hafizh (Memorizer of the Prophetic Hadith) from Khurasan. Al-Nasa'i's book Al-Sunan Al-Kubra [The Biggest Sunan] is considered one of the six authentic books on Prophetic Hadiths.
‏النَّفرِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 965 م)‏

‏صُوفِيٌّ عِرَاقِيٌّ، اِشتَهَرَ بِكِتَابَيهِ "المَوَاقِفِ" وَ"المُخَاطَبَاتِ" فِي التَّصَوُّفِ.‏
Al-Nafri ( died 965 A.D.) : An Iraqi Sufi writer, most famous for his two books Al-Mawaqif and Al-Mukhatabat on Sufism
‏الوَاقِدِيُّ (747-822 م)‏

‏مِن أَقدَمِ المُؤَرِّخِينَ فِي الإِسلَامِ، كَانَ قَاضِيًا عَلَى بَغدَادَ، مِن مُؤَلَّفَاتِهِ "فَتحُ إِفرِيقِيَّةَ. "‏
Al-Waqidi (747-822 A.D.) : One of the major Islamic historian, he was the judge of Baghdad. He wrote Fath Ifriqiyah [The Conquest of Tunisia].
‏بَدِيعُ الزَّمَانِ الهَمَذَانِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 1007 م)‏

‏كَاتِبٌ وَشَاعِرٌ عَرَبِيٌّ، مُؤَسِّسُ فَنِّ المَقَامَاتِ فِي الأَدَبِ العَرَبِيِّ، اِشتَهَرَ بِمَدحِ الأُمَرَاءِ وَالوُزَرَاءِ.‏
Badi` Al-Zaman Al-Hamadhani (died 1007 A.D.) : An Arab writer and poet, he was the founder of Maqamat [Melodies]. He was famous for his praise of emirs and ministers.
‏جَابِرُ بنُ حَيَّان (تُوُفِّيَ 815 م)‏

‏فَيلَسُوفٌ وَكِيميَائِيٌّ مُسلِمٌ، يُعتَبَرُ "أَبَا الكِيميَاءِ العَرَبِيَّةِ"، لَهُ مِئَاتُ المُؤَلَّفَاتِ فِي الكِيميَاءِ، تُرجِمَ مُعظَمُهَا إِلَى اللَّاتِينِيَّةِ وَاعتَمَدَ عَلَيهَا عُلَمَاءُ الغَربِ.‏
Jabir bin Haiyan [Geber] (died 815 A.D.) : A chemist and philosopher, known as the "Father of Arab Chemistry. " He wrote hundreds of books on chemistry, most of which were translated into Latin, and were of great importance to Western scientists.
‏جَرِيرٌ (653-733 م)‏

‏شَاعِرٌ عَرَبِيٌّ أُمَوِيٌّ، اِشتَهَرَ بِهِجَاءِ خَصمَيهِ الأَخطَلِ وَالفَرَزدَقِ، حَتَّى عُرِفُوا ب "المُثَلَّثِ الأُمَوِيِّ "‏
Jarir (653-733 A.D.) : An Arab poet who lived during the Umayyad caliphate. He was most known for his bitter satire of his rival poets. He was involved in satire competition with the two outstanding poets; Al-Akhtal and Al-Farazdaq. The three poets were known as "The Umayyad triangle. "
‏جَلَالُ الدِّينِ السُّيُوطِيُّ (1445-1505 م)‏

‏عَالِمٌ مِصرِيٌّ مَوسُوعِيٌّ، لَهُ نَحوُ 600 مُصَنَّفٍ فِي الفِقهِ وَالتَّفسِيرِ وَالحَدِيثِ وَاللُّغَةِ وَالتَّارِيخِ.‏
Jalal Al-Din Al-Suyuti (1445-1505 A.D.) : An Egyptian encyclopedic scholar. Jalal Al-Din wrote more than 600 books on Jurisprudence, interpretation of the Prophetic Hadiths, Linguistics and History.
‏جَمَالُ الدِّينِ الأَفغَانِيُّ (1838-1897 م)‏

‏مُحَمَّدُ بنُ صَفدَرٍ الحُسَينِيُّ، فَيلَسُوفٌ مُسلِمٌ، جَالَ فِي الشَّرقِ وَالغَربِ دَاعِيًا إِلَى الوَحدَةِ الإِسلَامِيَّةِ، أَنشَأَ جَرِيدَةَ "العُروَةِ الوُثقَى"، كَانَ عَارِفًا بِاللُّغَاتِ العَرَبِيَّةِ وَالفَارِسِيَّةِ وَالسِّنسِكرِيتِيَّةِ وَالتُّركِيَةِ وَتَعَلَّمَ الفَرَنسِيَّةَ وَالإِنجِلِيزِيَّةَ وَالرُّوسِيَّةَ. لَهُ "تَارِيخُ الأَفغَانِ" وَ "رِسَالَةٌ فِي الرَّدِّ عَلَى الدَّهرِيِّينَ" تَرجَمَهُمَا إِلَى العَرَبِيَّةِ، تِلمِيذُهُ الشَّيخُ مُحَمَّد عَبدُهُ.‏
Jamal Al-Din Al-Afghani (1838-1897 A.D.) : Real name: Muhammad bin Safdar Al-Husaini. He was a philosopher who traveled throughout the East and West asking for Islamic unity. He founded the newspaper Al-`Urwah Al-Wuthqa [Firm Belief]. He mastered many Asian and European languages besides Arabic such as; Farsi, Sanskrit, Turkish, French, English and Rusian. He wrote [History of Afghanistan], and [A Critical Study of Al-Dahriyin] which were translated into Arabic by Sheikh Muhammad `Abduh.
‏حَافِظُ إِبرَاهِيم (1872-1932 م)‏

‏شَاعِرٌ مِصرِيٌّ، يُعتَبَرُ أَحَدَ أَبرَزِ شُعَرَاءِ العَرَبِيَّةِ فِي العَصرِ الحَدِيثِ، لُقِّبَ بِشَاعِرِ النِّيلِ.‏
Hafizh Ibrahim (1872-1932 A.D.) : An outstanding Egyptian poet, he was called the "Poet of the Nile. " He was one of the major poets of the Modern era.
‏حَسَّانُ بنُ ثَابِتٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 674 م)‏

‏شَاعِرٌ عَرَبِيٌّ مُخَضرَمٌ، كَانَ يَهجُو مَن يَهجُو الرَّسُولَ وَالإِسلَامَ وَلِذَلِكَ يُعتَبَرُ شَاعِرَ الرَّسُولِ.‏
Hassan bin Thabit (died 674 A.D.) : An Arab poet. Hassan bin Thabit lived under paganism and Islam. He used to criticize those who satirized either the Messenger or Islam, and was thus entitled "The Messenger's Poet. "
‏رِفَاعَةُ الطَّهطَاوِيُّ (1801-1873 م)‏

‏رِفَاعَةُ رَافِعُ بنُ بَدَوِيٍّ بنِ عَلِيٍّ الطَّهطَاوِيُّ، عَالِمٌ وَصَحَفِيٌّ مِصرِيٌّ، يُعتَبَرُ مِن رُوَّادِ النَّهضَةِ الفِكرِيَّةِ الحَدِيثَةِ فِي مِصرَ، أَنشَأَ جَرِيدَةَ الوَقَائِعِ المِصرِيَّةَ، أَلَّفَ وَتَرجَمَ عَن الفَرَنسِيَّةِ كُتُبًا كَثِيرَةً.‏
Rifa`ah Al-Tahtawi (1801-1873 A.D.) : An outstanding Egyptian scholar and journalist. Rifa`ah Al-Tahtawi was one of the pioneers of the Modern Intellectual Revival Movement in Egypt. He founded the newspaper Al-Waqa'i` Al-Misriyah [The Egyptian News]. He wrote many books and translated others from French.
‏زِريَابٌ (تُوُفِّيَ 845 م)‏

‏نَابِغَة مُوسِيقِيٌّ وَشَاعِرٌ، عَارِفٌ بِأَحوَالِ المُلُوكِ وَسِيَرِ الخُلَفَاءِ وَنَوَادِرِ العُلَمَاءِ، هُوَ الَّذِي جَعَلَ فِي العُودِ خَمسَةَ أَوتَارٍ وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ مَن اِستَخدَمَ الكُورَس فِي الغِنَاءِ.‏
Ziryab (died 845 A.D.) : Musical genius, and poet. Ziryab was also brilliant memorizer of the biography of kings, Caliphs and scientists' status. It is he who originated the fifth string of the lute and the first to use the chorus in his songs.
‏زَكَرِيَّا القَزوِينِيُّ (1208-1283 م)‏

‏مُؤَرِّخٌ جُغرَافِيٌّ مُسلِمٌ، لَهُ مُصَنَّفَاتٌ فِي عِلمِ الطَّبِيعَةِ وَنَشأَةِ الكَونِ وَالسِّيَاسَةِ وَالتَّارِيخِ.‏
Zakariya Al-Qazwini (1208-1283 A.D.) : A historian and geographer. He wrote many books on physics, cosmology, politics and history.
‏سِيبَوَيهِ (تُوُفِّيَ 797 م)‏

‏عَالِمٌ نَحوِيٌّ فَارِسِيٌّ، يُعَدُّ مِن أَكبَرِ عُلَمَاءِ النَّحوِ العَرَبِيِّ، وَضَعَ كِتَابًا فِي النَّحوِ يُعرَفُ بِاسمِ (كِتَابِ سِيبَوَيهِ).‏
Sibawaih (died 797 A.D.) : An outstanding Persian scholar of Arabic grammar. Being one of the major scholars of Arabic, he wrote Kitab Sibawaih [The Book of Sibawaih], discussing Arabic grammar.
‏شَمسُ الدِّينِ المَقدِسِيُّ (تُوفِّيَ 990 م)‏

‏جُغرَافِيٌّ وَرَحَّالَة عَرَبِيٌّ، خَاتِمَةُ الجُغرَافِيِّينَ الكِبَارِ، صَاحِبُ "أَحسَنِ التَّقَاسِيمِ فِي مَعرِفَةِ الأَقَالِيمِ. "‏
Shams Al-Din Al-Maqdisi (died 990 A.D.) : An Arab geographer and traveler. He was one of the brilliant geographers. He wrote Ahsan Al-Taqasim fi Ma`rifat Al-Aqalim [The Best Book to Get to Know Countries].
‏شِهَابُ الدِّينِ الأَلُوسِيُّ (1802-1854 م)‏

‏أَدِيبٌ وَعَالِمُ تَفسِيرٍ عَرَبِيٌّ، صَاحِبُ "رُوحِ المَعَانِي" فِي تَفسِيرِ القُرآنِ الكَرِيمِ.‏
Shihab Al-Din Al-Alusi (1802-1854 A.D.) : An Arab writer and interpreter of the Holy Qur'an. Shihab Al-Din Al-Alusi wrote Ruh Al-Ma`ani [Lessons of the Holy Qur'an], which is an interpretation of the Holy Qur'an.
‏صَفِيُّ الدِّينِ الحِلِّيُّ (1277-1349 م)‏

‏شَاعِرٌ عِرَاقِيٌّ مِن الكِبَارِ، لَهُ دِيوَانُ "دُرَرُ النُّحُورِ"، وَفِيهِ 29 قَصِيدَةً كُلٌّ مِنهَا 29 بَيتًا، تَبدَأُ أَبيَاتُ كُلِّ قَصِيدَةٍ وَتَنتَهِي بِحَرفٍ مِن الحُرُوفِ الهِجَائِيَّةِ المُسَلسَلَةِ.‏
Safi Al-Din Al-Hilli (1277-1349 A.D.) : An outstanding Iraqi poet. Safi Al-Din Al-Hili composed many poems, the most famous among them was the divan Durar Al-Nuhur [Diamond Necklaces], which consists of 29 poems each includes 29 verses long, arranged alphabetically, with each verse beginning and ending with the same letter.
‏عَبَّاسُ بنُ فِرنَاسُ (تُوُفِّيَ 887 م)‏

‏مُختَرِعٌ عَرَبِيٌّ أَندَلُسِيٌّ، أَدخَلَ المُوسِيقَى الشَّرقِيَّةَ إِلَى الأَندَلُسِ، اِستَنبَطَ اَلزُّجَاجَ مِن الحِجَارَةِ، صَنَعَ آلَةً لِحِسَابِ الزَّمَنِ، أَوَّلُ مَن قَامَ بِمُحَاوَلَةٍ لِلطَّيَرَانِ بِرِدَاءٍ مِن رِيشٍ.‏
`Abbas bin Firnas (died 887 A.D.) : An Arab Andalusian inventor. He also introduced eastern music to Andalusia. He produced glass from stone and created a machine to calculate time. He tried to fly wearing a robe of feathers.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏عَبَّاس مَحمُود العَقَّاد (1889-1964 م)‏

‏نَاقِدٌ وَصَحَافِيٌّ وَشَاعِرٌ مِصرِيٌّ، مِن المُجَدِّدِينَ، لَهُ سِلسِلَةُ سِيَرِ أَعلَامِ الإِسلَامِ، وَمِنهَا "عَبقَرِيَّةُ مُحَمَّدٍ"، "عَبقَرِيَّةُ عُمَرَ. "‏
`Abbas Mahmud Al-`Aqqad (1889-1964 A.D.) : An Egyptian critic, journalist, and poet, he participated in the Renovation Movement. He wrote Siar A`lam Al-Islam [Biography of Great Islamic Figures], `Abqariyt Muhammad [The Genius of Muhammad] , and `Abqariyt `Umar [The Genius of `Umar].
‏عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ الجَبَرتِي (1754-1822 م)‏

‏مُؤَرِّخٌ مِصرِيٌّ، أَشهَرُ مَن أَرَّخَ لِلحَملَةِ الفَرَنسِيَّةِ عَلَى مِصرَ (1798 م)، تُرجِمَت كُتُبُهُ إِلَى الفَرَنسِيَّةِ.‏
`Abdul-Rahman Al-Jabarti (1754-1822 A.D.) : An Egyptian historian, he was most famous for his chronicle of the French Campaign in Egypt in 1798. His books were translated into French.
‏عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ الكَوَاكِبِيُّ (1849-1902 م)‏

‏صَحَافِيٌّ وَأَدِيبٌ سُورِيٌّ، اِشتَهَرَ بِتَحَرُّرِهِ وَدَعوَتِهِ إِلَى النَّهضَةِ وَالإِصلَاحِ.‏
`Abdul-Rahman Al-Kawakibi (1849-1902 A.D.) : A Syrian journalist and writer, he was most famous for advocating liberalization and his call for development and reformation.
‏عَبدُ المَلِكِ بنُ هِشَامٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 828 م)‏

‏مُؤَرِّخٌ مُسلِمٌ عَرَبِيٌّ، أَدِيبٌ ، رَاوِيَةٌ لِلأَشعَارِ، عَالِمٌ بِالأَنسَابِ وَاللُّغَةِ وَالنَّحوِ وَالأَخبَارِ،، صَاحِبُ كِتَابِ "السِّيرَةِ النَّبَوِيَّةِ" المَعرُوفِ بِ "سِيرَةِ اِبنِ هِشَامٍ. "‏
`Abdul-Malik bin Hisham (died 828 A.D.) : An Arab historian, writer, relater of poetry, and scholar of genealogy, language and Arabic grammar. He wrote Al-Sirah Al-Nabawiyah [The Prophet's Biography] which is known as Sirat Ibn Hisham [Biography of Ibn Hisham]
‏عِزُّ الدِّينِ بنُ الأَثِيرِ (1160-1233 م)‏

‏إِمَامٌ فِي الحَدِيثِ، وَمُؤَرِّخٌ عَرَبِيٌّ كَبِيرٌ، أَلَّفَ العَدِيدَ مِن الكُتُبِ وَمِن آثَارِهِ "الكَامِلُ" فِي التَّارِيخِ.‏
`Izz Al-Din bin Al-Athir (1160-1233 A.D.) : An outstanding scholar in Prophetic Hadith and a great historian. He wrote more than four books on history and genealogy. An example is Al-Kamil [The Comprehensive] on history.
‏عَلِيُّ مُبَارَك (1823-1893 م)‏

‏عَالِمٌ مِصرِيٌّ، أَحَدُ أَركَانِ النَّهضَةِ العِلمِيَّةِ فِي مِصرَ، عَمِلَ عَلَى إِنشَاءِ المَطبَعَةِ العَرَبِيَّةِ، وَدَارِ العُلُومِ.‏
`Ali Mubarak (1823-1893 A.D.) : An Egyptian scholar who founded a scientific revival in Egypt. He worked to establish an Arabic Printing Office and the faculty of Dar Al-`Ulum.
‏عِمَادُ الدِّينِ الكَاتِبُ (العِمَادُ الأَصفَهَانِيُّ) (1125-1200 م)‏

‏مُؤَرِّخٌ مِن أَكَابِرِ الكُتَّابِ، لَازَمَ صَلَاحَ الدِّينِ الأَيُّوبِيَّ وَأَرَّخَ لِأَخبَارِهِ وَحُرُوبِهِ.‏
`Imad Al-Din Al-Katib (Al-`Imad Al-Asfahani) (1125-1200 A.D.) : A historian and one of the major writers. `Imad Al-Din Al-Katib accompanied Salah Al-Din Al-Ayyubi (Saladin) and recorded his history.
‏فَخرُ الدِّينِ الرَّازِي (1150-1209 م)‏

‏إِمَامٌ مُفَسِّرٌ وَفَيلَسُوفٌ وَطَبِيبٌ ، مِن أَشهَرِ مُفَسِّرِي القُرآنِ، لَهُ عَشَرَاتُ المُؤَلَّفَاتِ بِالعَرَبِيَّةِ وَالفَارِسِيَّةِ، أَهَمُّهَا "مَفَاتِيحُ الغَيبِ" فِي تَفسِيرِ القُرآنِ.‏
Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi (1150-1209 A.D.) : An Imam, philosopher, physician and one of the major interpreters of the Holy Qur'an. He wrote many books in Arabic and Farsi, the most important of which was Mafatih Al-Ghaib [Keys to the Unseen], an interpretation of the Holy Qur'an.
‏كَعبُ بنُ زُهَيرٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 647 م)‏

‏مِن شُعَرَاءِ صَدرِ الإِسلَامِ، هَجَا النَّبِيَّ، ثُمَّ أَعلَنَ إِسلَامَهُ وَأَنشَأَ قَصِيدَتَهُ اللَّامِيَّةَ فِي مَدِيحِ النَّبِيِّ.‏
Ka`b bin Zuhair (died 647 A.D.) : One of the poets who lived in both eras of paganism and Islam. As a pagan, he satirized the Messenger, but upon embracing Islam, he composed the poem Al-Lamiyah, in which he praised the Messenger.
‏مُحَمَّدُ بنُ أَحمَدَ الخُوَارِزمِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 997 م)‏

‏عَالِمٌ وَبَاحِثٌ خُرَاسَانِيٌّ مُسلِمٌ، أَوَّلُ مَن أَلَّفَ مَوسُوعَةً بِالعَرَبِيَّةِ أَسمَاهَا "مَفَاتِيحَ العُلُومِ. "‏
Muhammad bin Ahmad Al-Khuwarizmi (died 997 A.D.) : Scientist and researcher from Khurasan. Muhammad bin Ahmad Al-Khuwarizmi was the first to compile an Arabic encyclopedia, to which he gave the name Mafatih Al-`Ilm [Keys to the Branches of Knowledge].
‏مُحَمَّدُ بنُ إِسحَاقَ (تُوُفِّيَ 768 م)‏

‏مُؤَرِّخٌ عَرَبِيٌّ، مِن حُفَّاظِ الحَدِيثِ وَكَانَ مِن أَحسَنِ النَّاسِ سَوقًا لِلأَخبَارِ، صَاحِبُ كِتَابِ "السِّيرَةِ النَّبَوِيَّةِ" المَعرُوفِ ب "سِيرَةِ اِبنِ إِسحَاقَ. "‏
Muhammad bin Ishaq (died 768 A.D.) : An Arab historian, memorizer of the Prophetic Hadiths and the best storyteller of his time. He wrote Al-Sirah Al-Nabawiyah [The Prophet's Biography] which is known as Sirat Ibn Ishaq [Biography of Ibn Ishaq].
‏مُحَمَّدُ بنُ مُوسَى الخُوَارِزمِيُّ (780-850 م)‏

‏يُنعَتُ بِالأُستَاذِ، عَالِمٌ رِيَاضِيٌّ فَلَكِيٌّ جُغرَافِيٌّ مُؤَرِّخٌ عَرَبِيٌّ، يُعتَبَرُ وَاضِعَ عِلمِ الجَبرِ، لَهُ العَدِيدُ مِن الكُتُبِ المُتَرجَمَةِ إِلَى اللَّاتِينِيَّةِ.‏
Muhammad bin Musa Al-Khuwarizmi (780-850 A.D.) : An Arab mathematician, astronomer, geographer and historian, he was called "the Master. " He was the discoverer of algebra. He wrote many books on the above mentioned sciences, most of which were translated into Latin.
‏مَحمُود سَامِي البَارُودِي (1840-1904 م)‏

‏شَاعِرٌ مِصرِيٌّ كَبِيرٌ، اِمتَازَ شِعرُهُ بِالسُّهُولَةِ وَالبَلَاغَةِ، مِن أَركَانِ النَّهضَةِ الشِّعرِيَّةِ فِي الوَطَنِ العَرَبِيِّ.‏
Mahmud Sami Al-Barudi (1840-1904 A.D.) : An outstanding Egyptian poet, whose poetry was much characterized by its simplicity and eloquence. He was one of the major contributors to a poetic development movement in the Arabic worlds.
‏نَصرُ بنُ عَاصِم (تُوُفِّيَ 708 م)‏

‏فَقِيهٌ وَنَحوِيٌّ عَرَبِيٌّ، مِن أَوَائِلِ وَاضِعِي النَّحوِ العَرَبِيِّ، وَأَوَّلُ مَن نَقَّطَ المَصَاحِفَ.‏
Nasr bin `Asim (died 708 A.D.) : An Arab jurist and linguist. He is considered one of the major linguists who established rules of Arabic grammar and was the first to add diacritical markings to the words of the Holy Qur'an.
‏نُصَيرُ الدِّينِ الطُّوسِيُّ (1201-1274 م)‏

‏عَالِمٌ فَلَكِيٌّ وَرِيَاضِيٌّ مُسلِمٌ، صَنَّفَ العَدِيدَ مِن الكُتُبِ بِالعَرَبِيَّةِ وَالفَارِسِيَّةِ.‏
Nusair Al-Din Al-Tusi (1201 - 1274 A.D.) : An astronomer and mathematician. Nusair Al-Din Al-Tusi wrote many books in Arabic and Farsi on mathematics, astronomy and religion. He was considered as a representative of both Arabic and Persian cultures.
‏وَاصِلُ بنُ عَطَاء (تُوُفِّيَ 748 م)‏

‏يُنسَبُ لَهُ مَذهَبُ المُعتَزِلَةِ، لَهُ الفَضلُ فِي الرَّدِّ عَلَى اليَهُودِ وَالنَّصَارَى وَالآرَاءِ المُخَالِفَةِ لِلإِسلَامِ، لَهُ عِدَّةُ تَصَانِيفَ.‏
Wasil bin `Atta' (died 748 A.D.) : Founder and leader of Al-Mu`tazilah School. He made great efforts in refuting the claims and pretentions of Christian and Jewish contenders, and rebutted the arguments of deviant sects. He wrote many books.
‏يَاقُوتُ الحَمَوِيُّ (1179-1229 م)‏

‏مُؤَرِّخٌ وَجُغرَافِيٌّ، عَاشَ فِي حَلَب، مِن أَشهَرِ مُؤَلَّفَاتِهِ "مُعجَمُ البُلدَانِ. "‏
Yaqut Al-Hamawi (1179-1229 A.D.) : A Historian and geographer who lived in Halab. He wrote many books, the most important of which was Mu`jam Al-Buldan [Dictionary of Countries].

[أحمد سعد الدين]

الخلفاء الراشدون


‏أَبُو بَكرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ‏

‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ أَبِي قُحَافَةَ عُثمَانَ بنِ عَامِرٍ (51 ق هـ-13 هـ/573-634 م)، أَوَّلُ مَن آمَنَ بِالرَّسُولِ مِن الرِّجَالِ وَأَوَّلُ الخُلَفَاءِ الرَّاشِدِينَ (حَكَمَ: 11-13 هـ/632-634 م)، صَحِبَ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَبلَ البَعثَةِ وَبَعدَهَا، وَاحتَمَلَ الشَّدَائِدَ، وَبَذَلَ المَالَ وَاستَمَرَّ مَعَهُ طَوَالَ إِقَامَتِهِ بِمَكَّةَ وَرَافَقَهُ فِي الهِجرَةِ وَفِي الغَارِ وَفِي المَشَاهِدِ كُلِّهَا، بُويِعَ بِالخِلَافَةِ بَعدَ وَفَاةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، حَارَبَ أَهـلَ الرِّدَّةِ وَالمُمتَنِعِينَ عَن الزَّكَاةِ.‏
Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq : Real name: `Abdullah bin Abi Quhafah `Uthman bin `Amir (51 B.H.-13 A.H./573-634 A.D.), the first among men to believe in the new faith, and the first Rightly-Guided Caliph (ruled: 11-13 A.H./632-634 A.D.) Abu Bakr kept company with the Prophet before and after the Mission. He endured the persecution of the Quraish and spared nothing to support the new religion. He was the Prophet's companion in his Migration from Mecca to Medina. When he became caliph, he fought the Apostates and those who refused to pay the Zakah, and restored unity to the Muslim community.
‏عُثمَانُ بنُ عَفَّانَ‏

‏عُثمَانُ بنُ عَفَّانَ بنِ أَبِي العَاصِ بنِ أُمَّيَّةَ (47 ق هـ- 35 هـ/577-656 م)، ثَالِثُ الخُلَفَاءِ الرَّاشِدِينَ (حَكَمَ: 23-35 هـ/644-656 م)، قُرَشِيٌّ أُمَوِيٌّ، وُلِدَ بِمَكَّةَ وَأَسلَمَ بَعدَ البَعثَةِ بِقَلِيلٍ، كَانَ غَنِيًّا شَرِيفًا فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ، تَزَوَّجَ بِرُقَيَّةَ ثَمَّ بِأُمِّ كُلثُومٍ اِبنَتَي النَّبِيِّ لِذَلِكَ سُمِّيَ بِذِي النُّورَينِ، جَمَعَ القُرآنَ، مِن أَعظَمِ أَعمَالِهِ تَجهِيزُ جَيشِ العُسرَةِ فِي السَّنَةِ التَّاسِعَةِ لِلهِجرَةِ وَكَانَ النَّبِيُّ قَد غَزَا فِيهِ تَبُوكَ، صَارَت إِلَيهِ الخِلَافَةُ بَعدَ وَفَاةِ عُمَرَ بنِ الخَطَّابِ، فَافتُتِحَت فِي أَيَّامِهِ أَرمِينِيَّةُ وَالقُوقَازُ وَخُرَاسَانُ وَكَرمَانُ وَسِجِستَانُ وَإِفرِيقِيَّةُ وَقُبرُصُ، وَأَتَمَّ جَمعَ القُرآنِ، وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ مَن زَاد فِي المَسجِدِ الحَرَامِ وَمَسجِدِ الرَّسُولِ، وَاِتَّخَذَ نِظَامَ الشُّرطَةِ وَالقَضَاءِ.‏
`Uthman bin `Affan : Full name: `Uthman bin `Affan bin Abi Al-`As bin Umayyah (47 B.H.-35 A.H./577-656 A.D.), the third Rightly-Guided Caliph (ruled: 23-35 A.H./644-656 A.D.) He was a rich noble Companion who belonged to the Umayyads, a clan from the Quraish. He was born in Mecca and adopted Islam shortly after the Prophet's Mission. He was given the title "Dhu Al-Nurain" (the Owner of the Two Lights) as he married two of the Prophet's daughters (Ruqaiyah and Umm Kulthum) in succession. He equipped the army which was mobilized by the Prophet to invade Tabuk. `Uthman assumed the caliphate after the death of `Ummar bin Al-Khattab. During his reign the Muslims made great conquests in Armenia, Caucasia, Khurasan, Kerman, Sijistan, Tunisia and Cyprus. `Uthman compiled the Holy Qur'an in one copy, and made expansions to the Sacred Mosque at Mecca and the Prophet's Mosque at Medina. He was the first caliph to use the police and judiciary systems.
‏عَلِيُّ بنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ‏

‏عَلِيُّ بنُ أَبِي طَالِبِ بنِ عَبدِ المُطَّلِبِ الهَاشِمِيُّ القُرَشِيُّ (23 ق هـ-40 هـ/600-661 م)، رَابِعُ الخُلَفَاءِ الرَّاشِدِينَ (حَكَمَ: 35-40 هـ/656-661 م)، رَبِيبُ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَابنُ عَمِّهِ وَصِهـرُهُ، مِن أَبطَالِ بَدرٍ وَأُحُدٍ وَخَيبَرَ وَالخَندَقِ وَحُنَينٍ، بُويِعَ لَهُ بَعدَ مَقتَلِ عُثمَانَ، كَانَ مِن أَكَابِرِ الخُطَبَاءِ وَالعُلَمَاءِ بِالقَضَاءِ. قَادَ مَعرَكَةَ الجَمَلِ وَصِفِّين وَالنَّهرَوَانِ.‏
`Ali bin Abi Talib : Full name: `Ali bin Abi Talib bin `Abdul-Muttalib Al-Hashimi Al-Qurashi (23 B.H.-40 A.H./600-661 A.D.), the fourth Rightly-Guided caliph (ruled: 35-40 A.H./656-661 A.D.), he was the Prophet's cousin and son-in-law. He was one of the great fighters who participated in the battles of Badr, Uhud, the Trench and Hunain. He assumed the caliphate after `Uthman bin `Affan. He was one of the great orators and scholars. He commanded his army at the Battles of the Camel, Siffin and Al-Nahrawan.
‏عُمَرُ بنُ الخَطَّابِ‏

‏عُمَرُ بنُ الخَطَّابِ بنِ نُفَيلٍ القُرَشِيُّ العَدَوِيُّ (40 ق هـ-23 هـ/584-644 م)، يُلَقَّبُ بِأَبِي حَفصٍ، أَسلَمَ قَبلَ الهِجرَةِ بِخَمسِ سِنِينَ وَبُويِعَ بِالخِلَافَةِ بَعدَ وَفَاةِ أَبِي بَكرٍ الصِّدِّيقِ (حَكَمَ: 13-23 هـ/634-644 م)، وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ مَن لُقِّبَ بِأَمِيرِ المُؤمِنِينَ، وَلَّاهُ أَبُو بَكرٍ القَضَاءَ فِي عَهدِهِ فَكَانَ أَوَّلَ قَاضٍ فِي الإِسلَامِ، يُضرَبُ بِعَدلِهِ المَثَلُ، وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ مَن بَدَأَ التَّأرِيخَ بِسَنَةِ الهِجرَةِ النَّبَوِيَّةِ، أَوَّلُ مَن دَوَّنَ الدَّوَاوِينَ فِي الإِسلَامِ، اِتَّخَذَ بَيتَ مَالٍ لِلمُسلِمِينَ، فِي أَيَّامِهِ تَمَّ فَتحُ الشَّامِ وَالعِرَاقِ وَافتُتِحَت القُدسُ وَالمَدَائِنُ وَمِصرُ وَالجَزِيرَةُ وَخُرَاسَانُ وَسِجِستَانُ وَقُبرُصُ.‏
`Umar bin Al-Khattab : Full name: `Umar bin Al-Khattab bin Nufail Al-Qurashi Al-`Adawi (40 B.H.-23 A.H./584-644 A.D.), the second Rightly-Guided Caliph (ruled: 13-23 A.H./634-644 A.D.) He embraced Islam five year before the Hijrah. He assumed the office of judge during the caliphate of Abu Bakr, thus becoming the first Muslim judge. He was appointed caliph after Abu Bakr and was the first to receive the title "the Emir of the Believers." He made the Hijri year the official calendar for Muslims, and was the first caliph to introduce the public ministries system. He established the first Muslim public treasury, and was known for his asceticism and justice. His reign witnessed the great conquests of Syria, Iraq, Jerusalem, Ctesiphon, Egypt, Jazirah, Khurasan, Sijistan and Cyprus.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

الأمويون في الشام


‏الوَلِيدُ بنُ عَبدِ المَلِكِ‏

‏الوَلِيدُ بنُ عَبدِ المَلِكِ بنِ مَروَانَ (48-96 هـ/668-715 م)، الخَلِيفَةُ الأُمَوِيُّ السَّادِسُ (حَكَمَ: 86-96 هـ/705-715 م)، بَلَغَت الدَّولَةُ فِي عَهدِهِ أَوجَ عِزِّهَا حَيثُ فَتَحَت جُيُوشُهُ بُخَارَى وَسَمَرقَندَ وَخُوَارِزمَ، وَفِرغَانَةَ وَالهِندَ وَطَنجَةَ وَالأَندَلُسَ، شَيَّدَ الجَامِعَ الأُمَوِيَّ فِي دِمَشقَ، وَمَسجِدَ قُبَّةَ الصَّخرَةِ بِالقُدسِ، وَأَوَّلُ مَن أَنشَأَ المُستَشفَيَاتِ فِي الإِسلَامِ.‏
Al-Walid bin `Abdul-Malik : Full name: Al-Walid bin `Abdul-Malik bin Marwan (48-96 A.H./668-715 A.D.), the sixth Umayyad Caliph (ruled: 86-96 A.H./705-715 A.D.) During his reign the empire reached its peak by annexing Bukhara, Samarkand, Khwarazm, Fergana, India, Tangier and Andalusia. Among his achievements were the building of both the Umawi Mosque in Damascus and the Dome of the Rock Mosque (Qubbat Al-Sakhrah)in Jerusalem. He also was the first caliph to establish hospitals in the Islamic era.
‏سُلَيمَانُ بنُ عَبدِ المَلِكِ‏

‏سُلَيمَانُ بنُ عَبدِ المَلِكِ بنِ مَروَانَ (54-99 هـ/674-717 م)ُ الخَلِيفَةُ الأُمَوِيُّ السَّابِعُ (حَكَمَ: 96-99 هـ/715-717 م)، فِي عَهدِهِ فُتِحَت جُرجَانُ وَطَبَرِستَانُ، وَجَهَّزَ جَيشًا كَبِيرًا وَسَيَّرَهُ فِي السُّفُنِ لِحِصَارِ القُسطَنطِينِيَّةِ، وَتُوُفِّيَ فِي دَابِقَ.‏
Sulaiman bin `Abdul-Malik : Full name: Sulaiman bin `Abdul-Malik bin Marwan (54-99 A.H./674-717 A.D.), the seventh Umayyad Caliph (ruled: 96-99 A.H./715-717 A.D.) He succeeded in conquering Jurjan and Tabaristan. He built a strong army and laid siege to Constantinople. He died in Dabiq.
‏عَبدُ المَلِكِ بنُ مَروَانَ‏

‏عَبدُ المَلِكِ بنُ مَروَانَ بنِ الحَكَمِ الأُمَوِيُّ (26-86 هـ/646-705 م)ُ مِن أَعَاظِمَ الخُلَفَاءِ وَدُهَاتِهِم (حَكَمَ: 65-86 هـ/685-705 م)، كَانَ وَاسِعَ العِلمِ مُتَعَبِّدًا نَاسِكًا، وَحَّدَ الإِمبِرَاطُورِيَّةَ بَعدَ مَقتَلِ مُصعَب وَعَبدِ اللَّهِ اِبنَي الزُّبَيرِ فِي حَربِهِمَا مَعَ الحَجَّاجِ الثَّقَفِيِّ، أَنشَأَ البَرِيدَ وَعَرَّبَ الدَّوَاوِينَ وَصَكَّ النُّقُودَ الذَّهَبِيَّةَ، تُوُفِّيَ فِي دِمَشقَ.‏
`Abdul-Malik bin Marwan : Full name: `Abdul-Malik bin Marwan bin Al-Hakam Al-Umawi (26-86 A.H./646-705 A.D.), one of the greatest rulers (ruled: 65-86 A.H./685-705 A.D.) He was an intelligent, devout, ascetic and learned man. He was able to regain control of the empire after the assassination of Mus`ab and `Abdullah, sons of Al-Zubair during their war with Al-Hajjaj Al-Thaqafi. A great reformer, he established a postal system, Arabicized the divans and minted gold currency. He died in Damascus.
‏عُمَرُ بنُ عَبدِ العَزِيزِ‏

‏عُمَرُ بنُ عَبدِ العَزِيزِ بنِ مَروَانَ بنِ الحَكَمِ (61-101 هـ/681-720 م)ُ الخَلِيفَةُ الأُمَوِيُّ الثَّامِنُ (حَكَمَ: 99-101 هـ/717-720 م)، وَلِيَ الخِلَافَةَ بِعَهدٍ مِن سُلَيمَانَ بنِ عَبدِ المَلِكِ، اِهتَمَّ بِالإِصلَاحِ المَالِيِّ وَالإِدَارِيِّ فَكَانَت وِلَايَتُهُ خَيرًا لِكُلِّ بِلَادِ المُسلِمِينَ. كَانَ خَلِيفَةً صَالِحًا وَعَالِمًا فَقِيهًا، أَمَرَ بِجَمعِ أَحَادِيثِ النَّبِيِّ، اِشتَهَرَ بِالعَدلِ حَتَّى قِيلَ لَهُ خَامِسُ الخُلَفَاءِ الرَّاشِدِينَ.‏
`Umar bin `Abdul-`Aziz : Full name: `Umar bin `Abdul-`Aziz bin Marwan bin Al-Hakam (61-101 A.H./681-720 A.D.), the eighth Umayyad Caliph (ruled: 99-101 A.H./717-720 A.D.) The Caliph Sulaiman bin `Abdul-Malik recommended him for the caliphate after his death. He was a pious caliph and knowledgeable scholar. He ordered that the Prophet's hadiths be compiled. He conducted administrative reformation in the state, and was known for his just rule. It is even said that he was the fifth of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs, for his similarity to them.
‏مَروَانُ بنُ الحَكَمِ‏

‏مَروَانُ بنُ الحَكَمِ بنِ أَبِي العَاصِ بنِ أُمَيَّةَ (2-65 هـ/623-685 م)ُ رَابِعُ خُلَفَاءِ بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ وَإِلَيهِ يُنسَبُ المَروَانِيُّونَ (حَكَمَ: 64-65 هـ/683-685 م)، دَافَعَ عَن عُثمَانَ بنِ عَفَّانَ وَاشتَرَكَ فِي مَوقِعَةِ الجَمَلِ، ضَبَطَ المَقَايِيسَ وَالمَوَازِينَ، مَاتَ بِالطَّاعُونِ فِي دِمَشقَ.‏
Marwan bin Al-Hakam : Full name: Marwan bin Al-Hakam bin Abi Al-`As bin Umaiyah (2-65 A.H./623-685 A.D.), the fourth Umayyad caliph, and forefather of the Marwanids (ruled: 64-65 A.H./683-685 A.D.) He was a loyal follower of the Caliph `Uthman bin `Affan and participated in the Battle of the Camel. He established the standards for weights and measurements. He died of plague in Damascus.
‏مُعَاوِيَةُ بنُ أَبِي سُفيَانَ‏

‏مُعَاوِيَةُ بنُ أَبِي سُفيَانَ بنِ حَربِ بنِ أُمَيَّةَ القُرَشِيُّ الأُمَوِيُّ (20 ق. هـ -60 هـ/603-680 م)ُ مُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةِ الأُمَوِيَّةِ فِي الشَّامِ (حَكَمَ: 41 -60 هـ/661-680 م)، وُلِدَ بِمَكَّةَ وَنَاوَأَ الإِسلَامَ حَتَّى أَسلَمَ يَومَ فَتحِ مَكَّةَ (8 هـ) وَتَعَلَّمَ الكِتَابَةَ وَالحِسَابَ، فَجَعَلَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي كُتَّابِهِ، حَكَمَ سُوريَا فِي عَهدَي عُمَرَ وَعُثمَانَ، عَارَضَ عَلِيًّا وَقَاتَلَهُ فِي صِفِّينَ 37 هـ/657 م فَكَانَ التَّحكِيمُ، أَصبَحَ خَلِيفَةً (41 هـ/661 م)ُ نَقَلَ عَاصِمَةَ الخِلَافَةِ إِلَى دِمَشقَ، وَهُوَ أَحَدُ عُظَمَاءِ الفَاتِحِينَ فِي الإِسلَامِ حَيثُ بَلَغَت فُتُوحَاتُهُ حَتَّى المُحِيطِ الأَطلَنطِيِّ.‏
Mu`awiah bin Abi Sufyan : Full name: Mu`awiah bin Abi Sufyan bin Harb (20 B.H.-60 A.H./603-680 A.D.), the founder of the Umayyad State in Syria (ruled 41-60 A.H./661-680 A.D.) He belonged to the Umaiyah clan from the tribe of Quraish. He was born in Mecca and was one of the opponents to the new religion until he embraced Islam on the day of the Conquest of Mecca (8 A.H.) For his knowledge of writing and mathematics, the Messenger made him one of his scribes. Mu`awiah ruled Syria during the reign of both Caliphs `Umar and `Uthman. He opposed `Ali bin Abi Talib and fought him at the Battle of Siffin (37 A.H./657 A.D.) which ended with the Arbitration. He became caliph (41 A.H./661 A.D.) and moved the capital of the caliphate to Damascus. He was one of the major conquerors in the Islamic era, his conquests reached the Atlantic Ocean.
‏هِشَامُ بنُ عَبدِ المَلِكِ‏

‏هِشَامُ بنِ عَبدِ المَلِكِ بنِ مَروَانَ (71-125 هـ/690-743 م)ُ عَاشِرُ خُلَفَاءِ بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ (حَكَمَ: 105-125 هـ/724-743 م)، فِي عَهدِهِ بَلَغَت الإِمبِرَاطُورِيَّةُ الإِسلَامِيَّةُ أَقصَى اِتِّسَاعِهَا، حَارَبَ البِيزَنطِيِّينَ وَاستَولَت جُيُوشُهُ عَلَى نَاربُونَه وَبَلَغَت أَبوَابَ بُوَاتِيه (فَرَنسَا) حَيثُ وَقَعَت مَعرَكَةُ بَلَاطِ الشُّهَدَاءِ.‏
Hisham bin `Abdul-Malik : Full name: Hisham bin `Abdul-Malik bin Marwan (71-125 A.H./690-743 A.D.), the tenth Umayyad Caliph (ruled: 105-125 A.H./724-743 A.D.) During his reign the Islamic empire reached its utmost extent. He engaged in several wars with the Byzantines, his army conquered Narbonne and his empire expanded to Poitiers in France, where the Battle of Balat Al-Shuhada' (Tours-Poitiers) took place

[أحمد سعد الدين]

العباسيون


‏أَبُو العَبَّاسِ السَّفَّاحُ‏

‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ مُحَمَّدِ بنِ عَلِيِّ بنِ عَبدِ اللَّهِ بنِ العَبَّاسِ بنِ عَبدِ المُطَّلِبِ (104-136 هـ/722-754 م)، أَوَّلُ الخُلَفَاءِ العَبَّاسِيِّينَ (حَكَمَ: 132-136 هـ/750-754 م)، بُويِعَ لَهُ بِالخِلَافَةِ فِي الكُوفَةِ، وَصَفَا لَهُ المُلكُ بَعدَ مَقتَلِ مَروَانَ بنِ مُحَمَّدٍ (آخِرِ الأُمَوِيِّينَ بِالشَّامِ)، اِتَّخَذَ الأَنبَارَ عَاصِمَةً لَهُ، أَوَّلُ مَن أَحدَثَ الوِزَارَةَ فِي الإِسلَامِ.‏
Abu Al-`Abbas Al-Saffah : Real name: `Abdullah bin Muhammad bin `Ali bin `Abdullah bin Al-`Abbas bin `Abdul-Muttalib (104-136 A.H./722-754 A.D.), the first Abbasid Caliph (ruled: 132-136 A.H./750-754 A.D.), he was named Caliph at Kufa and seized power over the Muslim empire after the killing of Marwan bin Muhammad (the last Umayyad Caliph in Syria). He made Al-Anbar the capital of his caliphate. He was the first caliph in the Islamic era to originate the vizierates.
‏أَبُو جَعفَرٍ المَنصُورُ‏

‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ مُحَمَّدِ بنِ عَلِيِّ بنِ العَبَّاسِ، ثَانِي الخُلَفَاءِ العَبَّاسِيِّينَ (95-158 هـ/714-775 م)، أَوَّلُ مَن عُنِيَ بِالعُلُومِ مِن مُلُوكِ العَرَبِ (حَكَمَ: 136-158 هـ/754-775 م)، بَنَى بَغدَادَ وَجَعَلَهَا عَاصِمَةَ مُلكِهِ، وَهُوَ وَالِدُ الخُلَفَاءِ العَبَّاسِيِّينَ جَمِيعًا، تُوُفِّيَ مُحرِمًا بِالحَجِّ، وَدُفِنَ بِمَكَّةَ.‏
Abu Ja`far Al-Mansur : Real name: `Abdullah bin Muhammad bin `Ali bin Al-`Abbas (95-158 A.H./714-775 A.D.), the second Abbasid Caliph. He was the first Arab Caliph to be keenly interested in sciences (ruled: 136-158 A.H./754-775 A.D.) He built Baghdad and made it the capital of his caliphate. He is the father of all the Abbasid Caliphs. Died while performing pilgrimage and was buried at Mecca.
‏الرَّشِيدُ‏

‏هَارُونُ بنُ مُحَمَّدِ بنِ المَنصُورِ (149-193 هـ/766-809 م)، خَامِسُ خُلَفَاءِ بَنِي العَبَّاسِ (حَكَمَ: 170-193 هـ/786-809 م)، حَارَبَ البِيزَنطِيِّينَ وَهُوَ لَا يَزَالُ حَاكِمًا عَلَى المُقَاطَعَاتِ الغَربِيَّةِ، وَبَلَغَ أَبوَابَ القُسطَنطِينِيَّةِ، أَقَرَّ الأَمنَ فِي المُقَاطَعَاتِ الفَارِسِيَّةِ، وَوَلَّى الأَغَالِبَةَ فِي شَمَالَي إِفرِيقِيَّة، قَامَت عَلَاقَاتٌ بَينَهُ وَبَينَ شَارلِمَان مَلِكِ الفِرِنجِ، اِزدَهَرَت فِي عَهدِهِ التِّجَارَةُ وَالأَدَبُ وَالعُلُومُ وَلَعِبَ البَرَامِكَةُ دَورًا هَامًّا فِي الحُكمِ قَبلَ أَن يَنكُبَهُم، تُوُفِّيَ وَدُفِنَ بِطُوس.‏
Al-Rashid : Real name: Harun bin Muhammad bin Al-Mansur (149-193 A.H./766-809 A.D.), the fifth Abbasid Caliph (ruled: 170-193 A.H./786-809 A.D.) Engaged in several wars against the Byzantines while still a ruler of western regions, enabling his caliphate to reach Constantinople. He Seized power over Persian lands and appointed the Aghlabids rulers of North Africa. He was a friend to Sharlemagne, the Frank king. His age witnessed a great development of trade, literature and science. He enabled the Barmakids to play a vital rule in state affairs, but later excluded them. Died and buried in Tus.
‏القَادِرُ بِاللَّهِ‏

‏أَحمَدُ بنُ إِسحَاقَ بنِ المُقتَدِرِ بِاللَّهِ (336-422 هـ/947-1031 م)، كَانَ حَازِمًا مُطَاعًا فَهَابَهُ مَن كَانَت لَهُم السَّيطَرَةُ عَلَى الدَّولَةِ مِن التُّركِ وَالدَّيلَمِ وَأَطَاعُوهُ، وَأَحَبَّهُ النَّاسُ فَصَفَا لَهُ المُلكُ (حَكَمَ: 381-422 هـ/991-1031 م)، فُتِحَت فِي عَهدِهِ السِّندُ وَالهِندُ، كَانَ مِن عُلَمَاءِ الخُلَفَاءِ وَصَنَّفَ كِتَابًا فِي الأُصُولِ.‏
Al-Qadir Bi Allah : Real name: Ahmad bin Ishaq bin Al-Muqtadir Bi Allah (336-422 A.H./947-1021 A.D.), he was very firm, so the Turks and Daylamites, who had the real power at that time, fell under his control. People loved him, so he managed to extend his control over the whole caliphate (ruled: 381-422 A.H./991-1031 A.D.) He conquered India. He was a scholar and wrote a book on the principles of jurisprudence.
‏المَأمُونُ‏

‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ هَارُونَ الرَّشِيدُ (170-218 هـ/786-833 م)، سَابِعُ الخُلَفَاءِ العَبَّاسِيِّينَ (حَكَمَ: 198-218 هـ/813-833 م)، عُنِيَ بِالآدَابِ وَالعُلُومِ وَأَنشَأَ بَيتَ الحِكمَةِ فِي بَغدَادَ فَازدَهَرَت فِي عَهدِهِ حَرَكَةُ التَّرجَمَةِ وَالنَّقلِ، نَاصَرَ المُعتَزِلَةَ وَامتَحَنَ النَّاسَ فِي خَلقِ القُرآنِ وَهِيَ مَا سُمِّيَت بِالمِحنَةِ.‏
Al-Ma'mun : Real name: `Abdullah bin Harun Al-Rashid (170-218 A.H./786-833 A.D.), the seventh Abbasid Caliph (ruled: 198-218 A.H./813-833 A.D.) He was greatly interested in literature and science, and built the Bait Al-Hikmah [The House of Wisdom] School in Baghdad. The translation movement flourished during his reign. He supported the Mu`tazilites and afflicted the people with the trial of dogma "The Qur'an is a created object." This episode was called "the Ordeal."
‏المُتَوَكِّلُ عَلَى اللَّهِ‏

‏جَعفَرُ بنُ المُعتَصِمِ بِاللَّهِ بنِ هَارُونَ الرَّشِيدِ (206-247 هـ/821-861 م)، الخَلِيفَةُ العَبَّاسِيُّ العَاشِرُ (حَكَمَ: 232-247 هـ/847-861 م)، كَانَ مُحِبًّا لِلسُّنَّةِ فَحَارَبَ المُعتَزِلَةَ وَرَفَعَ المِحنَةَ عَن النَّاسِ، حَاوَلَ نَقلَ عَاصِمَتِهِ إِلَى دِمَشقَ، كَانَ مَوتُهُ بِدَايَةَ اِنحِطَاطِ الخِلَافَةِ العَبَّاسِيَّةِ.‏
Al-Mutawakkil `Ala Allah : Real name: Ja`far bin Al-Mu`tasim Bi Allah bin Harun Al-Rashid (206-247 A.H./821-861 A.D.), the tenth Abbasid Caliph (ruled: 232-247 A.H./847-861 A.D.) He adhered to the Prophetic Tradition; thus he rejected and fought the Mu`tazilites and relieved the people from the ordeal of "Al-Qur'an is a created object." He attempted to move the caliphate capital to Damascus. After his death the Abbasid Caliphate started to deteriorate.
‏المُستَعصِمُ بِاللَّهِ‏

‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ المُستَنصِرِ بِاللَّهِ (609-656 هـ/1212-1258 م)، آخِرُ خُلَفَاءِ العَبَّاسِيِّينَ فِي العِرَاقِ (حَكَمَ: 640-656 هـ/1242-1258 م)، وَلِيَ الخِلَافَةَ بَعدَ وَفَاةِ أَبِيهِ، عَجَزَ عَن صَدِّ الزَّحفِ المَغُولِيِّ، قَتَلَهُ هُولَاكُو بَعدَ اِحتِلَالِهِ بَغدَادَ وَتَدمِيرِهَا وَإِحرَاقِ مَكتَبَتِهَا.‏
Al-Musta`sim Bi Allah : Real name: `Abdullah bin Al-Mustansir Bi Allah (609-656 A.D./1212-1258 A.D.), the last Abbasid Caliph in Iraq (ruled: 640- 656 A.H./1242-1258 A.D.) He was named caliph after the death of his father. He failed to stop the advance of the Mongols, who crushed Baghdad and burned its library. He was killed at the hands of Hulegu.
‏المُستَنجِدُ بِاللَّهِ‏

‏يُوسُفُ بنُ مُحَمَّدٍ (510-566 هـ/1116-1170 م)، أَزَالَ المُكُوسَ وَرَفَعَ الضَّرَائِبَ عَن النَّاسِ (حَكَمَ: 555-566 هـ/1160-1170 م) وَكَانَ مِن أَحسَنِ الخُلَفَاءِ سِيرَةً مَعَ رَعِيَّتِهِ، تُوُفِّيَ بِبَغدَادَ.‏
Al-Mustanjid Bi Allah : Real name: Yusuf bin Muhammad (510-566 A.H./1116-1170 A.D.), he removed taxation (ruled: 555-566 A.H./1160-1170 A.D.), and was one of the best caliphs in the treatment of his subjects. He died in Baghdad.
‏المُعتَصِمُ بِاللَّهِ‏

‏مُحَمَّدُ بنُ هَارُونَ الرَّشِيدِ (179-227 هـ/795-841 م)، مِن أَعَاظِمِ الخُلَفَاءِ العَبَّاسِيِّينَ (حَكَمَ: 218-227 هـ/833-841 م)، اِستَعَانَ بِالجُنُودِ الأَترَاكِ، اِستَولَى قَائِدُهُ الأَفشِينُ عَلَى أَذرَبِيجَانَ، هَزَمَ البِيزَنطِيِّينَ وَاحتَلَّ عَمُّورِيَّةَ، بَنَى مَدِينَةَ سَامَرَّاءَ لِجُندِهِ، نَاصَرَ المُعتَزِلَةَ وَتَابَعَ مَا بَدَأَ بِهِ المَأمُونُ مِن اِمتِحَانِ النَّاسِ فِي خَلقِ القُرآنِ "المِحنَةُ".‏
Al-Mu`tasim Bi Allah : Real name: Muhammad bin Harun Al-Rashid (179-227 A.H./795-841 A.D.), one of the greatest Abbasid Caliphs (ruled: 218-227 A.H./833-841 A.D.) He recruited the Turks in his army. His era witnessed several wars; his commander Al-Afshin conquered Azerbijan. Al-Mu`tasim defeated the Byzantines and seized Amoriah. He built the city of Samarra as a camp for his soldiers. As his predecessor Al-Ma'mun, he supported the Mu`tazilites and afflicted the people with the trial of dogma "The Qur'an is a created object." This episode was called "the Ordeal."
‏المُعتَضِدُ بِاللَّهِ‏

‏أَحمَدُ بنُ طَلحَةَ بنِ المُتَوَكِّلِ عَلَى اللَّهِ (242-289 هـ/857-902 م)، حَلَّ عَن بَنِي العَبَّاسِ عُقدَةَ المُتَغَلِّبِينَ وَظَهَرَ بِمَظهَرِ الخُلَفَاءِ العَامِلِينَ (حَكَمَ: 279-289 هـ/892-902 م)، أَخمَدَ الثَّورَاتِ وَأَصلَحَ الحَالَ، عَقَدَ صُلحًا مَعَ خِمَارَوَيه الطُّولُونِيِّ وَاقتَرَنَ بِابنَتِهِ، أَخَذَ أَمرُ الخُلَفَاءِ بَعدَهُ فِي الإِدبَارِ.‏
Al-Mu`tadid Bi Allah : Real name: Ahmad bin Talhah bin Al-Mutawakkil `Ala Allah (242-289 A.H./857-902 A.D.) He managed to eliminate the ministers who used to seize actual authority during the reigns of his predecessors and acted as the absolute master of the Caliphate (ruled: 279-289 A.H./892-902 A.D.) Suppressed all revolutions that happened during his reign and directed his attention to reformation. Concluded an agreement with the Tulunid Khumarawaih, and married his daughter. After his death, weakness afflicted the state.
‏المُقتَدِي بِأَمرِ اللَّهِ‏

‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ مُحَمَّدٍ (448-487 هـ/1056-1094 م)، عَهِدَ إِلَيهِ بِالخِلَافَةِ جَدُّهُ القَائِمُ بِأَمرِ اللَّهِ فَوَلِيَهَا بَعدَ وَفَاتِهِ وَعُمرُهُ ثَمَانِي عَشرَةَ سَنَةً (حَكَمَ: 467-487 هـ/1075-1094 م)، اِنصَرَفَ إِلَى عُمرَانِ بَغدَادَ، كَانَت أَيَّامُهُ خَيرًا وَسِعَةً وَاطمِئنَانًا، مَاتَ فَجأَةً بِبَغدَادَ.‏
Al-Muqtadi Bi Amr Allah : Real name: `Abdullah bin Muhammad (448-487 A.H./1056-1094 A.D.) His grandfather, Al-Qa'im Bi Amr Allah, named him as his successor, so he assumed the caliphate at the age of 18 (ruled: 467-487 A.H./1075-1094 A.D.) He encouraged construction in Baghdad. His reign was characterized by affluence and safety. He died suddenly in Baghdad.
‏المُكتَفِي بِاللَّهِ‏

‏عَلِيُّ بنُ أَحمَدَ المُعتَضِدُ بِاللَّهِ (263-295 هـ/876-908 م)، تَمَيَّزَت فَترَةُ حُكمِهِ بِحُرُوبِهِ مَعَ القَرَامِطَةِ الخَارِجِينَ عَلَى الحَجِيجِ حَتَّى أَبَادَهُم وَاستَأصَلَهُم، حَارَبَ الطُّولُونِيِّينَ وَلَم يَتَمَكَّن مِن وَقفِ تَقَدُّمِ البِيزَنطِيِّينَ (حَكَمَ: 289-295 هـ/902-908 م).‏
Al-Muktafi Bi Allah : Real name: `Ali bin Ahmad Al-Mu`tadid Bi Allah (263-259 A. H/876-908 A.D.), he engaged in several wars with the Qarmatians who raided the pilgrims to the Sacred House until he eradicated them. Later he fought with the Tulinids and finally with the Byzantines, yet he could not stop their advance (ruled: 289-295 A.H./902-908 A.D.)
‏المَهدِيُّ‏

‏مُحَمَّدُ بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ المَنصُورُ (127-169 هـ/744-785 م)، اِشتَهَرَ بِحُرُوبِهِ ضِدَّ البِيزَنطِيِّينَ (حَكَمَ: 158-169 هـ/775-785 م)، أَنشَأَ الطُّرُقَ العَامَّةَ وَحَسَّنَ جِهَازَ البَرِيدِ، فَازدَهَرَت التِّجَارَةُ فِي عَهدِهِ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي بَنَى جَامِعَ الرُّصَافَةِ.‏
Al-Mahdi : Real name: Muhammad bin `Abdullah Al-Mansur (127-169 A.H./744-785 A.D.), he was well known for his wars against the Byzantines (ruled: 158-169 A.H./775-785 A.D.) Among his achievements were constructing public roads, developing the postal system and building the Mosque of Al-Rasafah. Trade prospered during his era.
‏النَّاصِرُ لِدِينِ اللَّهِ‏

‏أَحمَدُ بنُ المُستَضِيءِ بِاللَّهِ (553-622 هـ/1158-1225 م)، لَم يَلِ الخِلَافَةَ مِن بَنِي العَبَّاسِ أَحَدٌ أَطوَلَ مِنهُ (حَكَمَ: 575-622 هـ/1180-1225 م)، اِشتَهَرَ بِالحَزمِ وَالدَّهَاءِ، قَضَى عَلَى نُفُوذِ قَادَةِ الجَيشِ وَوَضَعَ حَدًّا لِلتَّسَلُّطِ السُّلجُوقِيِّ.‏
Al-Nasir Li Din Allah : Real name: Ahmad bin Al-Mustadi' Bi Allah (553-622 A.H./1158-1225 A.D.) No Abbasid Caliph reigned longer than he (ruled: 575-622 A.H./1180-1225 A.D.) He was well known for his firmness and cunning. He withdrew power from the army commanders and put an end to the Seljuk domination.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

الأمويون في الأندلس


‏الحَكَمُ 1‏

‏الحَكَمُ بنُ هِشَامِ بنِ عَبدِ الرَّحمَنِ الدَّاخِلِ (154-206 هـ/771-822 م)ُ اِشتَهَرَ بِحَزمِهِ وَقَضَى عَلَى فِتنَةِ الرَّبَضِيِّينَ (حَكَمَ: 180-206 هـ/796-822 م)، كَانَ كَثِيرَ العِنَايَةِ بِالأَدَبِ وَالعِلمِ وَكَانَ شَاعِرًا خَطِيبًا.‏
Al-Hakam I : Full name: Al-Hakam bin Hisham bin `Abdul-Rahman Al-Dakhil (154-206 A.H./771-822 A.D.), he was known for his firmness. He suppressed the Rabadi Revolution (ruled: 180-206 A.H./796-822 A.D.) Interested in literature and science, he was also an eloquent poet and preacher.
‏الحَكَمُ 2 (المُستَنصِرُ)‏

‏الحَكَمُ بنُ عَبدِ الرَّحمَنِ النَّاصِرُ (302-366 هـ/914-976 م)، الخَلِيفَةُ الأُمَوِيُّ الثَّانِي فِي الأَندَلُسِ (حَكَمَ: 350-366 هـ/ 961-976 م)، شَجَّعَ العُلُومَ وَالآدَابَ فَغَدَت قُرطُبَةُ فِي عَهدِهِ مَركَزًا ثَقَافِيًّا وَحَضَارِيًّا، جَمَعَ أَضخَمَ مَكتَبَةٍ فِي عَصرِهِ حَيثُ قِيلَ أَنَّهَا بَلَغَت أَربَعَمِائَةِ أَلفِ مُجَلَّدٍ.‏
Al-Hakam II (Al-Mustansir) : Full name: Al-Hakam bin `Abdul-Rahman Al-Nasir (302-366 A.H./914-976 A.D.), the second Umayyad Caliph of Andalusia (ruled: 350-366 A.H./961-976 A.D.) Cordoba became the center of culture and science because of Al-Hakam's encouragement of scientific research and literature. He founded a library, which contained more than 400,000 volumes.
‏عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ 1 (الدَّاخِلُ)‏

‏عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ بنُ مُعَاوِيَةَ بنِ هِشَامِ بنِ عَبدِ المَلِكِ المُلَقَّبُ بِصَقرِ قُرَيشٍ (113-172 هـ/731-788 م)، مُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةِ الأُمَوِيَّةِ بِالأَندَلُسِ (حَكَمَ: 138-172 هـ/756-788 م)، دَخَلَ إِشبِيلِيَّةَ وَقُرطُبَةَ وَطَرَدَ يُوسُفَ الفَهرِيَّ أَمِيرَ البِلَادِ (139 هـ/756 م) وَحَارَبَ شَارلمان وَتَرَكَ لِابنِهِ هِشَامٍ دَولَةً قَوِيَّةً.‏
`Abdul-Rahman I : Full name: `Abdul-Rahman bin Mu`awiah bin Hisham bin `Abdul-Malik (113-172 A.H./731-788 A.D.), he was entitled Saqr Quraish (The Falcon of Quraish). The founder of the Umayyad Dynasty in Andalusia (ruled: 138-172 A.H./756-788 A.D.), he conquered Seville and Cordoba and banished the opponent Emir Yusuf Al-Fahri in 139 A.H./756 A.D. He engaged in a fierce war with Charlemagne. At his death, he left a strong caliphate to his son Hisham.
‏عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ 2‏

‏عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ بنُ الحَكَمِ بنِ هِشَامٍ (176-238 هـ/792-852 م)، رَابِعُ مُلُوكِ بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ فِي الأَندَلُسِ (حَكَمَ: 206-238 هـ/822-852 م)، أَخمَدَ الثَّورَاتِ وَعُنِيَ بِالعِمرَانِ يُعتَبَرُ عَهدُهُ مُنعَطَفًا هَامًّا فِي تَارِيخِ حَضَارَةِ الأَندَلُسِ، أَدخَلَ إِلَى بَلَاطِهِ أُبَّهَةَ المُلكِ وَعَادَاتِ العَبَّاسِيِّينَ فِي الزِّينَةِ، بَنَى القُصُورَ وَالمَسَاجِدَ، وَشَجَّعَ الشُّعَرَاءَ.‏
`Abdul-Rahman II : Full name: `Abdul-Rahman bin Al-Hakam bin Hisham (176-238 A.H./792-852 A.D.), the fourth Umayyad Emir of Andalusia (ruled: 206-238 A.H./822-852 A.D.) Suppressed all revolutions that took place during his reign and paid great attention to construction. His reign was a turning point in the history of Andalusia. His castle was characterized by its royal grandeur and the Abbasid ornamentation. He built several mosques and castles and patronized poets.
‏عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ 3 (النَّاصِرُ)‏

‏عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ بنُ مُحَمَّدٍ (277-350 هـ/890-961 م)ُ قَضَى عَلَى فِتنَةِ اِبنِ حَفصُونَ، كَانَ عَهدُهُ أَعظَمَ عُهُودِ الحَضَارَةِ فِي الأَندَلُسِ (حَكَمَ: 300-350 هـ/912-961 م)، وَغَدَت قُرطُبَةُ مِن أَعظَمِ عَوَاصِمِ الإِسلَامِ بَل مِن عَوَاصِمِ العَالَمِ المُزدَهِرَةِ، بَنَى مَدِينَةَ الزَّهرَاءِ وَقَصرَهَا المُتَنَاهِي فِي الجَمَالِ.‏
`Abdul-Rahman III (Al-Nasir) : Full name: `Abdul-Rahman bin Muhammad (277-350 A.H./890-961 A.D.), he suppressed the sedition of Ibn Hafsun (300-350 A.H./912-961 A.D.) His era witnessed the high point in Islamic Andalusian civilization with its capital, Cordoba, as the greatest capital in the Muslim world at that time. He built the city of Al-Zahra' with its marvelous palace.
‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ‏

‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ مُحَمَّدِ بنِ عَبدِ الرَّحمَنِ بنِ الحَكَمِ (229-300 هـ/843-912 م) سَابِعُ المُلُوكِ الأُمَوِيِّينَ بِالأَندَلُسِ (حَكَمَ: 275-300 هـ/888-912 م)، قَضَى عَلَى فِتنَةِ المُوَلَّدِينَ وَعَرَبِ إِشبِيلِيَّةَ وألبِيرَة، كَانَ وَرِعًا مُتَفَنِّنًا فِي العُلُومِ لُغَوِيًّا شَاعِرًا، يَعُدُّهُ المُؤَرِّخُونَ مِن أَصلَحِ الأُمَوِيِّينَ فِي الأَندَلُسِ.‏
`Abdullah : Full name: `Abdullah bin Muhammad bin `Abdul-Rahman bin Al-Hakam (229-300 A.H./843-912 A.D.), the seventh Umayyad Emir of Andalusia (ruled: 275-300 A.H./888-912 A.D.) Suppressed the dissension of Al-Muwallidin and conquered the Arabs of Seville and Elvira. He was a pious scholar, linguist and poet. Historians considered him the most pious Caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty in Andalusia.
‏هِشَامُ 1‏

‏هِشَامُ بنُ عَبدِ الرَّحمَنِ الدَّاخِلِ (139-180 هـ/756-796 م)، ثَانِي مُلُوكِ الأُمَوِيِّينَ بِالأَندَلُسِ (حَكَمَ: 172-180 هـ/788-796 م) وَلَّاهُ أَبُوهُ "ماردة"، بَنَى عِدَّةَ مَسَاجِدَ وَأَتَمَّ بِنَاءَ جَامِعِ قُرطُبَةَ، وَأَهلُ الأَندَلُسِ يُشَبِّهُونَهُ بِعُمَرَ بنِ عَبدِ العَزِيزِ لِعَدلِهِ.‏
Hisham I : Full name: Hisham bin `Abdul-Rahman Al-Dakhil (139-180 A.H./756-796 A.D.), the second Umayyad Emir of Andalusia (ruled: 172-180 A.H./788-796 A.D.) He ruled Mardah during the lifetime of his father. After assuming the caliphate, he built several mosques and finished the building of the Mosque of Cordoba. Because of his justice, the people of Andalusia likened him to `Umar bin `Abdul-`Aziz.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

الفاطميون



‏المُعِزُّ لِدِينِ اللَّهِ‏

‏مَعدُ بنُ إِسمَاعِيلَ بنِ مُحَمَّدٍ (319-365 هـ/931-975 م) فَتَحَ فَاسَ وَسِجِلمَاسَةَ، اِحتَلَّ قَائِدُهُ جَوهَرُ الفُسطَاطَ وَأَسَّسَ القَاهِرَةَ الَّتِي غَدَت عَاصِمَةَ الفَاطِمِيِّينَ بَعدَ أَن اِستَخلَفَ بُلُكِّين بنَ زِيرِي عَلَى إِفرِيقِيَّةَ وَانتَقَلَ إِلَى مِصرَ (حَكَمَ: 341-365 هـ/953-975 م)، اِستَولَى عَلَى طَرَابُلسَ وَبَيرُوتَ وَهَزَمَ الإِمبِرَاطُورَ البِيزَنطِيَّ، شَجَّعَ العُلَمَاءَ وَأَنشَأَ الأَزهَرَ.‏
Al-Mu`izz Li Din Allah : Real name: Ma`d bin Isma`il bin Muhammad (319-365 A.H./931-975 A.D.), he conquered Fez and Sijilmasah. He sent his commander, Jauhar Al-Saqalli, to occupy Al-Fustat, the Egyptian capital, and construct the city of Cairo making it the Fatimid Capital. He titled Bulukkin bin Ziri ruler of Tunisia, which he left for Egypt (ruled: 341-365 A.H./953-975 A.D.) He seized Tripoli and Beirut and defeated Byzantine Emperor. He built the Mosque of Al-Azhar and supported scholars.
‏المَنصُورُ‏

‏إِسمَاعِيلُ بنُ مُحَمَّدٍ (302-341 هـ/914-953 م) قَضَى عَلَى ثَورَةِ أَبِي يَزِيدَ النُّكَارِيِّ بَنَى مَدِينَةَ المَنصُورِيَّةِ وَانتَقَلَ إِلَيهَا (حَكَمَ: 334-341 هـ/946-953 م)، قَضَى عَلَى الفِتَنِ وَالثَّورَاتِ، تُوُفِّيَ بِالمَنصُورِيَّةِ وَدُفِنَ بِالمَهدِيَّةِ.‏
Al-Mansur : Real name: Isma`il bin Muhammad (302-341 A.H./914-953 A.D.), he suppressed the revolution of Abu Yazid Al-Nukari (ruled: 334-341 A.H./946-953 A.D.) He constructed the city of Al-Mansuriyah as his residence. He eliminated all riots and revolutions that took place during his reign. He died in Al-Mansuriyah and was buried in Al-Mahdiyah.
‏عُبَيدُ اللَّهِ المَهدِيُّ (حَكَمَ: 297-322 هـ/909-934 م)‏

‏297-322 هـ/909-934 م) : عُبَيدُ اللَّهِ بنُ مُحَمَّدِ بنِ جَعفَرٍ (259-322 هـ/873-934 م)، مُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةِ الفَاطِمِيَّةِ وَأَوَّلُ خُلَفَائِهَا، (حَكَمَ: 297-322 هـ/909-934 م)، هَاجَرَ مِن سَلَميَةَ بِسُوريَا إِلَى المَغرِبِ وَكَانَ أَبُو عَبدِ اللَّهِ الشِّيعِيُّ قَد مَهَّدَ لَهُ البَيعَةَ بِمُنَاصَرَةِ قَبَائِلَ كتامة، وَخَلَّصَهُ مِن الأَسرِ فِي سِجِلمَاسَةَ، فَدَخَلَ رَقَادَةَ وَأَنهَى حُكمَ بَنِي الأَغلَبِ، بَنَى المَهدِيَّةَ عَلَى البَحرِ المُتَوَسِّطِ جَنُوبَ شَرقِيِّ القَيرَوَانِ وَاِتَّخَذَهَا عَاصِمَةً لَهُ.‏
`Ubaidullah Al-Mahdi : Real name: `Ubaidullah bin Muhammad bin Ja`far (259-322 A.H./873-934 A.D.), he was the founder of the Fatimid State and its first caliph (ruled: 297-322 A.H./909-934 A.D.) He emigrated from Salamiyah in Syria to Morocco. Abu `Abdullah, the Shiite, with the help of the Kutamah tribe, had previously set `Ubaidullah free from capture at Sijilmasah and paved the ground for him to be paid homage. Thus he conquered Raqadah and put an end to the Aghlabids. Among his major achievements was his construction of the city of Al-Mahdiyah on the Mediterranean, southeast of Al-Qairawan, as the capital of his state.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

المماليك البحرية



‏أَيبَك (عِزُّ الدِّينِ)‏

‏أَيبَك بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ الصَّالِحِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 656 هـ/1258 م)، أَوَّلُ سَلَاطِينِ المَمَالِيكِ البَحرِيَّةِ فِي مِصرَ وَالشَّامِ (حَكَمَ: 648-656 هـ/1250-1258 م)، كَانَ مَملُوكًا لِلسُّلطَانِ نَجمِ الدِّينِ أَيُّوبَ، وَأَعتَقَهُ وَجَعَلَهُ مِن أُمَرَائِهِ، جُعِلَ مُقَدِّمًا لِلعَسَاكِرِ بَعدَ مَقتَلِ المَلِكِ المُعَظَّمِ تُورَان شَاه وَقِيَامِ شَجَرَةِ الدُّرِّ بِالأَمرِ، تَزَوَّجَ شَجَرَةَ الدُّرِّ فَنَزَلَت لَهُ عَن المُلكِ.‏
Aybeg (`Izz Al-Din) : Full name: Aybeg bin `Abdullah Al-Salihi (died 656 A.H./1258 A.D.), he was the first Bahri (Naval) Mamluk to rule Egypt and Syria (ruled: 648-656 A.H./1250-1258 A.D.) He was a slave of Sultan Najm Al-Din Ayyub, who emancipated him and made him one of his emirs. After the death of Sultan Turan-Shah, Shajar Al-Durr seized power over the sultanate, and made him commander in chief. He married Shajar Al-Durr and became the Sultan after she relinquished power to him.
‏الأَشرَفُ الثَّانِي‏

‏شَعبَانُ بنُ حُسَينِ بنِ مُحَمَّدِ بنِ قَلَاوُونَ (754-778 هـ/1353-1377 م) أَغَارَ الإِفرِنجُ فِي أَيَّامِهِ (767 هـ) عَلَى الإِسكَندَرِيَّةِ فَرَحَلَ إِلَيهَا وَأَمَرَ بِإِصلَاحِ مَا أَفسَدُوهُ، وَصَنَعَ أُسطُولًا قِوَامُهُ مِائَةُ مَركَبٍ لِمُهَاجَمَتِهِم، وَانتَظَمَت لَهُ شُئُونُ الدَّولَةِ (حَكَمَ: 764-778 هـ/1364-1377 م)، كَانَ مَلِكًا عَادِلًا، لَهُ فُتُوحَاتٌ وَمُنشَآتٌ كَثِيرَةٌ.‏
Al-Ashraf II : Sh`aban bin Husain bin Muhammad bin Qalawun, known as Al-Ashraf II, (754-778 A.H./1353-1377 A.D.), a Qalawuni king during whose reign the Franks raided Alexandria (767 A.H.) He established a fleet of 100 ships to attack them and ordered the repair of what they destroyed. He firmly established himself as a truly just king (ruled: 764-778 A.H./1364-1377 A.D.) He achieved many victories and commissioned numerous architectural works.
‏الأَشرَفُ بنُ قَلَاوُونَ‏

‏خَلِيلُ (الأَشرَفُ) بنُ قَلَاوُونَ (666-693 هـ/1268-1294 م)، مِن مُلُوكِ مِصرَ (حَكَمَ: 689 -693 هـ/1289 -1294 م)، قَاتَلَ الإِفرِنجَ، فَاستَرَدَّ مِنهُم عَكَّا وَصُورَ وَصَيدَا وَبَيرُوتَ وَقَلعَةَ الرُّومِ وَبِيسَانَ وَجَمِيعَ السَّاحِلِ، لَهُ آثَارٌ عُمرَانِيَّةٌ.‏
Al-Ashraf bin Qalawun : Real name: Khalil bin Qalawun (666-693 A.H./1268-1294 A.D.), he was one of Egypt's kings (ruled: 689-693 A.H./1289-1294 A.D.) He fought against the Franks and recaptured Acre, Sur, Sidon, Beirut, the Roman Castle, Bisan and all the coastal areas. He left behind many architectural monuments.
‏المَلِكُ الصَّالِحُ صَلَاحُ الدِّينِ‏

‏صَالِحُ بنُ مُحَمَّدِ بنِ قَلَاوُونَ (738-761 هـ/1337-1360 م)، فِي أَيَّامِهِ اِضطَرَبَت حَالُ الشَّامِ (753 هـ) فَرَحَلَ إِلَى دِمَشقَ وَمَعَهُ الخَلِيفَةُ المُعتَضِدُ العَبَّاسِيُّ، وَقَمَعَ الثَّورَةَ وَعَادَ إِلَى مِصرَ، حَيثُ أَخمَدَ ثَورَاتِ الصَّعِيدِ (754 هـ)، خَلَعَهُ بَعضُ أُمَرَاءِ جَيشِهِ (755 هـ) (حَكَمَ: 752-755 هـ/1352-1355 م)‏
Al-Malik Al-Salih Salah Al-Din : Real name: Salih bin Muhammad bin Qalawun (738-761 A.H./1337-1335 A.D.), he was a Qalawuni king of Egypt and Syria. When unrest spread inside Syria in 753 A.H., he departed Egypt for Damascus in the company of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu`tadid, and successfully aborted the revolution. He went back to Egypt where he also aborted the revolutions that erupted in Upper Egypt (754 A.H.) Finally, he was dethroned by some commanders of his army (755 A.H.) (ruled: 752-755 A.H./1352-1355 A.D.)
‏المَلِكُ النَّاصِرُ‏

‏مُحَمَّدُ بنُ قَلَاوُونَ المُلَقَّبُ بِالمَلِكِ النَّاصِرِ (684-741 هـ/1285-1340 م)، مِن كِبَارِ مُلُوكِ الدَّولَةِ القَلَاوُونِيَّةِ تَوَلَّى فِي ثَلَاثِ مَرَاحِلَ (693-694 هـ/1293-1294 م) و (698 هـ/1298 م) وَأَخِيرًا (709-741 هـ/1308-1340 م)، لَهُ آثَارٌ عُمرَانِيَّةٌ ضَخمَةٌ وَتَارِيخٌ حَافِلٌ بِجَلَائِلِ الأَعمَالِ، وَلِيَ سَلطَنَةَ مِصرَ وَالشَّامِ سَنَةَ (693 هـ)، وَهُوَ صَبِيٌّ، وَخُلِعَ مِنهَا لِحَدَاثَتِهِ سَنَةَ (694 هـ)، وَأُعِيدَ لِلسَّلطَنَةِ بِمِصرَ سَنَةَ (698 هـ) فَأَقَامَ فِي القَلعَةِ كَالمَحجُورِ عَلَيهِ، وَعَادَ إِلَى عَرشِهِ سَنَةَ (709 هـ)، مِمَّا بَقِيَ مِن آثَارِهِ العُمرَانِيَّةِ بِمِصرَ التُّرعَةُ المَعرُوفَةُ اليَومَ بِالمَحمُودِيَّةِ، وَتَجدِيدُ القَلعَةِ.‏
Al-Malik Al-Nasir : Real name: Muhammad bin Qalawun, known as Al-Malik Al-Nasir, (684-741 A.H./1285-1294 A.D.), he was one of the greatest Qalawuni kings (ruled: 693-694 A.H./1293-1294 A.D.), (698 A.H./1298 A.D.) and finally (709-741 A.H./1308-1340 A.D.). He left behind immense architectural monuments. He ruled over Egypt and Syria in 693 A.H. while sill a boy, but was dethroned due to young age in 794 A.H. Then, he regained rule over Egypt in 698 A.H. and settled in the Citadel, but with no real authority. Finally, he regained his throne and all his authority in 709 A.H. He accomplished the building of Al-Mahmudyiah Canal, and renovating the Citadel.
‏المَنصُورُ قَلَاوُونُ‏

‏قَلَاوُونُ (سَيفُ الدِّينِ) الأَلفِيُّ (620-689 هـ/1223-1290 م)، أَوَّلُ مُلُوكِ الدَّولَةِ القَلَاوُونِيَّةِ بِمِصرَ وَالشَّامِ (حَكَمَ: 678-689 هـ/1278-1290 م)، أَغَارَ التَّتَارُ عَلَى بِلَادِهِ، فَقَاتَلَهُم وَظَفِرَ بِهِم، مِن أَجَلِّ مُلُوكِ المَمَالِيكِ قَدرًا وَمِن أَكثَرِهِم آثَارًا، مِنهَا "البِيمَارِستَان".‏
Al-Mansur Qalawun : Qalawun (Saif Al-Din) Al-Alfi (620-689 A.H./1223-1290 A.D.), he was the first Qalawuni King of Egypt and Syria (ruled: 678-689 A.H./1278-1290 A.D.) Tartars attacked his domain but were defeated. He was one of the most outstanding kings of the Mamluks. He left behind many monuments, foremost among them was the large Bimaristan [Hospital].
‏بِيبَرس 1 (رُكنُ الدِّينِ)‏

‏بِيبَرس العَلَائِيُّ البِندِقدَارِيُّ (625-676 هـ/1228-1277 م)، مِن مَمَالِيكِ المَلِكِ الصَّالِحِ نَجمِ الدِّينِ أَيُّوبَ الَّذِي أَعتَقَهُ وَجَعَلَهُ مِن أُمَرَائِهِ، أَخَذَ يَتَرَقَّى حَتَّى كَانَ "أَتَابَك" العَسَاكِرِ فِي مِصرَ أَيَّامَ المُظَفَّرِ سَيفِ الدِّينِ قُطُز، وَقَاتَلَ مَعَهُ التَّتَارَ فِي فِلَسطِينَ، تَوَلَّى سَلطَنَةَ مِصرَ وَالشَّامِ بَعدَ قُطُز (658 هـ) (حَكَمَ: 658-676 هـ/1260-1277 م)، وَلَهُ الوَقَائِعُ الهَائِلَةُ مَعَ التَّتَارِ وَالصَّلِيبِيِّينَ، وَالفُتُوحَاتُ العَظِيمَةُ مِنهَا بِلَادُ النُّوبَةِ وَدُنقُلَة، فِي أَيَّامِهِ اِنتَقَلَت الخِلَافَةُ إِلَى الدِّيَارِ المِصرِيَّةِ (659 هـ)، تُوُفِّيَ وَدُفِنَ بِدِمَشقَ.‏
Baybars I (Rukn Al-Din) : Baybars Al-`Ala'i Al-Bindiqdari (625-676 A.H. -1228-1277 A.D.), he was one of the Mamluks of Sultan Najm Al-Din Ayyub who emancipated him and made him one of his emirs. He was promoted until he became commander in chief during the reign of Qutuz. He engaged in several wars for Qutuz against the Tartars in Palestine. He succeeded Qutuz and seized power over Egypt and Syria (658 A.H.) (ruled: 658-676 A.H./1260-1277 A.D.) He was well known for his bravery in the wars against the Tartars and the Crusaders. He conquered Nubia and Dongola. During his reign, the capital of the Islamic Caliphate was moved to Egypt (659 A.H.) He died in Damascus.
‏قُطُز (سَيفُ الدِّينِ)‏

‏قُطُز بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ المَعَزِّي (تُوُفِّيَ 658 هـ/1260 م)، ثَالِثُ مُلُوكِ التُّركِ المَمَالِيكِ بِمِصرَ وَالشَّامِ (حَكَمَ: 657-658 هـ/1259-1260 م)، كَانَ مَملُوكًا لِلمُعِزِّ أَيبَك، وَتَرَقَّى إِلَى أَن كَانَ "أتابك" العَسَاكِرِ فِي دَولَةِ المَنصُورِ بنِ المُعِزِّ، وَلِيَ السَّلطَنَةَ بَعدَ خَلعِ المَنصُورِ (657 هـ)، اِنتَصَرَ عَلَى التَّتَارِ فِي عَينِ جَالُوت (658 هـ) وَبِذَلِكَ أَوقَفَ الزَّحفَ المَغُولِيَّ عَلَى الشَّرقِ.‏
Qutuz (Saif Al-Din) : Full name: Qutuz bin `Abdullah Al-Mu`azzi (died 658 A.H./1260 A.D.), he was the third Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria (ruled: 657-658 A.H./1259-1260 A.D.) He was a slave to Aybeg and was promoted Commander in chief during the reign of Al-Mansur bin Al-Mu`izz. He seized power after Al-Mansur (657 A.H.). Qutuz triumphed over the Tartars at the Battle of `Ain Jalut [The Spring of Goliath] (658 A.H.), thus saving the country from the Mongols and preserving the last refuge of Muslim culture.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

المماليك البرجية






‏الأَشرَفُ بَرَسبَاي‏

‏بَرَسبَاي (أَبُو النَّصرِ) الدَّقمَاقِيُّ الظَّاهِرِيُّ (766-841 هـ/1365-1438 م) تَوَلَّى بَرَسبَاي تَدبِيرَ مُلكِ الصَّالِحِ بنِ طَطَرَ أَسَابِيعَ ثُمَّ خَلَعَ الصَّالِحَ وَنَادَى بِنَفسِهِ سُلطَانًا سَنَةَ (824 هـ) (حَكَمَ: 824-841 هـ/1421-1438 م)فَأَطَاعَهُ الأُمَرَاءُ وَهَدَأَت البِلَادُ فِي أَيَّامِهِ، وَفَتَحَ قُبرُصَ وَأَسَرَ مَلِكَهَا، وَأَنشَأَ مَدَارِسَ بِمِصرَ وَعِمَارَاتٍ نَافِعَةً.‏
Al-Ashraf Barasbay : Real name: Barasbay (Abu Al-Nasr) Al-Daqmaqi Al-Dhahiri (766-841 A.H./1365-1438 A.D.), he managed state affairs on behalf of Al-Salih bin Tatar for some weeks. Then, he dethroned him and declared himself sultan in 824 A.H. (ruled: 824-841 A.H./1421-1438 A.D.) Princes obeyed him and he perfectly maintained control of the state. He conquered Cyprus and took its king captive. In Egypt, he established schools and many architectural monuments.
‏الأَشرَفُ طُومَان بَاي‏

‏طُومَان بَاي (879-923 هـ/1474-1517 م)، مِن مُلُوكِ الجَرَاكِسَةِ بِمِصرَ (حَكَمَ: 922-923 هـ/1516-1517 م)، جَعَلَهُ السُّلطَانُ قَانصُوهُ الغُورِيُّ دوادارا كَبِيرًا وَأَنَابَهُ عَن نَفسِهِ حِينَ تَوَجَّهَ لِحَربِ العُثمَانِيِّينَ فِي حَلَبَ، سَنَةَ (922 هـ)، بُويِعَ بَعدَ مَقتَلِ قَانصُوهُ الغُورِيِّ، هَزَمَهُ العُثمَانِيُّونَ وَدَخَلُوا القَاهِرَةَ بِقِيَادَةِ السُّلطَانِ سَلِيم (سَنَةَ 922 هـ/1516 م) وَبِذَلِكَ دَخَلَت مِصرُ فِي حُكمِ الدَّولَةِ العُثمَانِيَّةِ.‏
Al-Ashraf Tuman-Bay : Tuman-Bay (879-923 A.H./1474-1517 A.D.), he was a Circassian king of Egypt (ruled: 922-923 A.H./1516-1517 A.D.) Sultan Qansawh Al-Ghuri appointed him prime minister and let him act on his behalf when he (Al-Ghuri) went to Allepo to fight the Ottomans in 922 A.H. After the death of Qansawh Al-Ghuri he was made sultan. The Ottomans defeated him and conquered Cairo under the command of Sultan Selim I (922 A.H./1516 A.D.) His death marked the beginning of the Ottoman rule of Egypt.
‏الأَشرَفُ قَايِتبَاي‏

‏قَايِتبَاي (سَيفُ الدِّينِ) (815-901 هـ/1412-1496 م) سُلطَانُ الدِّيَارِ المِصرِيَّةِ وَالشَّامِيَّةِ (حَكَمَ: 872-901 هـ/1468-1496 م)، أَصبَحَ "أَتَابَك" العَسَاكِرِ فِي عَهدِ الظَّاهِرِ تَمَربُغَا سَنَةَ (872 هـ)، بَايَعَهُ المَمَالِيكُ بِالسَّلطَنَةِ بَعدَ خَلعِ تَمَربُغَا وَكَانَت مُدَّتُهُ حَافِلَةً بِالعَظَائِمِ وَالحُرُوبِ، فَفِي أَيَّامِهِ تَعَرَّضَت الدَّولَةُ لِأَخطَارٍ خَارِجِيَّةٍ أَشَدُّهَا مُحَاوَلَةُ العُثمَانِيِّينَ فَتحَ حَلَبَ وَمَا حَولَهَا، فَأَنفَقَ أَموَالًا جَسِيمَةً عَلَى الجُيُوشِ لِقِتَالِهِم، أَبقَى كَثِيرًا مِن آثَارِ العُمرَانِ فِي مِصرَ وَالحِجَازِ وَالشَّامِ لَا يَزَالُ بَعضُهَا إِلَى الآنَ.‏
Al-Ashraf Qait Bay : Qait Bay (Saif Al-Din) (815-901 A.H./1412-1496 A.D.), Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria (ruled: 872-901 A.H./1468-1496 A.D.) In the days of Al-Dhahir Tamarbuga (872 A.H.) he was appointed commander-in-chief. Mamluks paid him homage by appointing him sultan after dethroning Tamarbuga. His reign was remarkable for great events and wars, as the state was exposed to external danger, foremost among which was the Ottoman attempt to occupy Allepo and its surroundings. He spent a lot of money on supplying his armies with weaponry. He left behind many architectural achievements in Egypt, the Hijaz and Syria, some of which can still be seen.
‏الظَّاهِرُ بَرقُوق‏

‏بَرقُوق (سَيفُ الدِّينِ) العُثمَانِيُّ (738-801 هـ/1338-1398 م)، أَوَّلُ مَن مَلَكَ مِصرَ مِن الشَّرَاكِسَةِ (حَكَمَ: 784-801 هـ/1382-1399 م)، تَقَدَّمَ فِي دَولَةِ المَنصُورِ القَلَاوُونِيِّ حَتَّى وَلِيَ "أَتَابَكِيَّةَ" العَسَاكِرِ، ثُمَّ اِنتَزَعَ السَّلطَنَةَ، قَامَ بِأَعمَالٍ إِصلَاحِيَّةٍ، فَبَنَى المَدرَسَةَ البَرقُوقِيَّةَ، خُلِعَ سَنَةَ (791 هـ)، فَخَرَجَ إِلَى الكَركِ فَامتَلَكَهَا وَزَحَفَ عَلَى دِمَشقَ فَدَخَلَهَا، ظَفِرَ بِجَيشِ الصَّالِحِ القَلَاوُونِيِّ وَعَادَ إِلَى مِصرَ سُلطَانًا (792 هـ)، وَاستَمَرَّ بِهَا إِلَى أَن مَاتَ، أَبطَلَ بَعضَ المُكُوسِ، وَمِن عَمَائِرِهِ "جِسرُ الشَّرِيعَةِ" بِالغُورِ و "قَنَاةُ العُرُوبِ" بِالقُدسِ.‏
Al-Dhahir Barquq : Real name: Barquq (Saif Al-Din) Al-`Uthmani (738-801 A.H./1338-1399 A.D.), he was the first Circassian to assume power in Egypt (ruled: 784-801 A.H./1382-1399 A.D.) He was promoted to higher positions during Al-Mansur Al-Qalawuni's reign until he was given the highest rank in the army; then he took over the sultanate. He undertook many reforms and established a school bearing his name. When he was dethroned in (791 A.H.), he departed for Al-Kark, seized it and moved on Damascus and captured it. He defeated the army of Al-Salih Al-Qalawuni and went back to Egypt as sultan in 792 A.H. where he died. He abolished some taxes and established the Al-Shari`ah Bridge in Al-Ghur and the Al-`Urub Canal in Jerusalem.
‏الظَّاهِرُ جَقمَق‏

‏جَقمَق (سَيفُ الدِّينِ) العَلَائِيُّ الظَّاهِرِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 857 هـ/1453 م)، كَانَ "أَتَابَك" العَسَاكِرِ فِي دَولَةِ الأَشرَفِ بَرَسبَاي ثُمَّ مُدَبِّرًا لِلدَّولَةِ فِي عَهدِ اِبنِهِ العَزِيزِ يُوسُفَ ، قَامَ بَعضُ المَمَالِيكِ فَخَلَعُوا العَزِيزَ، وَوَلَّوا جَقمَقَ السَّلطَنَةَ (حَكَمَ: 842-857 هـ/1437-1453 م)، فَانتَظَمَ لَهُ الأَمرُ إِلَى أَن تُوُفِّيَ.‏
Al-Dhahir Jaqmaq : Real name: Jaqmaq (Saif Al-Din) Al-`Ala'i Al-Dhahiri (died 857 A.H./1453 A.D.) He was commander-in-chief in Al-Ashraf Barsbay's state, then, the king's counselor during the reign of his son Al-`Aziz Yusuf. Rebel Mamluks dethroned Al-`Aziz and set Jaqmaq in his place (ruled: 842-857 A.H./1437-1453 A.D.) He controlled the state well and reigned until his death.
‏المَلِكُ المُؤَيَّدُ‏

‏شَيخُ (أَبُو النَّصرِ) بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ المَحمُودِيُّ (759-824 هـ/1358-1421 م)، مِن مَمَالِيكِ الظَّاهِرِ بَرقُوق، أَخَذَ يَتَرَقَّى إِلَى أَن وَصَلَ نَائِبًا لِطَرَابُلسَ الشَّامِ فِي دَولَةِ النَّاصِرِ فَرَج، ثُمَّ أَتَابَكًا لِلعَسَاكِرِ وَمُدَبِّرًا لِلمَملَكَةِ، قَامَ بِخَلعِ العَبَّاسِ بنِ مُحَمَّدٍ سَنَةَ (815 هـ) وَتَوَلَّى السَّلطَنَةَ (حَكَمَ: 815-824 هـ/1414-1424 م)، أَخضَعَ عِصيَانَ الشَّامِ (817 هـ) بَنَى "جَامِعَ المَلِكِ المَؤَيَّدِ" البَاقِي إِلَى اليَومِ دَاخِلَ بَابِ زُوَيلَة.‏
Al-Malik Al-Mu'aiyad : Real name: Shikh (Abu Al-Nasr) bin `Abdullah Al-Mahmudi (759-824 A.H. \1358-1421 A.D.), he was one of the Mamluks of Al-Dhahir Barquq. During the reign of Al-Nasir Faraj, he was deputy and ruler of Syrian Tripoli, then the commander-in-chief and the king's counselor. In 815 A.H. he dethroned Al-`Abbas bin Muhammad and assumed power himself (ruled: 815-824 A.H./1414-1424 A.D.) He crushed rebels in Syria in 817 A.H. He established the Mosque of Al-Malik Al-Mu'aiyad in Egypt.
‏قَانصُوَه الغُورِيُّ‏

‏قَانصُوَه (سَيفُ الدِّينِ) بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ (850-922 هـ/1446-1516 م)، سُلطَانُ مِصرَ وَالشَّامِ (حَكَمَ: 905-922 هـ/1499-1516 م)، وَلِيَ حِجَابَةَ الحُجَّابِ بِحَلَبَ، ثُمَّ بُويِعَ بِالسَّلطَنَةِ فِي القَاهِرَةِ سَنَةَ (905 هـ)، بَنَى الآثَارَ الكَثِيرَةَ، قَاتَلَ السُّلطَانَ سَلِيمَ العُثمَانِيَّ فِي مَرجِ دَابِق عَلَى مَقرُبَةٍ مِن حَلَبَ، وَانهَزَمَ عَسكَرُهُ، فَمَاتَ قَهرًا.‏
Qansawh Al-Ghuri : Qansawh (Saif Al-Din) bin `Abdullah (850-922 A.H./1446-1516 A.D.), he was sultan of Egypt and Syria (ruled: 905-922 A.H./1499-1516 A.D.) First, he was chief of the royal divan in Allepo, then was made sultan in Cairo (905 A.H.) He left many architectural monuments. He fought against Sultan Selim I at Marj Dabiq near Allepo, where he was defeated and died of grief.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

العثمانيون


‏أَحمَدُ 1‏

‏أَحمَدُ 1 (حَكَمَ: 1603-1617 م) حَارَبَ الفُرسَ وَالنِّمسَا، عَيَّنَ مُرَاد بَاشَا صَدرًا أَعظَمَ (بِمَثَابَةِ رَئِيسِ الوُزَرَاءِ حَالِيًا)، بَنَى جَامِعَ الآسِتَانَةِ المَعرُوفَ بِاسمِهِ.‏
Ahmet I : He engaged in several wars with the Persians and Austrians (ruled: 1603-1617 A.D.). He appointed Murad Pasha as his Grand Vizier. Ahmet I built the Mosque of Istanbul which is now known by his name.
‏أُورخَان‏

‏مُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةِ العُثمَانِيَّةِ (حَكَمَ: 1324-1360 م)، بَسَطَ سِيَادَتَهُ عَلَى آسيَا الصُّغرَى، وَهَزَمَ البِيزَنطِيِّينَ وَفَتَحَ بُرُوسَّا وَاِتَّخَذَهَا عَاصِمَةً لَهُ (1324 م)، وَسَّعَ النُّفُوذَ العُثمَانِيَّ مِن أَنقَرَةَ حَتَّى جُزُرِ البَلقَانِ، وَلُقِّبَ بِسُلطَانِ الغُزَاةِ.‏
Orhan : (Ruled: 1324-1360 A.D.), he held power over the entire Asia Minor, defeated the Byzantines, conquered Bursa and took it as his capital (1324 A.D.) He extended Ottoman sway from Angora in central Anatolia to Thrace in Europe and took the title sultan of the Gazis (warriors of the faith).
‏سَلِيمُ 1‏

‏تَاسِعُ السَّلَاطِينِ العُثمَانِيِّينَ (حَكَمَ: 1512-1520 م) ، قَضَى عَلَى دَولَةِ المَمَالِيكِ فِي مَعرَكَةِ مَرجِ دَابِق (1516 م) وَفَتَحَ سُوريَا وَمِصرَ، وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ مَن بُوِيعَ بِالخِلَافَةِ بَعدَ تَنَازُلِ المُتَوَكِّلِ آخِرِ خُلَفَاءِ العَبَّاسِيِّينَ لَهُ عَنِ الخِلَافَةِ بِالقَاهِرَةِ 1516م .‏
Selim I : The ninth Ottoman Sultan (ruled: 1512-1520 A.D.), he acquired victory over the Mamluks at the Battle of Marj Dabiq (1516 A.D.) Conquered Syria and Egypt. Following the abdication of Al-Mutawakkil, last Abbasid caliph, Selim I was the first Ottoman sultan to be acknowledged as Caliph of the Muslim world.
‏سُلَيمَانُ 1 القَانُونِيُّ‏

‏عَاشِرُ سَلَاطِينِ بَنِي عُثمَانَ وَأَعَزُّهُم (حَكَمَ: 1520-1566 م)، خَلَفَ أَبَاهُ سَلِيمَ 1 وَوَاصَلَ فُتُوحَاتِهِ فِي البَلقَانِ، اِحتَلَّ بِلجِرَادَ وَرُودِسَ وَهَزَمَ المَجَرَ فِي مُوهَاكِس (1526 م)، حَارَبَ الصَّفَوِيِّينَ وَاحتَلَّ بَغدَادَ وَتَبرِيزَ، بَلَغَت الإِمبِرَاطُورِيَّةُ فِي عَهدِهِ أَوجَ سَيطَرَتِهَا، وَازدَهَرَت الفُنُونُ وَالآدَابُ وَالعُمرَان، دَوَّنَ القَوَانِينَ وَالشَّرَائِعَ.‏
Suleyman I, the Magnificent : The tenth Ottoman Caliph and the most honorable (ruled: 1520-1566 A.D.), he succeeded his father Selim I. He completed his father's conquests at Balkans and widened his empire by occupying Belgrade and Rhodes and then invaded Hungary at the Battle of Mohacs (1526 A.D.) He engaged in war with the Safivids and occupied Baghdad and Tabriz. During his reign the empire reached its utmost power. Art and literature flourished in his reign. He also made registration of laws and jurisprudence.
‏عَبدُ المَجِيدِ 1‏

‏عَبدُ المَجِيدِ 1 بنُ مَحمُود 2 (1823-1861 م)، خَلَفَ أَبَاهُ فِي مُلكِ الدَّولَةِ العُثمَانِيَّةِ (حَكَمَ: 1839-1861 م)، وَأَجرَى إِصلَاحَاتٍ إِدَارِيَّةٍ وَفِكرِيَّةٍ وَاجتِمَاعِيَّةٍ عُرِفَت بِالتَّنظِيمَاتِ، فِي عَهدِهِ جَرَت حَربُ القِرمِ (1854-1855 م).‏
Abdulmecid I : Abdulmecid I bin Mahmud II (1823-1861 A.D.) Succeeded his father as Caliph of the Ottoman State (ruled: 1839-1861 A.D.). Made social and administrative reforms which were known as Tanzhimat. His reign witnessed the Crimean War (1854-1855 A.D.)
‏عَبدُ المَجِيدِ 2‏

‏عَبدُ المَجِيدِ 2 (حَكَمَ: 1922 -1924 م) آخِرُ الخُلَفَاءِ العُثمَانِيِّينَ (1922 م)، غَادَرَ البِلَادَ بَعدَ إِعلَانِ الجُمهُورِيَّةِ (1923 م)، تُوُفِّيَ فِي بَارِيس (1944 م).‏
Abdulmecid II : Abdulmecid II (ruled: 1922 -1924 A.D.), the last Ottoman Caliph (1922 A.D.), left the country after the Republic of Turkey had been declared (1923 A.D.) Died in Paris (1944 A.D.)
‏عُثمَانُ 1‏

‏عُثمَانُ بنُ أرطُغرُول (حَكَمَ: 1281-1324 م)، مُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةِ العُثمَانِيَّةِ، تَقَدَّمَ نَحوَ إِزنِيك وَبُرُوسَّا، وَبَسَطَ سُلطَتَهُ عَلَى آسيَا الصُّغرَى.‏
`Uthman I : Real name: `Uthman bin Ertugrul (ruled: 1281-1324 A.D.), the founder of the Ottoman dynasty that ruled Turkey after the 13th century. He led his army to conquer Iznik and Bursa and controlled most of Asia Minor.
‏مُحَمَّدُ 1‏

‏مُحَمَّدُ 1 بنُ بَايَزِيدَ 1(حَكَمَ: 1413-1421 م) ، اِنتَصَرَ عَلَى أُسطُولِ البُندُقِيَّةِ فِي غَلِّيبُولِي.‏
Mehmet I : Mehmet I bin Bayezid I (ruled: 1413-1421 A.D.). He achieved victory over the Venitians at Gallipoli.
‏مُحَمَّدُ 2 (الفَاتِحُ)‏

‏سُلطَانٌ عُثمَانِيٌّ (حَكَمَ: 1444-1446 م) و (1451-1481 م) ، قَضَى عَلَى الدَّولَةِ البِيزَنطِيَّةِ عِندَمَا فَتَحَ القُسطَنطِينِيَّةَ (1453 م) وَاِتَّخَذَهَا عَاصِمَةً لَهُ وَقَضَى عَلَى دَولَةِ طَرَابِزَندَةَ، فَتَحَ بِلَادَ البَلقَانِ بِمَا فِيهَا اليُونَان وَالبُوسنَة وَاحتَلَّ بِلَادَ القِرمِ وَالجُزُرَ الأَيُونِيَّةَ.‏
Mehmet II (the Conqueror) : He is considered the true founder of the Ottoman Empire (ruled: 1444-1446, and 1451-1481 A.D.) He destroyed the remains of the Byzantine Empire by capturing (1453) Constantinople, which he made his capital. He conquered the Balkan Peninsula including Greece, Bosnia, and several Aegean islands, and annexed the Crimea, Trebizond, and Karamania.
‏مُحَمَّدُ 5‏

‏مُحَمَّدُ 5 رَشَاد (1844-1918 م) (حَكَمَ: 1909-1918 م)، اِستَخدَمَهُ حِزبُ تُركِيَا الفَتَاة لِتَنفِيذِ أَهدَافِهِ، اِشتَرَكَ فِي الحَربِ العَالَمِيَّةِ الأُولَى الَّتِي خَسِرَ العُثمَانِيُّونَ فِيهَا مُعظَمَ الأَرَاضِي الَّتِي كَانَت تَحتَ سَيطَرَتِهِم.‏
Mehmet V : Mehmet V Rashad (1844-1918 A.D.) (ruled: 1909-1918 A.D.) The Young Turkey Party used him to fulfill their aims. Participated in the First World War in which Turkey lost most of its possessions.
‏مُرَادُ 1‏

‏مُرَادُ بنُ أُورخَانَ (حَكَمَ: 1359-1389 م) ، اِتَّخَذَ أَدِرنَةَ عَاصِمَةً لَهُ (1365 م)، مَدَّ نُفُوذَ دَولَتِهِ إِلَى مَقدُونيَا وَصِربِيَا وَأَخضَعَ الإِمبِرَاطُورَ البِيزَنطِيَّ وَأَجبَرَهُ عَلَى دَفعِ الجِزيَةِ، أَنشَأَ الجُنُودَ الإِنكِشَارِيَّةَ، قُتِلَ بَعدَ اِنتِصَارِهِ فِي مَعرَكَةِ كوزوفو.‏
Murad I : Real name: Murad bin Orhan (ruled: 1359-1389 A.D.). He made Adrianopole the capital of his empire (1365 A.D.) He extended the Ottoman Empire by conquering Macedonia and Serbia and forced the Byzantine Emperor to pay him tribute. He founded the Janissaries. He was killed after his victory at the Battle of Kossovo.
‏مُرَادُ 2‏

‏اِحتَلَّ تسالونيكي (1430 م)، اِنتَصَرَ عَلَيهِ هُونيَادِي (1441-1443 م)، فَثَأَرَ مِنهُ فِي مَعرَكَةِ كوزوفو، أَنشَأَ الأُسطُولَ البَحرِيَّ (حَكَمَ: 1421-1444 م) و (1446-1451 م)‏
Murad II : He occupied Thessalonica (1430 A.D.) Hunyadi next achieved victory over him, but Murad managed to take revenge at the Battle of Kossovo. He constructed the Ottoman naval power (ruled: 1421-1444 A.D.) and (1446-1451 A.D.).
‏مُرَادُ 3‏

‏مُرَادُ 3 بنُ سَلِيمِ 2 (1546-1595 م) (حَكَمَ: 1574-1595 م)، اِنتَصَرَ عَلَى الفُرسِ (1576 م) وَسَّعَ حُدُودَ الإِمبِرَاطُورِيَّةِ العُثمَانِيَّةِ بِضَمِّ بِلَادِ القُوقَازِ حَتَّى بَحرِ قَزوِينَ، وَضَمَّ جُورجِيَا وَأَذرَبِيجَانَ وَشِروَانَ، قَضَى عَلَى الأَمِيرِ قُرقُمَازَ المَعنِيَّ فِي لُبنَان (1584 م)‏
Murad III : Murad III bin Selim II (1546-1595 A.D.), (ruled: 1574-1595 A.D.) He acquired victory over Persia in 1576 A.D. He extended his empire to the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea by acquiring Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Shirwan.
‏مُرَادُ 4‏

‏مُرَادُ 4 (نَحوَ 1609-1640 م) آخِرُ المُحَارِبِينَ مِن سَلَاطِين آلِ عُثمَانَ (حَكَمَ: 1623-1640 م)، اِنتَزَعَ بَغدَادَ مِن الفُرسِ (1638 م).‏
Murad IV : Murad IV (about 1609-1640 A.D.), the last of the warrior-sultans (ruled: 1623-1640 A.D.). Recovered Baghdad from the Persians (1638 A.D.)

[أحمد سعد الدين]

الإخشيديون


‏الإِخشِيدُ‏

‏مُحَمَّدُ بنُ طَغج الإِخشِيد (268-334 هـ/882-946 م)، مُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةِ الإِخشِيدِيَّةِ بِمِصرَ وَالشَّامِ (323 هـ) (حَكَمَ: 323-334 هـ/935-946 م)، وَلَّاهُ الرَّاضِي بِاللَّهِ العَبَّاسِيُّ إِمَارَةَ مِصرَ وَالشَّامِ وَالحِجَازِ، كَانَت بَينَهُ وَبَينَ سَيفِ الدَّولَةِ الحَمدَانِيِّ وَقَائِعُ وَتَصَالَحَا عَلَى أَن تَكُونَ لِسَيفِ الدَّولَةِ حَلَبُ وَأَنطَاكِيَةُ وَحِمصُ وَلِلإِخشِيدِ بَقِيَّةُ بِلَادِ الشَّامِ وَمِصرَ، تُوُفِّيَ بِدِمَشقَ وَدُفِنَ بِبَيتِ المَقدِسِ.‏
Al-Ikhshid : Real name: Muhammad bin Taghj Al-Ikhshid (268-334 A.H./882-946 A.D.), he was the founder of the Ikhshidid State in Egypt and Syria (323 A.H.) (ruled: 323-334 A.H./935-946 A.D.) The Abbasid Caliph Al-Radi Bi Allah assigned him the rule of Egypt, Syria and the Hijaz. He engaged in several wars against Saif Al-Daulah Al-Hamdani, but they finally concluded a treaty placing Aleppo, Antioch and Homs under the control of Saif Al-Daulah, and the rest of the Syrian regions added to the Ikhshidid authority with Egypt. Al-Ikhshid died in Damascus and was buried in Jerusalem.
‏كَافُورُ (أَبُو المِسكِ)‏

‏كَافُورُ بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ الإِخشِيدِيِّ (292-357 هـ/905-968 م)، كَانَ عَبدًا حَبَشِيًّا اِشتَرَاهُ الإِخشِيدُ (312 هـ) فَنُسِبَ إِلَيهِ، وَأَعتَقَهُ فَتَرَقَّى عِندَهُ حَتَّى مَلَكَ مِصرَ (حَكَمَ: 355-357 هـ/966-968 م)، وَكَانَ فَطِنًا ذَكِيًّا حَسَنَ السِّيَاسَةِ، مُدَّةُ إِمَارَتِهِ عَلَى مِصرَ 22 سَنَةً، قَامَ فِي أَكثَرِهَا بِتَدبِيرِ أُمُورِ المَملَكَةِ أَثنَاءَ وِلَايَةِ أنوجور وَعَلِيٍّ اِبنَي الإِخشِيدِ، وَتَوَلَّاهَا مُستَقِلًّا سَنَتَينِ، تُوُفِّيَ بِالقَاهِرَةِ وَقِيلَ دُفِنَ بِالقُدسِ.‏
Kafur (Abu Al-Misk) : Kafur bin `Abdullah, the Ikhshidid (292-357 A.H./905-968 A.H.), he was an Abyssinian slave. Al-Ikhshid bought him (312 A.H.), then emancipated him and promoted him until he ruled Egypt (ruled: 355-357 A.H./966-968 A.D.) He was a wise politician who ruled Egypt for 22 years. He successfully managed the affairs of the state under the reign of the sons of Al-Ikhshid, Anujur and `Ali, and then assumed the sultanate himself for two years. He died in Cairo and was probably buried in Jerusalem.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

الإدريسيون


‏أَبُو العَيشِ بنُ كَنُّونَ‏

‏أَحمَدُ بنُ القَاسِمِ كَنُّونَ بنِ مُحَمَّدٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 348 هـ/959 م)، مِن مُلُوكِ الأَدَارِسَةِ، قَطَعَ البَيعَةَ لِلفَاطِمِيِّينَ وَبَايَعَ عَبدَ الرَّحمَنِ النَّاصِرَ صَاحِبَ الأَندَلُسِ، خَرَجَ لِلجِهَادِ فِي أَطرَاف الأَندَلُسِ بِإِذنِ النَّاصِرِ الَّذِي أَمَرَ أَن يُبنَى لَهُ قَصرٌ فِي كُلِّ مَدِينَةٍ يَدخُلُهَا، اِستَمَرَّ إِلَى أَنِ استُشهِدَ فِي إِحدَى الوَقَائِعِ غَازِيًا.‏
Abu Al-`Aish bin Kannun : Real name: Ahmad bin Al-Qasim Kannun bin Muhammad (died: 348 A.H./959 A.D.), he was an Idrisid ruler. He refused to be loyal to the Fatimids and paid homage to `Abdul-Rahman Al-Nasir, ruler of Andalusia. He engaged in many battles in the outlying regions of Andalusia for Al-Nasir, who ordered a palace be built for Ahmad in every regions he passed through. He martyred in one of his battles.
‏إِدرِيسُ 2‏

‏إِدرِيسُ بنُ إِدرِيسِ بنِ عَبدِ اللَّهِ بنِ الحَسَنِ (177-213 هـ/793-828 م)، ثَانِي مُلُوكِ الأَدَارِسَةِ فِي المَغرِبِ الأَقصَى (حَكَمَ: 188-213 هـ/802-828 م)، تُوُفِّيَ أَبُوهُ وَهُوَ جَنِينٌ فَقَامَ بِشُئُونِ الدَّولَةِ رَاشِدٌ (مَولَى أَبِيهِ إِدرِيسَ الأَوَّلِ) وَمِن بَعدِهِ أَبُو خَالِدٍ العَبدِيُّ، حَتَّى بَلَغَ الحَادِيَةَ عَشرَةَ فَبَايَعَهُ البَربَرُ فِي جَامِعِ وَلِيلِي (188 هـ)، أَحسَنَ تَدبِيرَ المُلكِ وَدَانَ لَهُ المَغرِبَانِ (الأَقصَى وَالأَوسَطُ)، بَنَى مَدِينَةَ فَاسٍ وَجَعَلَهَا عَاصِمَةً لَهُ.‏
Idris II : Real name: Idris bin Idris bin `Abdullah bin Al-Hasan (177-213 A.H./793-828 A.D.), the second Idrisid Caliph in Western Morocco (ruled: 188-213 A.H./802-828 A.D.) His father died while he was still a baby, so Rashid, the freed slave of his father, and Abu Khalid Al-`Abdi held power until Idris reached eleven years old. The Berber tribes paid him homage at the Mosque of Oulili (188 A.H.) His control expanded as far as Western and Central Maghrib. He built the city of Fez and made it his capital.
‏إِدرِيسُ بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ‏

‏إِدرِيسُ بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ بنِ الحَسَنِ (تُوُفِّيَ 177 هـ/793 م)، مُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةِ الإِدرِيسِيَّةِ فِي المَغرِبِ (حَكَمَ: 172-177 هـ/788-793 م)، ثَارَ عَلَى العَبَّاسِيِّينَ، وَنَزَلَ بِمَدِينَةِ وَلِيلِي فَبَايَعَتهُ قَبَائِلُ البَربَرِ، أَعلَنَ الدَّولَةَ الإِدرِيسِيَّةَ (172 هـ/788 م)، وَفَتَحَ تَادلَا وَتِلِمسَانَ.‏
Idris bin `Abdullah : Full name: Idris bin `Abdullah bin Al-Hasan (died: 177 A.H./793 A.D.), founder of the Idrisid State in Morocco (ruled: 172-177 A.H./788-793 A.D.) He revolted against the Abbasids and succeeded in gaining the support of the Berber tribes at Oulili. He declared the rise of the Idrisid State in 172 A.H./788 A.D. and conquered Tadla and Tlemcen.
‏الحَسَنُ الحَجَّامُ‏

‏الحَسَنُ بنُ مُحَمَّدٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 313 هـ/944 م)، آخِرُ الأَدَارِسَةِ بِفَاس وَأَعمَالِهَا، جَمَعَ مَن بَقِيَ مِن أَنصَارِهِ وَاستَولَى عَلَى مَدِينَةِ فَاس (310 هـ)، وَمَلَكَ عِدَّةَ مُدُنٍ مِنهَا لُوَاتَة وَصَفرُون وَمِكنَاسَة، تَغَلَّبَ عَلَيهِ مُوسَى بنُ أَبِي العَافِيَةِ فِي مَعرَكَةٍ قُربَ فَاس فَخَرَجَ إِلَى الأَندَلُسِ حَيثُ مَاتَ.‏
Al-Hasan Al-Hajjam : Real name: Al-Hasan bin Muhammad (died: 313 A.H./944 A.D.), the last Idrisid ruler in Fez. He gathered the remnants of his supporters and seized Fez (310 A.H.) He also captured the cities of Luwatah, Safrun, and Meknes. He was finally defeated by Musa bin Abi Al-`Aafiah in a battle near Fez. He fled to Andalusia where he died.
‏يَحيَى 1‏

‏يَحيَى بنُ مُحَمَّدِ بنِ إِدرِيسَ (تُوُفِّيَ 250 هـ/864 م)، كَانَ مُحِبًّا لِلعُمرَانِ (حَكَمَ: 234-250 هـ/849-864 م)، فَأَقبَلَ أَهلُ عَاصِمَتِهِ فَاس عَلَى البُنيَانِ فِي عَهدِهِ، وَقَصَدَهَا النَّاسُ مِن الأَندَلُسِ وَإِفرِيقِيَّةَ وَسَائِرِ بِلَادِ المَغرِبِ، فَضَاقَت بِسُكَّانِهَا، فَبُنِيَت الضَّوَاحِي بِخَارِجِهَا، بُنِيَ فِي أَيَّامِهِ جَامِعُ القَرَوِيِّينَ، تُوُفِّيَ بِفَاس.‏
Yahya I : Real name: Yahya bin Muhammad bin Idris (died: 250 A.H./864 A.H.) He was interested in construction, specially in Fez, his capital (ruled: 234-250 A.H./849-864 A.D.) During his reign Fez was a stopping for the people of Andalusia, Tunisia and other cities of the Maghrib, so it became crowded and he ordered building houses on its outskirts. He built the Mosque of Al-Qarawiyin. He died in Fez.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

الأيوبيون



‏الأَشرَفُ مُوسَى‏

‏الأَشرَفُ مُوسَى بنُ مُحَمَّدٍ العَادِلُ (578-635 هـ/1182-1237 م)، كَانَ أَوَّلُ مُلكِهِ مَدِينَةَ الرَّهَا (598 هـ) ثُمَّ أُضِيفَت إِلَيهِ حَرَّان وَمُلكُ نِصِيبِين (606 هـ) وَأَخَذَ سِنجَارَ وَالخَابُورَ (607 هـ) وَاتَّسَعَ مُلكُهُ بَعدَ مَوتِ أَخِيهِ أَيُّوبَ فَاستَولَى عَلَى خلاط وميافارقين وَمَا حَولَهُمَا (609 هـ)، نَزَلَ لِابنِ عَمِّهِ الكَامِلِ عَن بَعضِ مُلكِهِ وَأَخَذَ مِنهُ دِمَشقَ (626 هـ). (حَكَمَ: 626-635 هـ/1229-1237 م)‏
Al-Ashraf Musa : Full name: Al-Ashraf Musa bin Muhammad Al-`Adil (578-635 A.H./1182-1237 A.D.) His domination was first in Edessa, then he widened his state by adding Carrhae and Nizip (606 A.H.), then Sinjar and Khabur (607 A.H.) and after his brother Ayyub's death he seized power over Khalat and Mayafarqin and their outskirts (609 A.H.) He relinquished part of his domains to his cousin Al-Kamil and took from him Damascus (626 A.H.) (ruled: 626-635 A.H./1229-1237 A.D.)
‏الأَشرَفُ مُوسَى بنُ إِبرَاهِيمَ‏

‏مُوسَى (الأَشرَفُ) بنُ إِبرَاهِيمَ (المَنصُورُ) بنُ أَسَدِ الدِّينِ شِيركُوه (627-662 هـ/1230-1263 م)، مَلِكُ حِمصَ وَالرَّحبَةِ، حَارَبَ التَّتَارَ وَكَسَرَهُم وَهُوَ فِي أَلفٍ وَخَمسِمِائَةِ رَجُلٍ وَهُم فِي سِتَّةِ آلَافٍ، تَزَوَّجَ "أُمَّةَ اللَّطِيفِ" العَالِمَةَ المَشهُورَةَ، تُوُفِّيَ بِحِمصَ، وَهُوَ آخِرُ مَن مَلَكَ بِحِمصَ مِن أُسرَتِهِ.‏
Al-Ashraf Musa bin Ibrahim : Real name: Musa bin Ibrahim bin Asad Al-Din Shirkuh (627-662 A.H./1230-1263 A.D.), he was ruler of Homs and Al-Rahbah. He vanquished the Tartar army which included about 6000 soldiers, while his army was only 1500 soldiers. He married Ummat Al-Latif, a well-known scholar at that time. He died in Homs and was the last of his family to rule Homs.
‏الصَّالِحُ نَجمُ الدِّينِ أَيُّوب‏

‏أَيُّوبُ (المَلِكُ الصَّالِحُ) بنُ الكَامِلِ (603-647 هـ/1206-1249 م)، ضَبَطَ الدَّولَةَ بِحَزمٍ (حَكَمَ: 637-647 هـ/1240-1249 م)، مَلَكَ دِمَشقَ مَرَّتَينِ كَانَت أُولَاهُمَا (639 هـ/1239 م) وَالأُخرَى (642 -647 هـ/1245 -1249 م)، وَفِي أَوَاخِرَ أَيَّامِهِ أَغَارَ الإِفرِنجُ عَلَى دَميَاط وَأَصَابَ البِلَادَ ضِيقٌ شَدِيدٌ، فَقَدِمَ مِن الشَّامِ لِمُلَاقَاتِهِم وَهُوَ مَرِيضٌ بِالسُّلِّ فَمَاتَ بِالمَنصُورَةِ وَنُقِلَ إِلَى القَاهِرَةِ، مِن آثَارِهِ قَلعَةُ الرَّوضَةِ بِالقَاهِرَةِ.‏
Al-Salih Najm Al-Din Ayyub : Real name: Ayyub bin Al-Kamil (603-647 A.H./1206-1249 A.D.), he was a firm sultan (ruled: 637-647 A.H./1240-1249 A.D.) He seized power over Damascus two times in 639 A.H./1239 A.D. and in 642-647 A.H./1245-1249 A.D. The Franks invaded Damietta, so he prepared an army to meet them, but he died in Mansurah of tuberculosis. One of his achievements was constructing the Fortress of Al-Raudah in Cairo.
‏العَادِلُ 1 بنُ أَيُّوبَ‏

‏مُحَمَّدُ بنُ أَيُّوبَ بنِ شَاذِي (540-615 هـ/1145-1218 م)، نَائِبُ السُّلطَانِ صَلَاحِ الدِّينِ فِي مِصرَ وَوَالِي حَلَبَ (579 هـ)، اِستَقَلَّ بِمُلكِ مِصرَ (596 هـ) (حَكَمَ: 596-615 هـ/1199-1218 م) وَضَمَّ إِلَيهَا الشَّامَ ثُمَّ أَرمِينِيَّةَ (604 هـ) وَبِلَادَ اليَمَنِ (612 هـ)، فِي أَيَّامِهِ زَالَ أَمرُ الإِسمَاعِيلِيَّةِ مِن مِصرَ بَعدَ أَن قَبَضَ عَلَى كَثِيرِينَ مِنهُم (604 هـ)، مَاتَ بِدِمَشقَ وَهُوَ يُجَهِّزُ العَسَاكِرَ لِقِتَالِ الإِفرِنجِ، مِن آثَارِهِ المَدرَسَةُ العَادِلِيَّةُ.‏
Al-`Adil I bin Ayyub : Real name: Muhammad bin Ayyub bin Shadhi (540-615 A.H./1145-1218 A.D.), Vice Sultan of Saladin and the governor of Aleppo (579 A.H.) He controlled Egypt (596 A.H.) (ruled: 596-615 A.H./1199-1218 A.D.), Syria, Armenia (604 A.H.) and Yemen (612 A.H.) Put an end to the Ismailites in Egypt by arresting most of them (604 A.H.) He died in Damascus while preparing for a war with the Franks. He built a school which still bears his name.
‏الكَامِلُ 1 بنُ مُحَمَّدٍ‏

‏مُحَمَّدُ (الكَامِلُ) بنُ مُحَمَّدِ (العَادِلِ 1) بنِ أَيُّوبَ (576-635 هـ/1180-1238 م)، وَلَّاهُ أَبُوهُ الدِّيَارَ المِصرِيَّةَ فَاستَقَلَّ بِهَا بَعدَ وَفَاتِهِ (حَكَمَ: 615-635 هـ/1218-1238 م)، اِتَّجَهَ إِلَى تَوسِيعِ نِطَاقِ مُلكِهِ فَاستَولَى عَلَى حَرَّانَ وَالرَّهَا وَسَرُوج وَالرَّقَّة وَآمِد وَحِصنِ كِيفَا ثَمَّ الشَّامِ، وَفَتَحَ اِبنُهُ المَسعُودُ مَكَّةَ (620 هـ)، تُوُفِّيَ بِدِمَشقَ وَدُفِنَ بِقَلعَتِهَا، مِن آثَارِهِ المَدرَسَةُ الكَامِلِيَّةُ بِمِصرَ.‏
Al-Kamil I bin Muhammad : Real name: Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Ayyub (576-635 A.H./1180-1238 A.D.) His father named him governor of Egypt, then he assumed control over it after his father's death (ruled: 615-635 A.H./1218-1238 A.D.) He widened his empire by conquering Carrhae, Edessa, Saruj, Al-Raqqah, Amid, the fortress of Kifa, then finally Syria. His son Al-Mas`ud conquered Mecca (620 A.H.) He died in Damascus and was buried in its castle. He left a school which still bears his name.
‏المُجَاهِدُ شِيركُوه 2‏

‏شِيركُوه (الثَّانِي) بنُ مُحَمَّدِ بنِ شِيركُوه (569-636 هـ/1173-1239 م) المُلَقَّبُ بِالمَلِكِ المُجَاهِدِ أَسَدِ الدِّينِ، كَانَ صَاحِبَ حِمصَ كَأَبِيهِ وَجَدِّهِ، اِشتَهَرَ بِالشَّجَاعَةِ، شَارَكَ فِي وَقَائِعَ ثَغرِ دِميَاط، (615-618 هـ)، وَسَكَنَ المَنصُورَةَ، كَانَ لَهُ عِلمٌ بِالأَحَادِيثِ وَحَدَّثَ بِدِمَشقَ وَحِمصَ، وَأَجَازَ لَهُ بَعضُ عُلَمَاءِ مِصرَ وَالشَّامِ، تُوُفِّيَ بِحِمصَ.‏
Al-Mujahid Shirkuh II : Real name: Shirkuh bin Muhammad bin Shirkuh (569-636 A.H./1173-1239 A.D.), he was known as "The Warrier King, Asad Al-Din." He was ruler of Aleppo as were his father and grandfather. He was well known for his bravery. He participated in the battles of the seaport of Damietta (615-618 A.H.) He settled in Al-Mansurah and was a scholar of Prophetic Tradition, which he narrated in Damascus and Homs. Some of the greatest scholars of Egypt and Syria permitted him to narrate after them. He died in Homs.
‏المُظَفَّرُ 1 مَحمُود‏

‏مَحمُودُ بنُ مُحَمَّدِ المَنصُورِ بنِ عُمَرَ المُظَفَّرُ (599 -642 هـ/1202 -1244 م) صَاحِبُ حَمَاةَ (حَكَمَ: 626 -642 هـ/1230 -1244 م)، وَلِيَهَا بَعدَ اِنتِزَاعِهَا مِن أَخِيهِ النَّاصِرِ قليج أَرسِلَان وَاستَمَرَّ إِلَى أَن تُوُفِّيَ، كَانَ شُجَاعًا كَرِيمًا ذَكِيًّا مُحِبًّا لِلعِلمِ.‏
Al-Muzhaffar I Mahmud : Real name: Mahmud bin Muhammad bin `Umar (599-642 A.H./1202-1244 A.D.), ruler of Aleppo (ruled: 626-642 A.H./1230-1244 A.D.) He assumed power over Aleppo after his brother Qilij Arslan and maintained his rule until his death. He was a brave, generous and intelligent ruler who loved education and supported scholars.
‏المُعَظَّمُ تُورَان شَاه‏

‏تُورَان شَاه بنُ نَجمِ الدِّينِ أَيُّوبَ (تُوُفِّيَ 648 هـ/1250 م)، آخِرُ سَلَاطِينَ الأَيُّوبِيِّينَ بِمِصرَ (حَكَمَ: 647-648 هـ/1249-1250 م)وَجَدُّ مُلُوكِ حِصنِ كِيفَا، كَانَ نَائِبَ وَالِدِهِ بِحِصنِ كِيفَا، قَاتَلَ الفِرِنجَ فَهَزَمَهُم وَاستَرَدَّ دِميَاطَ، قَتَلَتهُ المَمَالِيكُ البَحرِيَّةُ فِي فَارَسكُور.‏
Al-Mu`azham Turan Shah : Real name: Turan Shah bin Najm Al-Din Ayyub (died 648 A.H./1250 A.D.), he was the last Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt (ruled: 647-648 A.H./1249-1250 A.D.) and the grandfather of kings of the fortress of Kifa. He was the Vice Sultan of his father at the fortress of Kifa. He was able to defeat the Franks and regained Dameitta. He was killed by the Bahri Mamluks in Faraskur.
‏المُعَظَّمُ عِيسَى‏

‏عِيسَى بنُ مُحَمَّدِ بنِ أَيُّوبَ المُلَقَّب بِالمُعَظَّمِ (576-624 هـ/1180-1227 م)، سُلطَانُ الشَّامِ وَمِن عُلَمَاءِ المُلُوكِ (حَكَمَ: 615-624 هـ/1218-1227 م)، كَانَ شُجَاعًا يَخرُجُ وَحدَهُ لِقِتَالِ الفِرِنجِ ثُمَّ يَلحَقُ بِهِ الجُنُودُ، كَانَ عَالِمًا بِفِقهِ الحَنَفِيَّةِ وَالعَرَبِيَّةِ وَلَهُ مُؤَلَّفَاتٌ مِنهَا "السَّهمُ المُصِيبُ فِي الرَّدِّ عَلَى اِبنِ الخَطِيبِ".‏
Al-Mu`azham `Isa : Real name: `Isa bin Muhammad bin Ayyub, known as Al-Mu`azham, (576-624 A.H./1180-1227 A.D.), sultan of Syria and one of the recognized scholars (ruled: 615-624 A.H./1218-1227 A.D.) He was so courageous that he used to go alone to fight the Franks and the soldiers then followed him. He was a scholar of Hanafi Jurisprudence and of the Arabic language. He wrote several books, one of which was Al-Sahm Al-Musib fi Al-Rad `Ala Ibn Al-Khatib [Sound Refutation of Ibn Al-Khatib's Allegation].
‏المَنصُورُ شِيركُوه بنُ شَاذِي‏

‏شِيركُوه بنُ شَاذي بنِ مَروَانَ المُلَقَّبُ بِالمَلِكِ المَنصُورِ، أَوَّلُ مَن وَلِيَ مِصرَ مِن الأَكرَادِ الأَيُّوبِيِّينَ، كَانَ مِن كِبَارِ القُوَّادِ فِي جَيشِ نُورِ الدِّينِ مَحمُودِ بنِ زنكي، اِنتَصَرَ عَلَى الصَّلِيبِيِّينَ فِي تَلِّ بَسطَةَ، وَلَّى الوِزَارَةَ لِلعَاضِدِ الفَاطِمِيِّ، تُوُفِّيَ فَجأَةً (تُوُفِّيَ 564 هـ/1169 م) ، وَدُفِنَ بِالقَاهِرَةِ، ثُمَّ نُقِلَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ.‏
Al-Mansur Shirkuh bin Shadhi : Real name: Shirkuh bin Shadhi bin Marwan, he was known as "Al-Malik Al-Mansur." He was the first Ayyubid to rule Egypt. The greatest commander of the army of Mahmud bin Zangi, he triumphed over the Crusaders at the Battle of Tal Bastah. He was the minister during the reign of the Fatimid Caliph Al-`Adid. He died suddenly (died 564 A.H./1169 A.D.) and was buried in Cairo, then his body was moved to Medina.
‏النَّاصِرُ صَلَاحُ الدِّينِ‏

‏يُوسُفُ بنُ أَيُّوبَ بنِ شَاذِي (532-589 هـ/1137-1193 م)، مُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةِ الأَيُّوبِيَّةِ (حَكَمَ: 570-589 هـ/1174-1193 م)، وَأَكبَرُ مُلُوكِ المُسلِمِينَ أَيَّامَ الصَّلِيبِيِّينَ، وَلِيَ وِزَارَةَ العَاضِدِ الفَاطِمِيِّ فَاستَولَى عَلَى زِمَامِ الأُمُورِ فِي مِصرَ، وَقَضَى عَلَى الدَّولَةِ الفَاطِمِيَّةِ وَاعتَرَفَ بِسُلطَةِ الخَلِيفَةِ فِي بَغدَادَ (1171 م)، اِنتَصَرَ عَلَى الزِّنكِيِّينَ قُربَ حِمصَ، وَاحتَلَّ سُوريَا وَالمَوصِلَ، اِستَولَى عَلَى طَبَرِيَّةَ وَهَزَمَ الإِفرِنجَ قُربَ حِطِّينَ (1187 م)، فَتَحَ بَيتَ المَقدِسِ وَأَسَرَ مَلِكَهَا، ثُمَّ عَقَدَ هُدنَةً مَعَ الصَّلِيبِيِّينَ وَسَالَمَهُم.‏
Al-Nasir Salah Al-Din (Saladin) : Real name: Yusuf bin Ayyub bin Shadhi (532-589 A.H./1137-1193 A.D.), he was the founder of the Ayyubid State (ruled: 570-589 A.H./1174-1193 A.D.) and the great opponent of the Crusaders. He used his position as vizier to the Fatimid Caliph Al-`Adid to overthrow the Fatimid Dynasty and establish himself as the first Ayyubid sultan (1171 A.D.) He ended the Zangid domination at Homs and occupied Syria and Mosul. He conquered Tiberias and defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Hittin (1187 A.D.) He conquered Jerusalem and captured its king. He then concluded a treaty with the Crusaders.
‏تَقِيُّ الدِّينِ عُمَرُ بنُ شَاهِنشَاه‏

‏عُمَرُ (المُظَفَّرُ) بنُ شَاهِنشَاه بنِ أَيُّوبَ (تُوُفِّيَ 587 هـ/1191 م)، كَانَ صَاحِبَ حَمَاةَ (حَكَمَ: 582 -587 هـ/1186-1191 م)، كَانَ شُجَاعًا لَهُ مَوَاقِفُ مَعَ الإِفرِنجِ، نَابَ عَن عَمِّهِ السُّلطَانِ صَلَاحِ الدِّينِ فِي الدِّيَارِ المِصرِيَّةِ ثُمَّ أَعطَاهُ حَمَاةَ (582 هـ)، حَاصَرَ قَلعَةَ منازكرد لِيَأخُذَهَا فَتُوُفِّيَ عَلَى أَبوَابِهَا‏
Taqi Al-Din bin Shahinshah : Real name: `Umar (Al-Muzhaffar) bin Shahinshah bin Ayyub (died 587 A.H./ 1191 A.D.), he was ruler of Hama (ruled: 582-587 A.H./1186-1191 A.D.) He was a courageous man who had many confrontations with the Franks. He was the vice sultan of his uncle Saladin in Egypt (582 A.H.) Taqi Al-Din attacked the Fortress of Manzikert to occupy it, but died before accomplishing his aim.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

البويهيون



‏رُكنُ الدَّولَةِ‏

‏الحَسَنُ بنُ بُوَيه (284-366 هـ/ 897-976 م) أَحَدُ الأُخوَةِ الثَّلَاثَةِ الَّذِينَ أَسَّسُوا الدَّولَةَ البُوَيهِيَّةَ فِي فَارِس وَمِن كِبَارِ مُلُوكِهَا (حَكَمَ حَتَّى: 366 هـ/976 م)، بَسَطَ نُفُوذَهُ عَلَى إِصفَهَانَ وَالرَّيِّ وَهَمَذَانَ.‏
Rukn Al-Daulah : Real name: Al-Hasan bin Buwaih (284-366 A.H./897-976 A.D.), one of the three brothers (the others being `Ali and Ahmad) who founded the Buyid Dynasty in Persia (ruled until: 366 A.H./976 A.D.) His authority expanded to Isfahan, Rayy and Hamadan.
‏عَضُدُ الدَّولَةِ‏

‏فَنَّاخُسرُو بنُ الحَسَنِ (324-372 هـ/936-983 م)، أَعظَمُ مُلُوكِ الدَّولَةِ البُوَيهِيَّةِ (حَكَمَ حَتَّى: 372 هـ/ 983 م)، تَوَلَّى مُلكَ فَارِس ثَمَّ المَوصِلَ وَبِلَادِ الجَزِيرَةِ، كَانَ مُحِبًّا لِلعُمرَانِ فَأَنشَأَ بِبَغدَادَ البِيمَارِستَانَ العَضُدِيَّ، وَبَنَى القَنَاطِرَ وَالجُسُورَ وَبَنَى سُورًا حَولَ مَدِينَةِ الرَّسُولِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ).‏
`Adud Al-Daulah : Real name: Fannakhusru bin Al-Hasan (324-372 A.H./936-983 A.D.), the greatest Buyid sultan (ruled until: 372 A.H./ 983 A.D.) His authority extended as far as Persia, Mosul, Iraq and Arabia. Out of his love of urbanization, he built hospitals, bridges and viaducts throughout his realm. He enclosed Medina by a wall.
‏عِمَادُ الدَّولَةِ‏

‏عَلِيُّ بنُ بُوَيه (281-338 هـ/894-949 م)، أَحَدُ الأُخوَةِ الثَّلَاثَةِ الَّذِينَ أَسَّسُوا الدَّولَةَ البُوَيهِيَّةَ فِي فَارِس (حَكَمَ: 323-338 هـ/934-949 م)، اِستَولَى بِمُسَاعَدَةِ أَخَوَيهِ الحَسَنِ وَأَحمَدَ عَلَى شِيرَازَ وَجُزءٍ كَبِيرٍ مِن أَملَاكِ الدَّولَةِ العَبَّاسِيَّةِ، وَأَقَرَّ لَهُ الخَلِيفَةُ العَبَّاسِيُّ بِالمُلكِ.‏
`Imad Al-Daulah : Real name: `Ali bin Buwaih (281-338 A.H./894-949 A.D.), one of the three brothers (the others being Al-Hasan and Ahmad) who founded the Buyid Dynasty in Persia (ruled: 323-338 A.H./934-949 A.D.) With the help of his brothers, `Imad Al-Daulah subdued a large portion of the Abbasid domains, forcing the Abbasid caliph to recognize his authority.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

الحفصيون


‏أَبُو زَكَرِيَّا الحَفصِيُّ‏

‏يَحيَى بنُ عَبدِ الوَاحِدِ (598-647 هـ/1202-1249 م) مِن مُلُوكِ الدَّولَةِ الحَفصِيَّةِ بِتُونُسَ (حَكَمَ: 625-647 هـ/1227-1249 م)، أَوَّلُ مَن اِستَقَلَّ بِالمُلكِ (626 هـ) وَوَطَّدَ أَركَانَهُ، وَجَّهَ نَظَرَهُ إِلَى تَوسِيعِ مُلكِهِ، فَاستَولَى عَلَى الجَزَائِرِ وَسِجِلمَاسَةَ وَسبتة وَطَنجَةَ وَمِكنَاسَةَ، خَافَهُ فريدريك الثَّانِي فَهَادَنَهُ عَشرَ سَنَوَاتٍ، أَنشَأَ عِدَّةَ مَدَارِسَ وَمَسَاجِدَ، وَدَارًا لِلكُتُبِ تَضُمُّ 36000 مُجَلَّدًا.‏
Abu Zakariya Al-Hafsi : Abu Zakariya Al-Hafsi (598-647 A.H./1202-1249 A.D.), founder of the Hafsid State in Tunisia (ruled: 625-647 A.H./1227-1249 A.D.) He directed his policy to expand his authority by capturing Algiers, Ceuta, Tangier, Meknes and Sijilmasah. He constructed a number of schools and mosques and a great library that included 36,000 volumes. He concluded a 10-year peace treaty with Frederic II.
‏المُستَنصِرُ مُحَمَّدُ‏

‏مُحَمَّدُ بنُ يَحيَى بنِ عَبدِ الوَاحِدِ (625-675 هـ/1228-1277 م)، مِن مُلُوكِ الدَّولَةِ الحَفصِيَّةِ بِتُونُسَ (حَكَمَ: 647-675 هـ/1249-1277 م)، أَوَّلُ مَن ضَرَبَ نُقُودَ النُّحَاسِ بِإِفرِيقِيَّةَ، غَزَاهُ لُوِيسُ التَّاسِعُ بِالِاشتِرَاكِ مَعَ جُيُوشِ رُومَة وَغَيرِهَا، فَظَفِرَ المُستَنصِرُ بَعدَ مَعَارِكَ طَاحِنَةٍ، أَنشَأَ بِتُونُسَ أَبنِيَةً وآثَارًا فَخمَةً.‏
Al-Mustansir Muhammad : Real name: Muhammad bin Yahya bin `Abdul-Wahid (625-675 A.H./1228-1277 A.D.), a Hafsid king (ruled: 647-675 A.H./1249-1277 A.D.) He was the first to use a brass coin as currency. He was involved in a fierce battle with Louis IX, in which he scored a resounding triumph. He left great architectural monuments.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

الحمدانيون


‏سَعدُ الدَّولَةِ‏

‏شَرِيفٌ (سَعدُ الدَّولَةِ) بنُ عَلِيٍّ (سَيفُ الدَّولَةِ) التَّغلِبِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 381 هـ/991 م)، صَاحِبُ حَلَب وَحِمص وَمَا بَينَهُمَا (حَكَمَ: 356-381 هـ/967-991 م)، اِستَقَرَّت لَهُ الأُمُورُ فِي عَهدِ الطَّائِعِ العَبَّاسِيِّ (367 هـ)، صَمَدَ فِي وَجهِ الرُّومِ وَهَزَمَهُم، تُوُفِّيَ بِحَلَبَ.‏
Sa`d Al-Daulah : Real name: Sharif (Sa`d Al-Daulah) bin `Ali (Saif Al-Daulah) Al-Taghlibi (381 A.H./991 A.D.), ruler of Allepo and Homs and all the districts between them (ruled: 356-381 A.H./967-991 A.D.) He seized power during the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Ta'i`. He defeated the Byznatines in many raids, and died in Aleppo.
‏سَيفُ الدَّولَةِ الحَمدَانِيُّ‏

‏عَلِيٌّ (سَيفُ الدَّولَةِ) بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ بنِ حَمدَانَ التَّغلِبِيُّ (303-356 هـ/915-967 م)، نَشَأَ شُجَاعًا، مَلَكَ وَاسِطَ وَمَا جَاوَرَهَا، وَمَالَ إِلَى الشَّامِ فَامتَلَكَ دِمَشقَ وَعَادَ إِلَى حَلَب فَامتَلَكَهَا (333 هـ)، كَانَت لَهُ وَقَائِعُ كَثِيرَةٌ مَعَ الرُّومِ، وَكَانَ مُقَرَّبًا لِأَهلِ الأَدَبِ وَالشِّعرِ.‏
Saif Al-Daulah Al-Hamdani : Real name: `Ali bin `Abdullah bin Hamdan Al-Taghlibi (303-356 A.H./915-967 A.D.), known for his courage. He ruled Wasit and its surrounding area, and widened his state by adding Damascus and Allepo (333 A.H.) He engaged in several wars with the Byzantines. He sponsored poets and men of letters.
‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ حَمدَانَ‏

‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ حَمدَانَ بنِ حَمدُونَ التَّغلِبِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 317 هـ/929 م)، مِن القَادَةِ المُقَدَّمِينَ فِي العَصرِ العَبَّاسِيِّ، وَلَّاهُ المُكتَفِي بِاللَّهِ المَوصِلَ وَأَعمَالَهَا (392 هـ).‏
`Abdullah bin Hamdan : `Abdullah bin Hamdan bin Hamdun Al-Taghlibi (died 317 A.H./929 A.D.), one of the greatest commanders of the Abbasid State. Al-Muktafi Bi Allah appointed him ruler of Mosul and its surroundings (292 A.H.)

[أحمد سعد الدين]

الرسوليون


‏إِسمَاعِيلُ بنُ العَبَّاسِ‏

‏إِسمَاعِيلُ بنُ العَبَّاسِ بنِ عَلِيٍّ (761-803 هـ/1360-1400 م)، وَلِيَ مُلكَ الدَّولَةِ الرَّسُولِيَّةِ (حَكَمَ: 778-803 هـ/1376-1400 م) وَاستَقَامَ لَهُ المُلكُ إِلَى أَن تُوُفِّيَ بِتَعِز، وَصَفَهُ المُؤَرِّخُونَ بِالعَطفِ وَالحِلمِ وَحُسنِ السِّيَاسَةِ، اِشتَغَلَ بِفُنُونٍ مِن الأَدَبِ وَالتَّارِيخِ وَالحِسَابِ.‏
Isma`il bin Al-`Abbas : Isma`il bin Al-`Abbas bin `Ali (761-803 A.H./1360-1400 A.D.), he ruled the Rasulid State until he died in Ta`izz (ruled: 778-803 A.H./1376-1400 A.D.) Historians described him as a compassionate, tolerant and judicious politician. He engaged himself in the study of literature, history and mathematics.
‏عَلِيُّ بنُ دَاوُد‏

‏عَلِيُّ بنُ دَاوُدَ المُؤَيَّدُ بنُ يُوسُفَ المُظَفَّرُ المُلَقَّبُ بِالمُجَاهِدِ (706-764 هـ/1306-1363 م)، كَانَ شَاعِرًا أَدِيبًا مَحمُودَ السِّيرَةِ، وَطَالَ حُكمُهُ (حَكَمَ: 721-764 هـ/1322-1363 م)، مِن آثَارِهِ مَدرَسَةٌ بِمَكَّةَ وَأُخرَى بِتَعِز.‏
`Ali bin Dawud : `Ali bin Dawud bin Yusuf (706-764 A.H./1306-1363 A.D.), known as Al-Mujahid, a Rasulid caliph of Yemen (ruled: 721-764 A.H./1322-1363 A.D.) He was a poet and a well-appreciated writer. His reign was long and he was loved by his subjects. One of his main achievements was building two schools, one in Mecca and the other in Ta`izz.
‏عُمَرُ بنُ عَلِيٍّ‏

‏عُمَرُ بنُ عَلِيِّ بنِ رَسُولٍ المُلَقَّبُ بِالمَلِكِ المَنصُورِ (تُوُفِّيَ 647 هـ/1250 م)، مُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةِ الرَّسُولِيَّةِ فِي اليَمَنِ (حَكَمَ: 626-647 هـ/1229-1250 م)، اِستَولَى عَلَى اليَمَنِ وَأَظهَرَ الوَلَاءَ لِلأَيُّوبِيِّينَ إِلَى أَن أَعَدَّ جَيشًا ضَخمًا حَارَبَ بِهِ عَسَاكِرَهُم وَاستَقَلَّ بِالمُلكِ (630 هـ)، وَجَهَّزَ حَملَةً إِلَى الحِجَازِ فَاستَولَى عَلَى مَكَّةَ وَتَوَابِعِهَا وَتَمَّ لَهُ مُلكُ مَا بَينَهَا وَبَينَ حَضرَمَوت، وَانتَظَمَ لَهُ وَلِبَنِيهِ مُلكُ الحِجَازِ وَاليَمَنِ.‏
`Umar bin `Ali : `Umar bin `Ali bin Rasul (died 647 A.H./ 1250 A.D.), he was known as Al-Malik Al-Mansur, the founder of the Rasulid Sate in Yemen (ruled: 626-647 A.H./1229-1250 A.D.) He occupied Yemen and showed loyalty to the Ayyubids, until he formed a great army and engaged them in war and seized power (630 A.H.) He widened his state by dominating Mecca and its outskirts, until it extended from Mecca to Hadramaut. The Hijaz and Yemen became part of the Rasulid State during the reign of `Umar and his successors.
‏عُمَرُ بنُ يُوسُفَ‏

‏عُمَرُ بنُ يُوسُفَ بنِ عُمَرَ المُلَقَّبُ بِالأَشرَفِ (تُوُفِّيَ 696 هـ/1296 م)، ثَالِثُ مُلُوكِ الدَّولَةِ الرَّسُولِيَّةِ فِي اليَمَنِ (حَكَمَ: 694-696 هـ/1295-1296 م)، نَزَلَ لَهُ أَبُوهُ عَن المُلكِ قُبَيلَ وَفَاتِهِ (694 هـ) فَاستَمَرَّ قُرَابَةَ سَنَتَينِ، كَانَ عَالِمًا فَاضِلًا وَلَهُ مُؤَلَّفَاتٌ فِي الفَلَكِ وَالطِّبِّ وَالأَنسَابِ، مِن مُؤَلَّفَاتِهِ "الإسطُرلَاب".‏
`Umar bin Yusuf : `Umar bin Yusuf bin `Umar (died 696 A.H./1296 A.D.), known as Al-'Ashraf, the third Rasulid Caliph of Yemen (ruled: 694-696 A.H./1295-1296 A.D.) His father declared him as his heir. He ruled in 694 A.H., but his reign lasted for only two years. He was a virtuous scholar and wrote many books on astronomy, medicine, and genealogy. Among his books was Al-Asturlab [The Astrolabe].
‏يُوسُفُ بنُ عُمَرَ‏

‏يُوسُفُ بنُ عُمَرَ بنِ عَلِيِّ بنِ رَسُولٍ المُلَقَّبُ بِالمُظَفَّرِ (619-694 هـ/1222-1295 م)، وُلِّيَ بِصَنعَاءَ (حَكَمَ: 647-694 هـ/1250-1295 م)، أَحسَنَ سِيَاسَةَ المُلكِ فَطَالَت أَيَّامُهُ، وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ مَن كَسَا الكَعبَةَ مِن دَاخِلِهَا وَخَارِجِهَا (659 هـ) بَعدَ اِنقِطَاعِ وُرُودِهَا مِن بَغدَادَ (655 هـ)، كَانَ أَدِيبًا عَالِمًا بِالطِّبِّ وَالفَلَكِ وَالأَنسَابِ وَلَهُ مُؤَلَّفَاتٌ.‏
Yusuf bin `Umar : Yusuf bin `Umar bin `Ali bin Rasul(619-694 A.H./1222-1295 A.D.), known as Al-Muzhaffar, ruler of Sanaa (ruled: 647-694 A.H./1250-1295 A.D.) His skill as a ruler guaranteed him a long reign. He was the first Caliph to cover the Ka`bah from inside and outside (659 A.H.) after Baghdad had stopped sending the Kiswah [Covering of the Ka`bah] (655 A.H.) He was a prolific writer and scholar of medicine, astronomy and genealogy.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

الزيريون


‏المُعِزُّ بنُ بَادِيسَ‏

‏المُعِزُّ بنُ بَادِيسَ بنِ مَنصُورٍ (398-454 هـ/1008-1062 م)ُ مِن مُلُوكِ الدَّولَةِ الصَّنهَاجِيَّةِ بِإِفرِيقِيَّةَ (حَكَمَ: 406-454 هـ/1016-1062 م)، نَشَبَت بَينَهُ وَبَينَ قَبَائِلِ زَنَاتَة حُرُوبٌ اِنتَصَرَ فِي جَمِيعِهَا، اِستَقَلَّ عَن الفَاطِمِيِّينَ فَوَجَّهَ إِلَيهِ المُستَنصِرُ الفَاطِمِيُّ أَعرَابَ بَنِي هِلَالٍ وَبَنِي سُلَيمٍ فَهَزَمُوهُ فِي حَيدَرَانَ وَغَزَوا إِفرِيقِيَّةَ وَاحتَلُّوا القَيرَوَانَ وَسُوسَةَ فَتَقَهقَرَ إِلَى المَهدِيَّةِ.‏
Al-Mu`izz bin Badis : Al-Mu`izz bin Badis bin Mansur (398-454 A.H./1008-1062 A.D.), one of the Sanhaji kings of Ifriqiyah (ruled: 406-454 A.H./1016-1062 A.D.) He engaged in a number of wars with the Zanatah Berber tribe and defeated them in all combats. In 440 A.H. he declared his independence from the Fatimids. The Fatimid Caliph Al-Mustansir dispatched the nomads of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaim against him. They defeated him at Haidaran conquering Tunisia, Al-Qairawan and Sousse. Finally, he retreated to Al-Mahdyiah.
‏المَنصُورُ بنُ بُلُكِّين‏

‏المَنصُورُ (أَبُو الفَتحِ) بنُ بُلُكِّين بنِ زِيرِي بنِ مَنَّاد (تُوُفِّيَ 386 هـ/996 م)، وَلِيَ إِفرِيقِيَّةَ وَقَلَّدَهُ العَزِيزُ بِاللَّهِ الفَاطِمِيُّ عَلَى المَغرِبِ (حَكَمَ: 373-386 هـ/984-996 م)، أَسقَطَ الضَّرَائِبَ عَن أَهلِ إِفرِيقِيَّةَ وَسَارَ فِي النَّاسِ سِيرَةً حَسَنَةً.‏
Al-Mansur bin Bulukkin : Al-Mansur (Abu Al-Fath) bin Bulukkin bin Ziri bin Mannad (died 386 A.H./996 A.D.), who ruled Ifriqiyah and the Maghrib (ruled: 373-386 A.H./984-996 A.D.) He exempted the people of Tunisia from many taxes.
‏بُلُكِّينُ بنُ زِيرِي‏

‏بُلُكِّينُ (أَبُو الفُتُوحِ) بنُ زِيرِي بنِ مَنَّاد (تُوُفِّيَ 373 هـ/984 م)ُ مُؤَسِّسُ الإِمَارَةِ الصَّنهَاجِيَّةِ بِتُونُسَ (حَكَمَ: 361-373 هـ/971-984 م)، كَانَ مِن قُوَّادِ المُعِزِّ الفَاطِمِيِّ فَوَلَّاهُ إِفرِيقِيَّةَ مَا عَدَا صِقِلِّيَّةَ وَطَرَابُلسَ الغَرب فِي أَيَّامِهِ ثَارَ أَهلُ المَغرِبِ الأَقصَى فَخَلَعُوا طَاعَةَ الفَاطِمِيِّينَ، فَسَارَ لَهُم بُلُكِّين وَدَخَلَ مَدِينَةَ فَاس وَاستَولَى عَلَى سِجِلمَاسَةَ وَأَخرَجَ عُمَّالَ بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ وَدَانَ لَهُ المَغرِبُ كُلُّهُ.‏
Bulukkin bin Ziri : Bulukkin (Abu Al-Futuh) bin Ziri Bin Mannad (died 373 A.H./984 A.D.), the real founder of the Sanhaji Principality in Tunisia (ruled: 361-373 A.H./971-984 A.D.) He was one of the leaders of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Mu`izz Li Din Allah, who made him ruler of Ifriqiyah, save Sicily and Tripoli. The people of Western Maghrib began a revolution and renounced their loyalty to the Fatimids. Bulukkin attacked them and captured Fez and Sijilmasah casting out the Umayyad officials. Thus, the entire Maghrib submitted to him.
‏تَمِيمُ بنُ المُعِزِّ‏

‏تَمِيمُ بنُ المُعِزِّ بنِ بَادِيسَ (422-501 هـ/1031-1108 م) مِن مُلُوكِ الدَّولَةِ الصَّنهَاجِيَّةِ بِإِفرِيقِيَّةَ الشَّمَالِيَّةِ (حَكَمَ: 454-501 هـ/1062-1108 م)، وَلِيَ المُلكَ وَكَانَت الدَّولَةُ فِي اِختِلَالٍ وَاضطِرَابٍ، فَجَدَّدَ مَعَالِمَهَا وَاستَرَدَّ مَدَائِنَ سُوسَةَ وَصَفَاقِسَ وَتُونُسَ مِن الهِلَالِيِّينَ، هَاجَمَهُ الإِفرِنجُ سَنَةَ (480 هـ) وَاستَولَوا عَلَى المَهدِيَّةِ كَمَا اِستَولَوا عَلَى جَزِيرَةِ صِقِلِّيَّةَ سَنَةَ (484 هـ) ، وَهَاجَمَهُ الإِيطَالِيُّونَ فِي سُفُنٍ حَربِيَّةٍ فَهَزَمَهُم وَقَتَلَ كَثِيرًا مِنهُم.‏
Tamim bin Al-Mu`izz : Tamim bin Al-Mu`izz bin Badis (422-501 A.H./1031-1108 A.D.), one of the Sanhaji kings of Ifriqiyah (ruled: 454-501 A.H./1062-1108 A.D.) He was made king while in a time of great turmoil and unrest. He reestablished his rule over all. He recaptured the cities of Sousse, Sfax and Tunis from the hands of the Banu Hilal. He was attacked by the Franks in 480 A.H., who then captured Al-Mahdyiah and Sicily in 484 A.H. He defeated the Italians who attacked him with ships of war and killed a great number of them.
‏زِيرِي بنُ مَنَّادٍ‏

‏زِيرِي بنُ مَنَّادٍ الصَنهَاجِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 360 هـ/971 م)ُ أَوَّلُ مَن مَلَكَ مِن الصَّنهَاجِيِّينَ بِالمَغرِبِ الأَوسَطِ (حَكَمَ: 334-360 هـ/945-971 م)، كَانَ حَسَنَ السِّيرَةِ شُجَاعًا، بَنَى مَدِينَةَ آشِير وَأَمَرَ اِبنَهُ بُلُكِّين بِبِنَاءِ مِليَانَة وَمَدِينَةِ الجَزَائِرِ وَالمُديَة، قُتِلَ فِي مَعرَكَةٍ بَينَهُ وَبَينَ جَعفَرِ بنِ عَلِيٍّ الأَندَلُسِيِّ.‏
Ziri bin Mannad : Ziri bin Mannad Al-Sanhaji (died 360 A.H./971 A.D.), the first Sanhaji king to rule Central Morocco (ruled: 334-360 A.H./945-971 A.D.) He was famous and brave. He built the city of Ashir and ordered Bulukkin, his son, to build the cities of Milianah, Algeries and Al-Mudiah. He was killed in a battle against Ja`far bin `Ali Al-Andalusi.
‏يَحيَى بنُ تَمِيمٍ‏

‏يَحيَى بنُ تَمِيمِ بنِ المُعِزِّ (457-509 هـ/1065-1116 م) مِن مُلُوكِ الدَّولَةِ الصَّنهَاجِيَّةِ (حَكَمَ: 501-509 هـ/1107-1116 م) تَوَلَّى إِفرِيقِيَّةَ الشَّمَالِيَّةَ وَجَعَلَ الخُطبَةَ لِلعَبَّاسِيِّينَ بَنَى أُسطُولًا ضَخمًا غَزَا بِهِ جِنوَةَ وَسَردِينيَا.‏
Yahya bin Tamim : Yahya bin Tamim bin Al-Mu`izz (457-509 A.H./1065-1116 A.D.) a Sanhaji king of Ifriqiyah (ruled: 501-509 A.H./1107-1116 A.D.) He assumed power and declared allegiance to the Abbasids. He built a great fleet with which he conquered Genoa and Sardinia.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

السامانيون


‏أَحمَدُ بنُ إِسمَاعِيلَ السَّامَانِيُّ‏

‏أَحمَدُ بنُ إِسمَاعِيلَ بنِ أَحمَدَ السَّامَانِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 301 هـ/914 م)، جَاءَهُ عَهدُ المُكتَفِي العَبَّاسِيِّ بِالإِمَارَةِ (حَكَمَ: 295-301 هـ/907-914 م)، زَحَفَ بِجَيشٍ مِن بُخَارَى فَاجتَازَ الرَّيَّ وَهَرَاةَ وَاستَولَى عَلَى سِجِستَان (298 هـ).‏
Ahmad bin Isma`il Al-Samani : Ahmad bin Isma`il bin Ahmad Al-Samani (died 301 A.H./914 A.D.), a Samanid Emir of Transoxiana (ruled: 295-301 A.H./907-914 A.D.) The Abbasid Caliph Al-Muktafi recognized his authority. Ahmad marched with his army until he passed Rayy and occupied Sijistan (298 A.H.)
‏إِسمَاعِيلُ بنُ أَحمَدَ السَّامَانِيُّ‏

‏إِسمَاعِيلُ بنُ أَحمَدَ بنِ أَسَدِ بنِ سَامَان (234-295 هـ/748-907 م)، ثَانِي أُمَرَاءِ الدَّولَةِ السَّامَانِيَّةِ فِي مَا وَرَاءَ النَّهرِ (حَكَمَ: 279-295 هـ/892-907 م)، أَقَرَّهُ المُعتَضِدُ العَبَّاسِيُّ فِي وِلَايَتِهِ (279 هـ) ثُمَّ وَلَّاهُ خُرَاسَانَ، كَانَ مُوَفَّقًا فِي قَمعِ الثَّورَاتِ حَازِمًا فِي سِيَاسَتِهِ، تُوُفِّيَ فِي بُخَارَى.‏
Isma`il bin Ahmad Al-Samani : Isma`il bin Ahmad bin Asad bin Saman (234-295 A.H./748-907 A.D.), the second Samanid Emir of Transoxiana (ruled: 279-295 A.H./892-907 A.D.) The Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu`tadid recognized his authority (279 A.H.), then he placed him over Khurasan. He succeeded in suppressing revolutions during his reign and was a judicious politician. He died in Bukhara.
‏إِسمَاعِيلُ بنُ نُوح 2‏

‏إِسمَاعِيلُ بنُ نُوح 2 بنِ مَنصُورٍ المُلَقَّبُ بِالمُنتَصِرِ (تُوُفِّيَ 395 هـ/1005 م)، آخِرُ مُلُوكِ الدَّولَةِ السَّامَانِيَّةِ فِي مَا وَرَاءَ النَّهرِ (حَكَمَ: 391-395 هـ/1001-1005 م)، ظَهَرَ بَعدَ اِنقِرَاضِ دَولَتِهِم، حَيثُ هَرَبَ مِن سُجُونِ مَلِكِ التُّركِ الَّذِي اِستَولَى عَلَى بُخَارَى، لَجَأَ إِلَى خُوَارِزم حَيثُ أَقبَلَ عَلَيهِ أَنصَارُ دَولَتِهِ فَأَغَارَ عَلَى بُخَارَى وَاحتَلَّهَا وَقَامَت مَعَارِكُ شَدِيدَةٌ بَينَهُ وَبَينَ مَلِكِ التُّركِ "إيلك خان" اِنتَهَت بِقَتلِ إِسمَاعِيلَ، وَبِمَوتِهِ اِنقَرَضَت دَولَةُ السَّامَانِيِّينَ.‏
Isma`il bin Nuh II : Isma`il bin Nuh II bin Mansur (died 395 A.H./1005 A.D.), known as Al-Muntasir, the last Samanid Emir of Transoxiana (ruled: 391-395 A.H./1001-1005 A.D.) He was captured by the Turkish King Ilk Khan who occupied Bukhara, but he escaped and sought refuge in Khwarazm where he met with his patrons and supporters. He formed an army and engaged in a fierce battle against the Turkish King, in Bukhara, where he was killed. After Isma`il's death, the Samanid Dynasty perished.
‏نَصرُ بنُ أَحمَدَ السَّامَانِيُّ‏

‏نَصرُ بنُ أَحمَدَ بنِ أَسَدِ بنِ سَامَان (تُوُفِّيَ 279 هـ/892 م)، مُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةِ السَّامَانِيَّةِ فِي مَا وَرَاءَ النَّهرِ، اِمتَدَّت دَولَتُهُ إِلَى سَمَرقَندَ وَالشَّاشِ وَفِرغَانَةَ وَبُخَارَى وَغَزنَة، وَكَانَ عَاقِلًا دَيِّنًا أَدِيبًا.‏
Nasr bin Ahmad Al-Samani : Nasr bin Ahmad bin Asad bin Saman (died 279 A.H./892 A.D.), the founder of the Samanid Dynasty of Transoxiana. He widened his state by adding Samarkand, Shash, Fergana, Bukhara and Ghazni. He was known for his wisdom and piety and for his interest in literature.
‏نَصرُ بنُ أَحمَدَ بنِ إِسمَاعِيلَ‏

‏نَصرُ بنُ أَحمَدَ بنِ إِسمَاعِيلَ السَّامَانِيُّ، المُلَقَّبُ بِالسَّعِيدِ (293-331 هـ/905-943 م)، صَاحِبُ خُرَاسَانَ وَمَا وَرَاءَ النَّهرِ (حَكَمَ: 301-331 هـ/914-943 م)، وَلِيَ الإِمَارَةَ وَكَانَ صَغِيرًا فَكَفَلَهُ أَصحَابُ أَبِيهِ، فَلَمَّا كَبُرَ اِمتَدَّ سُلطَانُهُ وَاتَّسَعَت دَائِرَةُ مُلكِهِ فَكَانَ لَهُ خُرَاسَانُ وَجُرجَان وَالرَّيُّ وَنَيسَابُور، مَاتَ بِالسُّلِّ.‏
Nasr bin Ahmad bin Isma`il : Nasr bin Ahmad bin Isma`il Al-Samani (293-331 A.H./905-943 A.D.), ruler of Khurasan and Transoxiana (ruled: 301-331 A.H./914-943 A.D.) He ruled the state while still young with the assistance of his father's friends. As an adult, he widened his power over Khurasan, Jurjan, Rayy and Naisabur. He died of tuberculosis.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

السعديون


‏أَحمَدُ الحَسَنِيُّ‏

‏أَحمَدُ بنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الحَسَنِيُّ (891-965 هـ/1486-1557 م)، ثَانِي مُؤَسِّسِي دَولَةِ السَّعدِيِّينَ بِبِلَادِ السُّوسِ وَمَرَّاكِشَ (حَكَمَ: 923-946 هـ/1517-1540 م)، ظَفِرَ فِي حُرُوبِهِ مَعَ البُرتُغَالِيِّينَ بِأَحوَازَ تِيلمِست وَآسِفِي وَغَيرِهِمَا فَأَطَاعَتهُ كُلُّ بِلَادِ السُّوسِ، دَخَلَ مَرَّاكِشَ (930 هـ)، نَازَعَهُ أَخُوهُ المَهدِيُّ وَسَجَنَهُ.‏
Ahmad Al-Hasani : Full name: Ahmad bin Muhammad Al-Hasani (891-965 A.H./1486-1557 A.D.), the real founder of the Sa`did Dynasty in Marrakech and Sousse (ruled: 923-946 A.H./1517-1540 A.D.) After fighting with the Portuguese he dominated Tilmist and Asifi and the neighboring territory around Sousse. He was deposed and imprisoned by his brother Al-Mahdi.
‏أَحمَدُ المَنصُورُ‏

‏أَحمَدُ (المَنصُورُ) بنُ مُحَمَّدٍ المَهدِيُّ (956-1012 هـ/1549-1603 م) مِن سَلَاطِينَ الدَّولَةِ السَّعدِيَّةِ فِي المَغرِبِ الأَقصَى (حَكَمَ: 986-1012 هـ/1577-1603 م)، كَانَ مُحِبًّا لِلغَزوِ وَلِلعِلمِ، وَجَّهَ جَيشًا إِلَى الصَّحرَاءِ فَاستَولَى عَلَى أَصقَاعِهَا، وَطَمَحَ إِلَى اِمتِلَاكِ السُّودَانِ فَجَاءَتهُ بَشَائِرُ الفَتحِ بِدُخُولِ كاغو (1000 هـ) أَوَّلُ مَن أَحدَثَ مَعَاصِرَ السُّكَّرِ فِي مَرَّاكِشَ، وَأَنشَأَ بِفَاس المَعقِلَينِ المَعرُوفَينِ بالبستيون، وَبَنَى حِصنَينِ وَثِيقَينِ بِثَغرِ العَرَائِشِ.‏
Ahmad Al-Mansur : Full name: Ahmad bin Muhammad Al-Mahdi (956-1012 A.H./1549-1603 A.D.), known as Al-Mansur, a Sa`did sultan who was known for his conquests and love of knowledge (ruled: 986-1012 A.H./1577-1603 A.D.) He dispatched a unit of his army to capture the Sahara. As he was ambitious to subdue the Sudan and his armies, he conquered the region of Kagho (1000 A.H.) He established two bastions in Fez and two strong fortresses in Al-Ara'ish.
‏مُحَمَّدٌ القَائِمُ بِأَمرِ اللَّهِ‏

‏مُحَمَّدُ بنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الحَسَنِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 923 هـ/1517 م)، مُؤَسِّسُ دَولَةِ السَّعدِيِّينَ (حَكَمَ: 916-923 هـ/1510-1517 م)، نَهَضَ لِقِتَالِ البُرتُغَالِيِّينَ فِي بِلَادِ السُّوسِ الأَقصَى وَسَاعَدَهُ فِي الجِهَادِ صَاحِبُ فَاس، بَايَعَهُ أَهلُ السُّوسِ وَدَرعَةَ وَأَعمَالِهَا (916 هـ)، اِستَولَى عَلَى مَدِينَةِ تَارُودَانت وَحَصَّنَهَا.‏
Muhammad Al-Qa'im Bi Amr Allah : Real name: Muhammad bin Muhammad Al-Hasani (died 923 A.H./1517 A.D.), founder of the Sa`did Dynasty (ruled: 916-923 A.H./1510-1517 A.D.) With the help of the ruler of Fez, he set out for Sousse to fight Portuguese troops. Both the people of Sousse and Dar`ah and its surroundings paid him homage. He then captured Tarudant and fortified it.
‏مُحَمَّدُ المَهدِيُّ‏

‏مُحَمَّدُ بنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الحَسَنِيُّ (896-964 هـ/1491-1557 م)، ثَالِثُ سَلَاطِينَ الدَّولَةِ السَّعدِيَّةِ (حَكَمَ: 946-964 هـ/1540-1557 م)، بَاشَرَ الجِهَادَ فِي الثُّغُورِ فَافتَتَحَ حِصنَ فونتي وَآسِفِي وَاختَطَّ مَرسَى أَغَادِيرَ، اِستَولَى عَلَى مِكنَاسَةَ وَفَاس، قَاتَلَ التُّركَ فِي تِلِمسَانَ وَاستَعَادَهَا مِنهُم.‏
Muhammad Al-Mahdi : Real name: Muhammad bin Muhammad Al-Hasani (896-964 A.H./1491-1557 A.D.), a Sa`did sultan who conquered the cities of Funti and Asifi, captured Meknes and Fez and founded the port of Aghadir (ruled: 946-964 A.H./1540-1557 A.D.) He fought the Ottoman Turks and recaptured Tlemcen from them.
‏مَولَايَ عَبدُ اللَّهِ الغَالِبُ‏

‏عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ مُحَمَّدٍ المَهدِيُّ (933-981 هـ/1527-1574 م) مِن مُلُوكِ السَّعدِيِّينَ بِفَاس وَمَرَّاكِشَ (حَكَمَ: 964-981 هـ/1557-1574 م)، هَزَمَ حَسَنَ بنَ خَيرِ الدِّينِ التُّركِيَّ سَنَةَ (965 هـ)، وَحَاوَلَ غَزوَ البُرَيحَةِ الَّتِي كَانَت فِي أَيدِي البُرتُغَالِ سَنَةَ (969 هـ)، عَنَى بِتَرقِيَةِ الزِّرَاعَةِ وَالصِّنَاعَةِ، فَتَقَدَّمَت مَرَّاكِشُ فِي أَيَّامِهِ تَقَدُّمًا مَذكُورًا.‏
Mulai `Abdullah Al-Ghalib : Real name: `Abdullah bin Muhammad Al-Mahdi (933-981 A.H./1527-1574 A.D.), a Sa`did sultan who ruled in Fez and Marrakech (ruled: 964-981 A.H./1557-1574 A.D.) He defeated the Turk Hasan bin Khayr Al-Din in 965 A.H. and tried to capture the city of Al-Buraihah from the Portuguese in 969 A.H. He worked for the development of agriculture and industry in Marrakech which witnessed a period of prosperity under his reign.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

السلاجقة


‏أَلب أَرسِلَان‏

‏أَلب أَرسِلَان بنُ دَاوُودَ (تُوُفِّيَ 465 هـ/1072 م)، مِن أَعظَمِ مُلُوكِ السَّلَاجِقَةِ (حَكَمَ: 455-465 هـ/1063-1072 م)، فَتَحَ بِلَادَ الشَّامِ وَمَا وَرَاءَ النَّهرِ، اِنتَصَرَ اِنتِصَارًا سَاحِقًا عَلَى الرُّومِ وَأَسَرَ الإِمبِرَاطُورَ رُومَانُوس الرَّابِعَ فِي مَنَازِيكِرت، أَنفَقَ أَموَالًا عَظِيمَةً عَلَى بِنَاءِ المَدَارِسِ وَكَانَ كَثِيرَ الصَّدَقَاتِ.‏
Alp Arslan : Alp Arslan bin Dawud (died 465 A.H./1072), a great Seljuk sultan of Persia (ruled: 455-465 A.H./1063-1072 A.D.) He conquered Syria and Transoxiana and won great victories over the Byzantine Christians, especially at Manzikert (1071 A.D.), where he captured Emperor Romanus IV. He was known for his benevolence and spent a large amount of money in building schools throughout his realm.
‏طُغرُل بِك‏

‏طُغرُل بِك بنُ سَلجُوق (385-455 هـ/995-1063 م)، أَوَّلُ مُلُوكِ الدَّولَةِ السَّلجُوقِيَّةِ (حَكَمَ: 429-455 هـ/1037-1063 م)، قَضَى عَلَى فِتنَةِ البَسَاسِيرِي وَأَنهَى حُكمَ بَنِي بُوَيه، اِمتَدَّ نُفُوذُهُ مِن شَاطِئِ نَهرِ جَيحُون حَتَّى سَوَاحِلِ البَحرِ الأَسوَدِ‏
Tughrul-Beg : Tughrul-Beg bin Seljuk (385-455 A.H./995-1063 A.D.), founder of the Seljuk Dynasty (ruled: 429-455 A.H./1037-1063 A.D.) He eliminated the Al-Basasiri revolution against the Abbasids and ended the Buyid rule in Persia. His authority extended from the Oxus River to the Black Sea.
‏مَلِكشَاه 1‏

‏مَلِكشَاه 1 بنُ أَلب أَرسِلَان (تُوُفِّيَ 485 هـ/1092 م)، مِن مُلُوكِ دَولَةِ السَّلَاجِقَةِ (حَكَمَ: 465-485 هـ/1072-1092 م)، اِمتَدَّت مَملَكَتُهُ مِن أَقصَى بِلَادِ التُّركِ حَتَّى أَقصَى بِلَادِ اليَمَنِ بِمَا فِيهَا بِلَادُ الرُّومِ وَالشَّامِ وَالجَزِيرَةِ وَالعِرَاقِ وَخُرَاسَانَ، أَسقَطَ المُكُوسَ مِن جَمِيعِ البِلَادِ وَعَمَّرَ الطُّرُقَ وَحَفَرَ الأَنهَارَ وَعَمَّرَ الجَوَامِعَ وَأَقَامَ أَحوَاضَ المَاءِ بِطَرِيقِ مَكَّةَ لِشُربِ الحُجَّاجِ، وَبَلَغَت الدَّولَةُ فِي عَهدِهِ أَوجَ اِزدِهَارِهَا.‏
Malik Shah I : Malik Shah I bin Alp Arslan (died 485 A.H./1092 A.D.), a great Seljuk sultan during whose reign the Seljuk State reached the zenith of its power (465-485 A.H./1072-1092 A.D.) His authority expanded to the region from the Byzantine territories to Yemen, including Turkey, Khurasan, Syria, Iraq and Arabia. He removed all taxes from his entire realm, constructed highways and mosques, excavated canals and dug wells on the way to Mecca to provide water for the pilgrims to the Sacred House.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

الصفاريون

‏عَمرُو بنُ اللَّيثِ الصَّفَّارُ‏

‏عَمرُو بنُ اللَّيثِ الصَّفَّارُ (تُوُفِّيَ 289 هـ/902 م)، ثَانِي أُمَرَاءِ الدَّولَةِ الصَّفَّارِيَّةِ (حَكَمَ: 265-289 هـ/879-902 م)، أَقَرَّهُ المُعتَمِدُ العَبَّاسِيُّ عَلَى أَعمَالِ أَخِيهِ كُلِّهَا وَهِيَ خُرَاسَانُ وَسِجِستَان وَالسِّندُ وَأَصبَهَانُ وَكِرَمَانُ، أَضَافَ إِلَيهِ المُعتَضِدُ وِلَايَةَ الرَّيِّ وَمَا وَرَاءَ النَّهرِ، قَاتَلَهُ إِسمَاعِيلُ بنُ أَحمَدَ السَّامَانِيُّ (وَالِي مَا وَرَاءَ النَّهرِ) فَظَفِرَ وَأُسِرَ الصَّفَّارُ (287 هـ)، سُجِنَ بِبَغدَادَ إِلَى أَن تُوُفِّيَ.‏
`Amr bin Al-Laith Al-Saffar : `Amr bin Al-Laith Al-Saffar (died 289 A.H./902 A.D.), second emir of the Saffarid State (ruled: 265-289 A.H./879-902 A.D.) The Abbasid caliph Al-Mu`tamid charged him with all the territories of Khurasan, Sijistan, India, Asbahan and Kerman. Later, Al-Mu`tadid charged him with Rayy and Transoxiana. He lost war with Isma`il bin Ahmad Al-Samani (ruler of Transoxiana) and was captured. He was jailed in Baghdad until he died.
‏يَعقُوبُ بنُ اللَّيثِ الصَّفَّارُ‏

‏يَعقُوبُ بنُ اللَّيثِ الصَّفَّارُ أَبُو يُوسُفَ (تُوُفِّيَ 265 هـ/879 م)، مُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةِ الصَّفَّارِيَّةِ بِخُرَاسَانَ (حَكَمَ: 254-265 هـ/868-879 م)، اِستَولَى عَلَى سِجِستَانَ (247 هـ) ثُمَّ اِمتَلَكَ هَرَاةَ وَبُوشِنج وَتَغَلَّبَ عَلَى التُّركِ فَهَابَهُ الأُمَرَاءُ، ثُمَّ اِمتَلَكَ كِرَمَانَ وَشِيرَازَ وَفَارِسَ وَاستَولَى عَلَى نَيسَابُور (259 هـ)، هَاجَمَ بَغدَادَ فَهَزَمَهُ المُعتَمِدُ بِقِيَادَةِ أَخِيهِ المُوَفَّقِ.‏
Ya`qub bin Al-Laith Al-Saffar : Ya`qub bin Al-Laith Al-Saffar, known as Abu Yusuf (died 265 A.H./ 879 A.D.), the founder of the Saffarid State in Khurasan (ruled: 254-265 A.H./868-879 A.D.) He widened his authority by occupying Sijistan (247 A.H.), Harah, Bushinj, Keraman, Shiraz, Persia and finally Naisabur (259 A.H.) For triumphing over the Turks, all emirs venerated him. He attacked Baghdad but was defeated by the army of the Caliph Al-Mu`tamid under the command of his brother Al-Muwaffaq.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

الطولونيون


‏أَحمَدُ بنُ طُولُونَ‏

‏أَحمَدُ بنُ طُولُونَ (220-270 هـ/835-884 م)، مُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةِ الطُّولُونِيَّةِ بِمِصرَ وَالشَّامِ (حَكَمَ: 254-270 هـ/868-884 م)، قَرَّبَهُ المُستَعِينُ العَبَّاسِيُّ وَوَلَّاهُ إِمَارَةَ مِصرَ فَاستَقَلَّ بِالحُكمِ وَأَنشَأَ القَطَائِعَ عَاصِمَةً لَهُ بِالقُربِ مِن الفُسطَاطِ، مَدَّ نُفُوذَهُ عَلَى مِصرَ وَالشَّامِ وَالمَوصِلِ، بَنَى الجَامِعَ المَعرُوفَ بِاسمِهِ فِي القَاهِرَةِ، تُوُفِّيَ بِالقَاهِرَةِ.‏
Ahmad bin Tulun : Ahmad bin Tulun (220-270 A.H./835-884 A.D.), the founder of the Tulunid State in Egypt and Syria (ruled: 254-270 A.H./868-884 A.D.) The Abbasid Caliph Al-Musta`in placed him in control of Egypt over which he seized power and built the city of Al-Qata'i` near Al-Fustat, making it his capital. He widened his state by extending his domain to Syria and Mosul. He built the Mosque which is now known by his name in Cairo. He died in Cairo.
‏خِمَارَوَيه بنُ أَحمَدَ‏

‏خُمَارَوَيه بنُ أَحمَدَ بنِ طُولُونَ (أَبُو الجَيشِ) (تُوُفِّيَ 282 هـ/896 م)، وَلِيَ مُلكَ الدَّولَةِ الطُّولُونِيَّةِ بِمِصرَ (حَكَمَ: 270-282 هـ/884-896 م)، وَفِي أَوَاخِرَ أَيَّامِهِ تَزَوَّجَ المُعتَضِدُ العَبَّاسِيُّ مِن اِبنَتِهِ "قَطرِ النَّدَى"، اِتَّسَعَ مُلكُ الدَّولَةِ فِي أَيَّامِهِ فَكَانَ لَهُ مِن الفُرَاتِ إِلَى بِلَادِ النُّوبَةِ.‏
Khumarawaih bin Ahmad : Khumarawaih (Abu Al-Jaish) bin Ahmad bin Tulun (282 A.H./896 A.D.), ruled the Tulunid State in Egypt (ruled: 270-282 A.H./884-896 A.D.) He married his daughter Qatr Al-Nada to the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu`tadid. Khumarawaih's authority expanded from the Euphrates to Nubia.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

العلويون


‏المَولَى إِسمَاعِيلُ‏

‏إِسمَاعِيلُ بنُ مُحَمَّدٍ (1056-1139 هـ/1645-1727 م)، مِن كِبَارِ مُلُوكِ الإِسلَامِ وَخُلَفَائِهِم وَأَفضَلِ رِجَالِ دَولَةِ العَلَوِيِّينَ فِي المَغرِبِ الأَقصَى (حَكَمَ: 1082-1139 هـ/1672-1727 م)، كَانَت أَيَّامُهُ أَسعَدَ أَيَّامِ هَذِهِ الدَّولَةِ، سَيطَرَ عَلَى بِلَادِ المَغرِبِ كُلِّهَا حَتَّى بَلَغَ تُخُومَ السُّودَانِ، كَانَت مِكنَاسَة -قَاعِدَةُ مُلكِهِ- مِن أَعظَمِ مُدُنِ المَغرِبِ عُمرَانًا وَآثَارًا، أَلَّفَ جَيشًا عَظِيمًا وَبَنَى 76 قَلعَةً مَازَالَت قَائِمَةً إِلَى الآنَ.‏
Al-Maula Isma`il : Real name: Isma`il bin Muhammad (1056-1139 A.H./1645-1727 A.D.), a great Muslim sultan of the Alawis dynasty (ruled: 1082-1139 A.H./1672-1727 A.D.) His reign was a prosperous one that witnessed a rise in architectural and military activities. He ordered the construction of 76 castles which are still landmarks in Morocco and established a powerful army. His authority expanded to all the Maghrib and reached the Sudanese border.
‏المَولَى الرَّشِيدُ‏

‏الرَّشِيدُ بنُ مُحَمَّدٍ العَلَوِيُّ (1040-1082 هـ/1630-1672 م)، مِن سَلَاطِينِ الدَّولَةِ العَلَوِيَّةِ بِالمَغرِبِ الأَقصَى (حَكَمَ: 1075 -1082 هـ/1664 -1672 م)، فَتَحَ تَازَا وَأَخضَعَ سِجِلمَاسَةَ وَامتَلَكَ فَاسَ، دَخَلَ مَرَّاكِشَ وَأَخضَعَ بِلَادَ السُّوسِ وَأَرسَلَ جَيشًا لِضَمِّ طَنجَةَ، اِستَقَرَّ بِمَرَّاكِشَ وَكَانَ كَثِيرَ الفُتُوحَاتِ وَمُحِبًّا لِلعِلمِ، مِن آثَارِهِ فِي مَدِينَةِ فَاس مَدرَسَةُ الشَّرَاطِينِ.‏
Al-Maula Al-Rashid : Real name: Al-Rashid bin Muhammad Al-`Alawi (1040-1082 A.H./1630-1672 A.D.), a great Alawi sultan of the Maghrib (ruled: 1075-1082 A.H./1664-1672 A.D.) He conquered Taza, Sijilmasah and Fez. After he had dominated Marrakech, which he made his capital, and Sousse, he dispatched his army to subjugate Tangier. He was known for his conquests and love of knowledge which was manifested in his construction of Al-Sharatin School in Fez.
‏المَولَى عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ‏

‏عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ بنُ هِشَامٍ (1204-1276 هـ/1790-1859 م)، مِن مُلُوكِ الدَّولَةِ العَلَوِيَّةِ فِي المَغرِبِ (حَكَمَ: 1238-1276 هـ/1819-1859 م)، أَنشَأَ الأَسَاطِيلَ لِحِمَايَةِ الشَّوَاطِئِ، اِهتَمَّ بِنَشرِ العِلمِ وَبِتَرقِيَةِ الزِّرَاعَةِ وَالصِّنَاعَةِ، عَقَدَ مُعَاهَدَةً مَعَ الإِنكِلِيزِ سَنَةَ (1273 هـ) بِهَدَفِ تَنظِيمِ التِّجَارَةِ وَشُمُولِ الأَمنِ لِرَعَايَا الجَانِبَينِ، مِن آثَارِهِ إِصلَاحُ مِينَاءِ طَنجَةَ، وَبُرجَانِ عَظِيمَانِ فِي سَلَا وَمَارِستَان كَبِيرٌ وَمَسَاجِدُ.‏
Al-Maula `Abdul-Rahman : Real name: `Abdul-Rahman bin Hisham (1204-1276 A.H./1790-1859 A.D.), an Alawi sultan of the Maghrib(ruled: 1238-1276 A.H./1819-1859 A.D.) He had a great interest in the welfare of his people and worked for the spread of knowledge and the promotion of agriculture and industry. In 1273 A.H., he concluded a treaty with the British organizing trade and granting security for the subjects of both parties. He rebuilt the port of Tangier, built two towers at Sale, a large hospital and a number of mosques.
‏المَولَى مُحَمَّد‏

‏مُحَمَّدُ بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ بنِ إِسمَاعِيلَ (1134-1204 هـ/1721-1790 م) مِن مُلُوكِ الدَّولَةِ العَلَوِيَّةِ بِالمَغرِبِ (حَكَمَ: 1171-1204 هـ/1757-1790 م)، وَكَانَت لَهُ فُتُوحَاتٌ بَحرِيَّةٌ كَثِيرَةٌ ، بَنَى مُدُنًا وَمَسَاجِدَ وَمَدَارِسَ وَأَنشَأَ مَجمُوعَةً كَبِيرَةً مِن المَرَاكِبِ الحَربِيَّةِ البَحرِيَّةِ وَأَنفَقَ أَموَالًا طَائِلَةً عَلَى فَكَاكِ أَسرَى المُسلِمِينَ (حَوَالَي 48000) مِن أَيدِي الإِفرِنجِ.‏
Al-Maula Muhammad : Real name: Muhammad bin `Abdullah bin Isma`il (1134-1204 A.H./1721-1790 A.D.), an Alawi sultan of the Maghrib (ruled: 1171-1204 A.H./1757-1790 A.D.) He worked for the reformation and welfare of his state. His reign was one of prosperity. He founded a number of cities, mosques and schools, built a strong naval power and fortified ports and borders of his realm. Notable among his achievements was that he spent a great amount of money to ransom about 48,000 Muslim captives from the Franks.
‏مُحَمَّدُ بنُ الشَّرِيفِ‏

‏مُحَمَّدُ بنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الحَسَنِيُّ (تُوُفِّيَ 1075 هـ/1664 م)، مُؤَسِّسُ دَولَةِ الأَشرَافِ العَلَوِيِّينَ القَائِمَةِ إِلَى اليَومِ فِي المَغرِبِ الأَقصَى (حَكَمَ: 1050 -1075 هـ/1640 -1664 م)، بَايَعَهُ أَهلُ سِجِلمَاسَةَ وَاستَولَى عَلَى فَاس وَمُدُنِ الصَّحرَاءِ، اِتَّخَذَ سِجِلمَاسَةَ مَقَرًّا لَهُ.‏
Muhammad bin Al-Sharif : Full name: Muhammad bin Muhammad Al-Hasani (died 1075 A.H./1664 A.D.), founder of the Alawis Dynasty whose descendants are still in power in Morocco (ruled: 1050-1075 A.H./1640-1664 A.D.) Having been given the homage of the people of Sijilmasah, which became his capital, he set out for the neighboring regions and captured Fez and some cities of the Sahara.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

الغزنويون


‏أَلبَتِكِين‏

‏كَانَ أَلبَتِكِين جُندِيًّا مِن المُرتَزِقَةِ الأَترَاكِ، وَلِيَ خُرَاسَانَ وَتَمَرَّدَ عَلَى السَّامَانِيِّينَ (961 م) وَأَسَّسَ الدَّولَةَ الغَزنَوِيَّةَ (تُوُفِّيَ 963 م).‏
Alptegin : Alptegin was a Turkish mercenary soldier who was appointed ruler of Khurasan. In 961 A.D. he revolted against the Samanids and founded the Ghaznavid Dynasty (died: 963 A.D.)
‏سِبُكتِكِين‏

‏اِختَارَهُ قَادَةُ الجَيشِ لِخِلَافَةِ البَتِكِينِ، مُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةِ الغَزنَوِيَّةِ فِي الحُكمِ، مَدَّ سُلطَانَهُ فِي الشَّرقِ فَاستَولَى عَلَى خُرَاسَانَ وَسِجِستَانَ وَعَلَى جُزءٍ كَبِيرٍ مِن المَوَاقِعِ الجَبَلِيَّةِ فِي الهِندِ (تُوُفِّيَ سَنَةَ 387 هـ).‏
Sebuktegin : Sebuktegin was a Ghaznavid sultan who was chosen by the army commanders to succeed Alptegin, founder of the Ghaznavid Dynasty. As he endeavored to expand his authority, he dominated Khurasan, Sijistan and a great portion of the mountain regions on the borders of India (died: 387 A.H.)
‏مَحمُودٌ‏

‏مَحمُودُ بنُ سِبُكتِكِين (361-421 هـ/971-1030 م) ، ثَالِثُ مُلُوكِ الغَزنَوِيِّينَ وَأَشهَرُهُم (حَكَمَ: 389-421 هـ/998-1030 م)، فَاتِحُ الهِندِ وَبُخَارَى وَأَحَدُ كِبَارِ القَادَةِ، اِحتَلَّ مُمتَلَكَاتِ السَّامَانِيِّينَ فِي مَا وَرَاءَ النَّهرِ، مَدَّ نُفُوذَهُ عَلَى بَنجَابَ وَغُجَرَات، وَشَجَّعَ الآدَابَ وَالفُنُونَ.‏
Mahmud : Mahmud bin Sebuktegin (361-421 A.H./971-1030 A.D.), the most famous Ghaznavid sultan (ruled: 389-421 A.H./998-1030 A.D.) This renowned commander conquered India and Bukhara and ended the Samanid rule in Transoxiana. He also captured Panjab and Gujarat. His era witnessed a flourish in the arts and literature.
‏مَسعُودٌ 1‏

‏مَسعُودُ بنُ مَحمُودِ بنِ سِبُكتِكِين (تُوُفِّيَ 432 هـ/1040 م) مِن مُلُوكِ الدَّولَةِ الغَزنَوِيَّةِ (حَكَمَ: 422 -432 هـ/1029 -1040 م)، اِجتَمَعَ لَهُ مُلكُ خُرَاسَانَ وَغَزنَة وَبِلَادِ الهِندِ وَالسِّندِ وَسِجِستَانَ وَكِرمَانَ وَمَكرَانَ وَالرَّيِّ وَأَصبَهَانَ، وَعَظُمَ سُلطَانَهُ وَفَتَحَ قِلَاعًا فِي الهِندِ، أَجلَى السَّلَاجِقَةَ عَن خُرَاسَانَ، وَلَهُ آثَارٌ فِي العُمرَانِ.‏
Mas`ud I : Full name: Mas`ud bin Mahmud bin Sebuktegin (died: 432 A.H./1040 A.D.), a Ghaznavid sultan (ruled: 422-432 A.H./1029-1040 A.D.) whose authority expanded as far as Khurasan, Ghazni, India, Sind, Sijistan, Kerman, Makran, Rayy and Asbahan. He conquered some Indian forts. He left many architectural monuments.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

المرابطون


‏يُوسُفُ بنُ تَاشفِين‏

‏يُوسُفُ بنُ تَاشفِين (410-500 هـ/1019-1106 م)، سُلطَانُ المَغرِبِ الأَقصَى (حَكَمَ: 463-500 هـ/1069-1106 م)وَبَانِي مَدِينَةِ مَرَّاكِشَ (465 هـ)، اِستَولَى عَلَى مَدِينَةِ فَاس وَغَزَا الأَندَلُسَ فَصَالَحَهُ مُلُوكُهَا عَلَى الطَّاعَةِ، اِستَخلَفَهُ اِبنُ عَمِّهِ عَلَى المَغرِبِ سَنَةَ (463 هـ) فَاستَقَلَّ بِهِ فِي سَنَةِ (475 هـ)، قَاتَلَ الفِرِنجَ فِي وَقعَةِ الزَّلَّاقَةِ (479 هـ) الَّتِي اِنكَسَرَت فِيهَا شَوكَتُهُم، بَايَعَهُ ثَلَاثَةَ عَشَرَ مِن مُلُوكِ الأَندَلُسِ مِمَّن شَهِدُوا الوَاقِعَةَ، سَيَّرَ الجُيُوشَ إِلَى الأَندَلُسِ فَامتَلَكَهَا، وَشَمِلَ سُلطَانُهُ المَغرِبَينِ الأَقصَى وَالأَوسَطَ.‏
Yusuf bin Tashfin : Yusuf bin Tashfin, (410-500 A.H./1019-1106 A.D.) the Almoravid king of Western Maghrib (ruled: 463-500 A.H./1069-1106 A.D.) He led a series of triumphant military invasions in Western Maghrib. He founded the city of Marrakech and took it as the capital of his state. Later, it became the base from which several campaigns were launched in Western Maghrib. His authority extended as far as Central Maghrib (present day Algeria). He captured Fez and set out for Andalusia, where he victoriously crushed the Christian Restoration Movement at the Battle of Al-Zallaqah. After this battle, thirteen of the Sectarian Kings of Andalusia paid him homage.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

المرينيون

‏أَبُو يَحيَى عَبدُ الحَقِّ‏

‏عَبدُ الحَقِّ بنُ مِحيُو المَرِينِيُّ (542-614 هـ/1147-1217 م) مُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةِ المَرِينِيَّةِ فِي المَغرِبِ الأَقصَى (حَكَمَ: 610-614 هـ/1213-1217 م)، اِنتَقَلَ مَعَ قَبِيلَتِهِ إِلَى المَغرِبِ الأَقصَى، وَأَقَامُوا بِبِلَادِ الرِّيفِ، وَأَخَذُوا يُغِيرُونَ عَلَى النَّوَاحِي المُجَاوِرَةِ، قَضَى عَلَى دَولَةِ المُوَحِّدِينَ (612 هـ).‏
Abu Yahya `Abdul-Haqq : Real name: `Abdul-Haqq bin Mihyu Al-Marini (542-614 A.H./1147-1217 A.D.), founder of the Marinid Dynasty which ruled in Western Maghrib (ruled: 610-614 A.H./1213-1217 A.D.) He stayed with his tribe in the Rif region from which he raided neighboring regions. In 612 A.H. he ended the Almohad rule.
‏أَبُو يُوسُفَ يَعقُوب‏

‏يَعقُوبُ (أَبُو يُوسُفَ) بنُ عَبدِ الحَقِّ (607-685 هـ/1210-1286 م) سَيِّدُ بَنِي مَرِينَ (حَكَمَ: 656-685 هـ/1256-1286 م)، هَاجَمَهُ بَنُو عَبدِ الوَاد فَظَفِرَ بِهِم، أَنقَذَ مَدِينَةَ سَلَا مِن أَيدِي الأَسبَانِ وَجَاهَدَ فِي الأَندَلُسِ، عَلَى يَدِهِ اِنقَرَضَت دَولَةُ المُوَحِّدِينَ (674 هـ)، اِستَولَى عَلَى طَنجَةَ وَسبتة (672 هـ) وَسِجِلمَاسَةَ (673 هـ) وَصَفَا لَهُ المَغرِبُ كُلُّهُ، بَنَى المَدِينَةَ البَيضَاءَ، وَفَتَحَ إِشبِيلِيَّةَ وشريش وقرطبة، بَنَى كَثِيرًا مِن البِيمَارِستَانَاتِ لِلمَرضَى وَرَتَّبَ لَهُم الأَطِبَّاءَ، وَبَنَى المَدَارِسَ وَوَقَفَ عَلَيهَا الأَوقَافَ.‏
Abu Yusuf Ya`qub : Real name: Ya`qub bin `Abdul-Haqq (607-685 A.H./1210-1286 A.D.), a Marinid king (ruled: 656-685 A.H./1256-1286 A.D.) He defeated the Banu `Abdul-Wad troops. He recaptured the city of Sale from the Spaniards. In 672 A.H. he captured Tangier and Ceuta; in 673 he dominated Sijilmasah and expanded his authority over the entire Maghrib; and in 674 he brought about the end of the Almohad State. Then he set out to conquer Andalusia by capturing Seville, Jerez and Cordoba. He founded the city of Al-Baida', and ordered the establishment of hospitals and schools and assigned salaries for physicians and teachers.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

المعنيون


‏فَخرُ الدِّينِ 1‏

‏فَخرُ الدِّينِ (الأَوَّلُ) بنُ عُثمَانَ بنِ مُلحِمٍ (تُوُفِّيَ 951 هـ/1544 م)، مِن أُمَرَاءِ الشُّوفِ بِلُبنَانَ (حَكَمَ: 920-951 هـ/1516-1544 م)، بَايَعَ سَلِيمَ 1 بَعدَ مَعرَكَةِ مَرجِ دَابِقَ فَخَلَعَ عَلَيهِ لَقَبَ "أَمِيرِ البَرِّ" وَأَقَرَّهُ فِي إِمَارَتِهِ، اِمتَدَّ سُلطَانُهُ مِن حُدُودِ يَافَا إِلَى طَرَابُلسِ الشَّامِ، وَبَنَى قِلَاعًا وَحُصُونًا، وَتُوُفِّيَ بِالشُّوفِ.‏
Fakhr Al-Din I : Full name: Fakhr Al-Din I bin `Uthman bin Mulhim (died 951 A.H./1544 A.D.), He was the Emir of Al-Shuf in Lebanon (ruled: 920-951 A.H./1516-1544 A.D.) He paid homage to Selim I, after the Battle of Marj Dabiq, and consequently received the title Amir Al-Barr [Emir of Land]. His authority expanded from Jaffa to Tripoli. He built many forts and died in Al-Shuf.
‏فَخرُ الدِّينِ 2‏

‏فَخرُ الدِّينِ الثَّانِي بنُ قُرقُمَازَ (890-1044 هـ/1572-1635 م)، مِن أَكبَرِ الأُمَرَاءِ المَعنِيِّينَ (حَكَمَ: 1010-1044 هـ/1602-1635 م)، أَنشَأَ جَيشًا قَوِيًّا وَامتَدَّت سُلطَتُهُ مِن حُدُودِ حَلَبَ فَلُبنَانَ إِلَى حُدُودِ القُدسِ، نَظَّمَ الجَيشَ وَالضَّرَائِبَ وَسَعَى إِلَى تَوحِيدِ بِلَادِهِ.‏
Fakhr Al-Din II : Fakhr Al-Din bin Qurqumaz (890-1044 A.H./1572-1635 A.D.), he was one of the greatest emirs of Banu Ma`n (ruled: 1010-1044 A.H./1602-1635 A.D.) He formed a strong army and expanded his power from Aleppo and all Lebanese regions to the borders of Jerusalem. He reformed his army and the taxation system and tried to reunite his state.
‏مُلحِمٌ‏

‏مُلحِمُ بنُ يُونُسَ بنِ قُرقُمَازَ (تُوُفِّيَ 1068 هـ/1658 م)، فَرَّ بَعدَ مَقتَلِ عَمِّهِ فَخرِ الدِّينِ بنِ قُرقُمَازَ، ثُمَّ ظَهَرَ وَوَلِيَ الشُّوفَ وَالغَربَ وَالجَردَ وَالمَتنَ وَكَسرَوَانَ (حَكَمَ: 1044-1068 هـ/1635-1658 م)، وَأَحسَنَ سِيَاسَتَهُ مَعَ السَّلطَنَةِ فَاستَمَرَّ أَكثَرَ مِن عِشرِينَ عَامًا، قَاتَلَهُ أَحَدُ أُمَرَاءِ سُوريَا فَظَفِرَ بِوَادِي القَرَنِ، تُوُفِّيَ بِمَدِينَةِ صَيدَا.‏
Mulhim : Full name: Mulhim bin Yunus bin Qurqumaz (died 1068 A.H./ 1658 A.D.), he fled after his uncle Fakhr Al-Din bin Qurqumaz had been killed, then returned home to rule Al-Shuf, Al-Gharb, Al-Jard, Al-Matn and Kasrawan regions (ruled: 1044-1068 A.H./1635-1658 A.D.) His reign lasted for 20 years. He lost Wadi Al-Qaran to one of the emirs of Syria. Mulhim died in Sidon.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

الموحدون


‏أَبُو يَعقُوبَ يُوسُفُ‏

‏يُوسُفُ بنُ عَبدِ المُؤمِنِ (533-580 هـ/1138-1184 م)، مِن مُلُوكِ المُوَحِّدِينَ (حَكَمَ: 558-580 هـ/1163-1184 م)، بُويِعَ لَهُ بِإِشبِيلِيَّةَ (558 هـ) ثُمَّ فِي مَرَّاكِشَ (560 هـ)، لَهُ فُتُوحَاتٌ اِنتَهَى بِهَا إِلَى مَدِينَةِ شنترين غَربِيَّ الأَندَلُسِ، بَنَى مَسجِدَ إِشبِيلِيَّةَ، وَإِلَيهِ تُنسَبُ الدَّنَانِيرُ اليُوسُفِيَّةُ فِي المَغرِبِ، مَاتَ إِثرَ جِرَاحَةٍ مِن حَامِيَةِ الفِرِنجِ.‏
Abu Ya`qub Yusuf : Real name: Yusuf bin `Abdul-Mu'min (533-580 A.H./1138-1184 A.D.), an Almohad king of Marrakech (ruled: 558-580 A.H./1163-1184 A.D.) He was given homage first in Seville (558 A.H.) and then in Marrakech (560 A.H.) He expanded his authority until it reached Santarim, in west Andalusia. He built the Seville Mosque and to him is ascribed a new dinar currency that bears his name. He was fatally wounded during a combat with a French garrison.
‏النَّاصِرُ مُحَمَّدٌ‏

‏مُحَمَّدُ بنُ يَعقُوبَ بنِ يُوسُفَ (تُوُفِّيَ 610 هـ/1213 م) مِن خُلَفَاءِ دَولَةِ المُوَحِّدِينَ وَعُظَمَائِهَا (حَكَمَ: 595-610 هـ/1199-1213 م)، كَانَ لَهُ المَغرِبُ الأَقصَى وَإِفرِيقِيَّةُ وَالأَندَلُسُ، ثَارَ عَلَيهِ يَحيَى بنُ إِسحَاقَ فَاستَولَى عَلَى طَرَابُلسَ وَالمَهدِيَّةِ وَتُونُسَ فَقَاتَلَهُ النَّاصِرُ وَاستَرَدَّهَا مِنهُ، فِي أَيَّامِهِ كَانَت وَقعَةُ العُقَابِ المَشهُورَةُ بِالأَندَلُسِ سَنَةَ (609 هـ) بَينَهُ وَبَينَ الإِفرِنجِ.‏
Al-Nasir Muhammad : Al-Nasir Muhammad (died 610 A.H./1213 A.D.), a great king of the Almohad State of Western Maghrib (ruled: 595-610 A.H./1199-1213 A.D.) His authority extended as far as Tunisia, Western Maghrib and Andalusia. He managed to suppress the revolution led by Yahya bin Ishaq who attempted to seize Tripoli, Tunisia and the city of Al-Mahdiyah. His reign witnessed the famous Battle of Al-`Uqab (609 A.H.) with the French.
‏عَبدُ المُؤمِنِ الكُومِيُّ‏

‏عَبدُ المُؤمِنِ بنُ عَلِيٍّ (487-558 هـ/1094-1163 م) مُؤَسِّسُ دَولَةِ المُوَحِّدِينَ فِي المَغرِبِ وَإِفرِيقِيَّةَ (حَكَمَ: 524-558 هـ/1129-1163 م)، أَنهَى حُكمَ بَنِي تاشفين وَدَخَلَ مَرَّاكِشَ سَنَةَ (541 هـ)، خَضَعَ لَهُ المَغرِبَانِ (الأَقصَى وَالأَوسَطُ) وَاستَولَى عَلَى إِشبِيلِيَّةَ وَقُرطُبَةَ وَغَرنَاطَةَ وَالجَزَائِرِ وَالمَهدِيَّةِ وَطَرَابُلسَ الغَربِ وَسَائِرِ بِلَادِ إِفرِيقِيَّةَ، وَأَنشَأَ الأَسَاطِيلَ، وَضَرَبَ الخَرَاجَ عَلَى قَبَائِلِ المَغرِبِ، لَهُ أَبنِيَةٌ وآثَارٌ.‏
`Abdul-Mu'min Al-Kumi : `Abdul-Mu'min bin `Ali (487-558 A.H./1094-1163 A.D.), founder of the Almohad State in the Maghrib (ruled: 524-558 A.H./1129-1163 A.D.) He put an end to the Almoravids and conquered Marrakech, their capital, in 541 A.H. His authority expanded to Tripoli, Tunisia, Central and Western Maghrib. In Andalusia he subdued Cordoba, Granada and Seville. He ordered the construction of a powerful fleet and encouraged architectural development. He instituted land taxes on tribes living in the Maghrib.
‏يَعقُوبُ بنُ يُوسُفَ‏

‏يَعقُوبُ بنُ يُوسُفَ بنِ عَبدِ المُؤمِنِ (554-595 هـ/1160-1199 م) مِن مُلُوكِ الدَّولَةِ المُوَحِّدِيَّةِ فِي المَغرِبِ الأَقصَى (حَكَمَ: 580-595 هـ/1184-1199 م)، وَمِن أَعظَمِهِم آثَارًا، وَجَّهَ عِنَايَتَهُ إِلَى الإِصلَاحِ فَاستَقَامَت الأَحوَالُ فِي أَيَّامِهِ وَعَظُمَت الفُتُوحَاتُ، وَفَتَحَ سَنَةَ (585 هـ) أَربَعَ مُدُنٍ مِن بِلَادِ الفِرِنجِ، بَنَى كَثِيرًا مِن المَدَارِسِ وَالمَسَاجِدِ فِي بِلَادِ إِفرِيقِيَّةَ وَالمَغرِبِ وَالأَندَلُسِ، وَبَنَى مُستَشفَيَاتٍ لِلمَرضَى وَالمَجَانِينَ أَجرَى عَلَيهَا الأَرزَاقَ، وَجَعَلَ لِلفُقَهَاءِ وَطَلَبَةِ العِلمِ مُرَتَّبَاتٍ، بَنَى صَوَامِعَ وَقَنَاطِرَ كَثِيرَةً وَحَفَرَ آبَارًا، وَمِن أَهَمِّ آثَارِهِ مَدِينَةُ رَبَاطِ الفَتحِ.‏
Ya`qub bin Yusuf : Ya`qub bin Yusuf bin `Abdul-Mu'min (554-595 A.H./1160-1199 A.D.), a great king of the Almohad State in Western Maghrib (ruled: 580-595 A.H./1184-1199 A.D.) In 585 A.H., he conquered four cities in France. He devoted his efforts to the welfare of his nation. He suppported scholars and students. His era witnessed the construction of schools, mosques, hospitals and arches, the digging of a large number of wells and the foundation of the city of Rabat.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

بنو الأغلب


‏أَبُو إِبرَاهِيمَ أَحمَدُ‏

‏أَحمَدُ (أَبُو إِبرَاهِيمَ) بنُ مُحَمَّدِ بنِ الأَغلَبِ (220-249 هـ/835-864 م) سَابِعُ الأَغَالِبَةِ أَصحَابِ إِفرِيقِيَّةَ (حَكَمَ: 242-249 هـ/856-864 م)، بَنَى كَثِيرًا مِن المَسَاجِدِ وَزَادَ فِي جَامِعِ القَيرَوَانِ وَبَنَى سُورَ مَدِينَةِ سُوسَة ، فِي عَهدِهِ فَتَحَ المُسلِمُونَ كَثِيرًا مِن حُصُونِ وَقِلَاعِ صِقِلِّيَةَ، بَلَغَ مَا بَنَاهُ مِن حُصُونٍ بِإِفرِيقِيَّةَ نَحوَ عَشرَةِ آلَافِ حِصنٍ، ثَارَ عَلَيهِ خَوَارِجُ البَربَرِ مِن الإِبَاضِيَّةِ فِي طَرَابُلسَ، فَهَزَمَهُم.‏
Abu Ibrahim Ahmad : Real name: Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Al-Aghlab (220-249 A.H./835-864 A.D.), the seventh Aghlabid king of Tunisia (ruled: 242-249 A.H./856-864 A.D.) He built many mosques, extended the Mosque of Al-Qairawan, enclosed the city of Sousse and conquered many forts in Sicily. He built about 10,000 forts. He crushed the rebellion launched by the Ibadi Berbers of Tripoli.
‏أَبُو الغَرَانِيقِ‏

‏مُحَمَّدُ بنُ أَحمَدَ بنِ مُحَمَّدِ بنِ الأَغلَبِ (تُوُفِّيَ 261 هـ/875 م) تَاسِعُ مُلُوكِ الأَغَالِبَةِ (حَكَمَ: 250-261 هـ/864-875 م)، فِي أَيَّامِهِ تَغَلَّبَ الرُّومُ عَلَى مَوَاضِعَ مِن جَزِيرَةِ صِقِلِّيَةَ فَوَجَّهَ قُوَّاتِهِ إِلَى جَزِيرَةِ مَالطَة فَفَتَحَهَا سَنَةَ (255 هـ) وَبَنَى حُصُونًا وَمَعَاقِلَ عَلَى سَاحِلِ البَحرِ غَربِيَّ بَرقَةَ، وَقَامَت فِي أَيَّامِهِ حُرُوبٌ عَظِيمَةٌ.‏
Abu Al-Gharaniq : Real name: Muhammad bin Ahmad bin Al-Aghlab (died 261 A.H./875 A.D.), the ninth Aghlabid king of Tunisia (ruled: 250-261 A.H./864-875 A.D.) During his reign the Byzantines occupied parts of Sicily. He sent his troops to Malta and occupied it in 255 A.H. and built fortresses and strongholds on the coast. Great wars broke out during his reign.
‏أَبُو عِقَالٍ‏

‏الأَغلَبُ (أَبُو عِقَالِ) بنُ إِبرَاهِيمَ بنِ الأَغلَبِ (173-226 هـ/790-841 م)، خَامِسُ الأَغَالِبَةِ بِإِفرِيقِيَّةَ (حَكَمَ: 223-226 هـ/816-841 م)، وَلِيَ الأَمرَ وَحَسُنَت سِيرَتُهُ، فُتِحَت فِي أَيَّامِهِ عِدَّةُ حُصُونٍ مِن صِقِلِّيَةَ صُلحًا وَتَسلِيمًا، فَضَمَّهَا إِلَى بِلَادِهِ.‏
Abu `Iqal : Real name: Al-Aghlab (Abu `Iqal) bin Ibrahim bin Al-Aghlab (173-226 A.H./790-841 A.D.), the fifth Aghlabid king of Tunisia (ruled: 223-226 A.H./816-841 A.D.) He was a good ruler. His reign witnessed the subjugation of fortresses of Sicily, whether by reconciliation or surrender.
‏إِبرَاهِيمُ بنُ الأَغلَبِ‏

‏إِبرَاهِيمُ بنُ الأَغلَبِ هُوَ مُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةِ الأَغلَبِيَّةِ فِي شَمَالِيَّ إِفرِيقِيَّةَ، وَلَّاهُ هَارُونُ الرَّشِيدُ إِفرِيقِيَّةَ (800 م)، اِنتَصَرَ عَلَى مُنَاوِئِيهِ وَدَانَت لَهُ قَبَائِلُ البَربَرِ، بَنَى مَدِينَتَي العَبَّاسِيَّةَ وَالقَصرَ قُربَ القَيرَوَانِ (تُوُفِّيَ 196 هـ/812 م).‏
Ibrahim bin Al-Aghlab : Ibrahim bin Al-Aghlab was the founder of the Aghlabid State in Northern Tunisia. He was appointed by Harun Al-Rashid as ruler over Tunisia (800 A.D.) He defeated his opponents and brought the Berber tribes under submission. He built the cities of Al-`Abbasyiah and Al-Qasr near Al-Qairawan (died 196 A.H./812 A.D.).
‏اِبنُ الأَغلَبِ‏

‏إِبرَاهِيمُ بنُ أَحمَدَ بنِ مُحَمَّدِ بنِ الأَغلَبِ (237-289 هـ/852-902 م)، مِن أُمَرَاءِ الأَغَالِبَةِ أَصحَابِ إِفرِيقِيَّةَ (حَكَمَ: 261-289 هـ/875-902 م)، حَدَثَت فِي أَيَّامِهِ عِدَّةُ ثَورَاتٍ فَقَمَعَهَا، وَأَمِنَ النَّاسُ فِي عَهدِهِ، وَغَزَا الإِفرِنجَ فَافتَتَحَ كَثِيرًا مِن حُصُونِهِم وَقِلَاعِهِم، عَزَلَهُ المُعتَضِدُ العَبَّاسِيُّ سَنَةَ (289 هـ) ، مِن آثَارِهِ مَدِينَةُ رَقَادَة وَقَصرُ الفَتحِ.‏
Ibn Al-Aghlab : Real name: Ibrahim bin Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Al-Aghlab (237-289 A.H./852-902 A.D.), one of the Aghlabid kings of Tunisia (ruled: 261-289 A.H./875-902 A.D.) He crushed revolutions and the people enjoyed safety in his reign. He defeated the Franks and captured some of their forts. He was removed in 289 A.H. by the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu`tadid. He built the city of Raqadah and the Palace of Al-Fath.
‏زِيَادَةُ اللَّهِ الأول‏

‏زِيَادَةُ اللَّهِ (أَبُو مُحَمَّد) بنُ إِبرَاهِيمَ بنِ الأَغلَبِ (172-223 هـ/788-838 م)، رَابِعُ الأَغَالِبَةِ أَصحَابِ إِفرِيقِيَّةَ (حَكَمَ: 201-223 هـ/816-838 م)، اِضطَرَبَت البِلَادُ عَلَيهِ، فَكَثُرَت الفِتَنُ، ثُمَّ قَوِيَ أَمرُهُ وَأَنجَدَتهُ قَبَائِلُ البَربَرِ، فَجَهَّزَ أُسطُولًا عَظِيمًا سَنَةَ (212 هـ) وَسَيَّرَهُ إِلَى جَزِيرَةِ صِقِلِّيَةَ، فَاستَولَى عَلَى مُعظَمِ حُصُونِهَا، بَنَى سُورَ مَدِينَةِ سُوسَة.‏
Ziadat Allah I : Ziadat Allah (Abu Muhammad) bin Ibrahim bin Al-Aghlab (172-223 A.H./788-838 A.D.), the fourth Aghlabid ruler of Tunisia (ruled: 201-223 A.H./816-838 A.D.) At first, trials and turmoil spread, then he reaffirmed his position with the aid of the Berber tribes. He prepared a great fleet in 212 A.H., and launched it for Sicily, capturing most of its fortresses. He built a wall for the city of Sousse.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

بنو حماد


‏حَمَّادُ بنُ بُلُكِّين‏

‏حَمَّادُ بنُ بُلُكِّين بنِ زِيرِي (تُوُفِّيَ 417 هـ/1029 م)، صَاحِبُ قَلعَةِ حَمَّادٍ (حَكَمَ: 370-417 هـ/980-1029 م)وَمُؤَسِّسُ سُلَالَةِ بَنِي حَمَّادٍ البَربَرِيَّةِ الَّتِي حَكَمَت فِي المَغرِبِ الأَوسَطِ (405-547 هـ/1015-1152 م) حَيثُ اِستَقَلَّ عَن أَبنَاءِ عَمِّهِ بَنِي زِيرِي وَابتَنَى قَلعَةَ بَنِي حَمَّادٍ وَاِتَّخَذَهَا عَاصِمَةً لَهُ.‏
Hammad bin Bulukkin : Hammad bin Bulukkin bin Ziri (died 417 A.H./1029 A.D.), founder of the Banu Hammad Berber dynasty which ruled in Central Maghrib (405-547 A.H./1015-1152 A.D.) He seceded from his cousins, the Zirids, and constructed Qal`at Hammad city as his capital (ruled: 370-417 A.H./980-1029 A.D.)

[أحمد سعد الدين]

السيرة النبوية

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏أَبرَهَةُ الحَبَشِيُّ‏

‏وَهُوَ الَّذِي قَادَ جَيشًا كَبِيرًا يَتَقَدَّمُهُ الفِيَلَةُ وَحَاوَلَ هَدمَ الكَعبَةِ‏
Abrahah Al-Habashi : The commander who led a huge army supported by elephants in an attempt to destroy the Ka`bah
‏أُمَّهَاتُ المُؤمِنِينَ‏

‏وَهُنَّ زَوجَاتُ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ‏
Mothers of the Believers : Wives of the Messenger
‏أَمِيرُ المُؤمِنِينَ‏

‏أَي قَائِدُهُم وَالقَائِمُ عَلَى أُمُورِهِم‏
Emir of the Believers : A title given to the caliph
‏أَنسَابُ العَرَبِ‏

‏الأَنسَابُ جَمَعُ نَسَبٍ وَالنَّسَبُ هُوَ الأُصُولُ الَّتِي يَنحَدِرُ مِنهَا النَّسَبُ كَالأَبِ وَالجَدِّ، وَلَقَد عُرِفَ عَنِ العَرَبِ اِهتِمَامُهُم بِالأَنسَابِ، وَيَرجِعُ نَسَبُ الرَّسُولِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) إِلَى إِبرَاهِيمَ الخَلِيلِ عَلَيهِ السَّلَامُ.‏
Arab genealogy : Arabs used to pride themselves on their noble birth and pure lineage. The Prophet's ancestry can be traced back to the Prophet Abraham (peace be upon him).
‏أَهلُ الصُّفَّةِ‏

‏الصُّفَّةُ مَكَانٌ مُظَلَّلٌ فِي مَسجِدِ الرَّسُولِ فِي المَدِينَةِ كَانَ يَأوِي إِلَيهِ فُقَرَاءُ المُهَاجِرِينَ‏
The people of Al-Suffah : Poor Immigrants who used to live in a covered section of the Prophet's Mosque
‏أَهلُ يَثرِبَ‏

‏اِلتَقَى النَّبِيُّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) مَعَ مَجمُوعَةٍ مِن أَهلِ يَثرِبَ أَثنَاءَ مَوسِمِ الحَجِّ، وَعَرَضَ عَلَيهِم الدُّخُولَ فِي الإِسلَامِ.‏
The people of Yathrib : The Prophet met some of the people of Yathrib during the Hajj season and invited them to get into the new religion, Islam.
‏أَوَّلُ مَن آمَنَ مِن الرِّجَالِ‏

‏هُوَ أَبُو بَكرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنهُ‏
The first man to embrace Islam : It was Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq, may Allah be pleased with him
‏أَوَّلُ مَن آمَنَ مِن الصِّبيَانِ‏

‏هُوَ عَلِيُّ بنُ أَبِي طَالِب رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنهُ‏
The first child to accept Islam : It was `Ali bin Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased with him
‏أَوَّلُ مَن آمَنَ مِن النِّسَاءِ‏

‏هِيَ خَدِيجَةُ زَوجُ الرَّسُولِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ‏
The first woman to embrace Islam : It was Khadijah, the Prophet's wife
‏إِجلَاءٌ‏

‏أَي خُرُوجٌ، أُخرِجَ اليَهُودُ مِنَ المَدِينَةِ لِنَقضِهِم المَوَاثِيقَ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ.‏
Evacuation : Jews were expelled from Medina due to their violation of the covenant they had held with the Prophet (peace be upon him).
‏إِسلَامُ حَمزَةَ‏

‏كَانَ إِسلَامُ حَمزَةَ لَطمَةً شَدِيدَةً لِقُرَيشٍ لِمَا عُرِفَ بِهِ بَينَهُم مِن شِدَّةِ البَأسِ وَالشَّجَاعَةِ الأُسطُورِيَّةِ.‏
Hamzah's conversion to Islam : Hamzah's acceptance of Islam was a great blow to the Quraish because Hamzah was widely respected and his courage was legendary.
‏إِسلَامُ عُمَرَ‏

‏تَضَاعَفَت ثِقَةُ المُسلِمِينَ بِأَنفُسِهِم بَعدَ أَن أَعلَنَ عُمَرُ إِسلَامَهُ، كَمَا اِشتَاطَت قُرَيشٌ غَضَبًا لَمَّا وَصَلَ إِسلَامُ عُمَرَ إِلَى أَسمَاعِهَا .‏
`Umar bin Al-Khattab's conversion to Islam : Muslims' confidence increased when `Umar became a Muslim. News that `Umar became a Muslim quickly spread among the Quraish who became very annoyed.
‏إِعرَاضٌ‏

‏أَي الصَّدُّ وَالتَّوَلِّي، وَالإِشَاحَةُ بِالوَجهِ، وَلَقَد أَعرَضَت قُرَيشٌ عَن دَعوَةِ الرَّسُولِ وَأَبَوا الدُّخُولَ فِي دِينِ اللَّهِ.‏
Turning away
Avoidance
Shunning : The Quraish turned away from the Prophet's call to Islam
‏إِلقَاءُ الرَّهبَةِ فِي قُلُوبِ الرُّومِ‏

‏أَي قَذفُ الخَوفِ فِي قُلُوبِهِم‏
Threatening the Romans
‏إِنذَارُ قُرَيشٍ‏

‏أَي تَحذِيرُهُم وَتَروِيعُهُم خَرَجَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ حَتَّى صَعِدَ الصَّفَا فَهَتَفَ يَا صَبَاحَاه فَقَالُوا مَن هَذَا الَّذِي يَهتِفُ قَالُوا مُحَمَّدٌ فَاجتَمَعُوا إِلَيهِ فَقَالَ يَا بَنِي فُلَانٍ يَا بَنِي فُلَانٍ يَا بَنِي فُلَانٍ يَا بَنِي عَبدِ مَنَافٍ يَا بَنِي عَبدِ المُطَّلِبِ فَاجتَمَعُوا إِلَيهِ فَقَالَ أَرَأَيتَكُم لَو أَخبَرتُكُم أَنَّ خَيلًا تَخرُجُ بِسَفحِ هَذَا الجَبَلِ أَكُنتُم مُصَدِّقِيَّ قَالُوا مَا جَرَّبنَا عَلَيكَ كَذِبًا قَالَ فَإِنِّي نَذِيرٌ لَكُم بَينَ يَدَي عَذَابٍ شَدِيدٍ.‏
Warning the Quraish : The Prophet (peace be upon him) climbed up the mountain Safa and proclaimed, "O Banu `Abdul-Muttalib! O Banu Fihr! O Banu Ka`b! If I told you that there had been knights (horsemen) on the other side of this mountain about to attack you, would you have believed me?" "Yes" they replied. Then the Messenger of Allah said, "Then, I warn you of Allah's terrible punishment (if you did not embrace Islam)."
‏إِيذَاءٌ‏

‏أَي إِلحَاقُ الضَّرَرِ وَالأَذَى قَولًا وَفِعلًا بِالآخَرِينَ، وَلَقَد صَبَّت قُرَيشٌ غَضَبَهَا عَلَى المُسلِمِينَ، فَسَجَنُوهُم وَعَذَّبُوهُم بِالضَّربِ وَالجُوعِ وَالعَطَشِ وَالرَّميِ عَلَى الرِّمَالِ الشَّدِيدَةِ الحَرَارَةِ.‏
Persecution : The Quraish's wrath was wreaked on their fellow tribesmen who had become Muslims. They began to imprison and torture them by beating them, letting them hungry and thirsty, even leaving them exposed on the sun-baked ground when the heat was most intense.
‏إِيذَاءُ قُرَيشٍ لِلنَّبِيِّ‏

‏آذَت قُرَيشٌ الرَّسُولَ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَكُلَّ مَن آمَنَ بِهِ‏
The Quraish's persecution of the Prophet : The Quraish persecuted the Prophet (peace be upon him) and all who believed in him
‏اِستِسلَامُ مَكَّةَ‏

‏وَقَعَت مُنَاوَشَةٌ خَفِيفَةٌ بَينَ المُسلِمِينَ وَقُرَيشٍ قُتِلَ فِيهَا اِثنَا عَشَرَ مُشرِكًا ، عِندَمَا حَاوَلُوا إِيقَافَ تَقَدُّمِ المُسلِمِينَ، وَلَمَّا رَأَت قُرَيشٌ مَا بِالمُسلِمِينَ مِن قُوَّةٍ اِستَسلَمَت وَدَخَلَ المُسلِمُونَ مَكَّةَ فَاتِحِينَ.‏
Surrender of Mecca : A small skirmish broke between the Muslims and the Quraish in which twelve idol worshippers were killed when they tried to stop the advance of the Muslim forces. The rest gave in without further bloodshed.
‏الأَبُ‏

‏أَبُو النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ هُوَ عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ عَبدِ المُطَّلِبِ ، الاِبنُ العَاشِرُ لِعَبدِ المُطَّلِبِ، سَيِّدُ بَنِي هَاشِمٍ، وَالَّذِي زَوَّجَ اِبنَهُ عَبدَ اللَّهِ مِن آمِنَةَ بِنتِ وَهبٍ سَيِّدِ بَنِي زَهرَةَ، وَقَد مَاتَ عَبدُ اللَّهِ وَابنُهُ مُحَمَّدٌ فِي بَطنِ أُمِّهِ.‏
His Father : Muhammad's father was `Abdullah bin `Abdul-Muttalib. `Abdullah, the tenth son of `Abdul-Muttalib, was the best among `Abdul-Muttalib's sons. His father married him to Aminah, daughter of Wahb, chieftain of Banu Zuhrah. `Abdullah and Aminah had a very happy life. He died before Muhammad's birth.
‏الأَعرَابُ‏

‏هُم البَدوُ الَّذِينَ لَا عِلمَ لَهُم وَلَا مَدَنِيَّةَ‏
Bedouins
Desert Arabs
Nomads : Arabs of any of the nomadic tribes that lived in Arabia

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏الأُمُّ‏

‏أُمُّ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ هِيَ آمِنَةُ بِنتُ وَهبٍ ، وَالِدُهَا سَيِّدُ بَنِي وَهبٍ، وَهِيَ مِن أَشرَفِ نِسَاءِ العَرَبِ، وَقَد مَاتَت وَمُحَمَّدٌ يَبلُغُ مِنَ العُمرِ سِتَّ سَنَوَاتٍ.‏
His Mother : Muhammad's mother was Aminah bint Wahb. Wahb was the chieftain of Banu Zuhrah. At that time, Aminah's lineage and position made her the noblest woman in the Quraish. She died when Muhammad (peace be upon him) was six years old.
‏الأَمَانَةُ‏

‏اِشتَغَلَ الرَّسُولُ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) بِالتِّجَارَةِ، بَيدَ أَنَّهُ لَم يَكُن مَعَهُ مِنَ المَالِ مَا يُمَكِّنُهُ مِن شَقِّ طَرِيقِهِ بِمُفرَدِهِ، وَلَمَّا عُرِفَ مَا بِهِ مِن أَمَانَةٍ أَبدَى كَثِيرٌ مِنَ النَّاسِ رَغبَتَهُم فِي تَقدِيمِ أَموَالِهِم لَهُ لِيُتَاجِرَ لَهُم فِيهَا مُقَابِلَ جُزءٍ مِن الرِّبحِ.‏
Honesty : When Muhammad grew up, he started his own business. He had no money of his own. He was well known for his honesty. People wanted him to exploit their money in business in return of a share in the profit.
‏الأَمرُ بِالهِجرَةِ‏

‏أَي أَمرُ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى لِرَسُولِهِ أَن يُهَاجِرَ هُوَ وَمَن مَعَهُ مِن المُسلِمِينَ مِن مَكَّةَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ‏
The Divine command to emigrate : Allah commanded the Prophet to emigrate from Mecca to Yathrib, later known as Medina.
‏الأَمِينُ‏

‏لَقَبٌ خَلَعَتهُ قُرَيشٌ عَلَى رَسُوِل اللَّهِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ)‏
Trustworthy
The Honest : An attribute of the Prophet (peace be upon him)
‏الأَنصَارُ‏

‏هُم أَهلُ المَدِينَةِ المُنَوَّرَةِ مِن الأَوسِ وَالخَزرَجِ الَّذِينَ آوَوا الرَّسُولَ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَنَصَرُوهُ‏
Al-Ansar : The Supporters: The people of Medina, whether of the tribe of Aus or Khazraj, who welcomed the Prophet (peace be upon him) and supported him
‏الأَوسُ‏

‏إِحدَى فَرعَي الأَنصَارِ فِي الإِسلَامِ‏
Al-Aus : A tribe in Medina, later a section of the Ansar
‏الإِسرَاءُ‏

‏هِيَ إِسرَاءُ اللَّهِ بِالنَّبِيِّ لَيلًا مِن مَكَّةَ إِلَى بَيتِ المَقدِسِ.‏
Al-Isra' [Night Journey] : The miraculous journey which Prophet Muhammad made by night from Mecca to Jerusalem.
‏الإِعدَادُ لِلهِجرَةِ‏

‏أَي الاِستِعدَادُ وَالتَّأَهُّبُ لِلهِجرَةِ‏
Preparing for Hijrah [Emigration] : The Prophet asked his Companions to be ready for Hijrah to Yathrib
‏الاِستِنصَارُ بِأَهلِ الطَّائِفِ‏

‏الاِستِنصَارُ أَي طَلَبُ المُعَاوَنَةِ وَالنَّصرِ مِنهُم، لَمَّا ضَاقَ صَدرُ النَّبِيِّ بِإِيذَاءِ قُرَيشٍ لَهُ وَلِأَصحَابِهِ وَبِمَوقِفِهِم الرَّافِضِ لِلإِسلَامِ ذَهَبَ النَّبِيُّ إِلَى الطَّائِفِ لِيَستَنصِرَ بِهِم وَلَعَلَّهُ يَجِدُ فِيهِم مَن تَمِيلُ نَفسُهُ إِلَى الإِسلَامِ.‏
Seeking help from the people of Al-Ta'if : When the insults from the Quraish became unbearable and they refused to embrace Islam, the Messenger of Allah went to Ta`if to ask the help of the people of the Thaqif. He hoped they would be sympathetic to his call.
‏البُرَاقُ‏

‏اِسمُ الدَّابَّةِ الَّتِي حَمَلَت النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي رِحلَةِ الإِسرَاءِ‏
Al-Buraq : The animal on which the Prophet (peace be upon him) rode on his Night Journey [Al-Isra']
‏البَعثَةُ‏

‏نَزَلَ الوَحيُ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) فِي غَارِ حِرَاءَ، وَقَد بَلَغَ مِنَ العُمرِ وَقتَئِذٍ أَربَعِينَ عَامًا هِجرِيًّا، وَذَلِكَ فِي السَّابِعَ عَشَرَ مِن شَهرِ رَمَضَانَ، السَّادِسِ مِن أُغُسطُس 610 م.‏
The Mission : The Messenger of Allah was alone in the Cave of Hira' on the day destined for the start of his Mission. He was forty years old and it was the seventeenth of Ramadan, the sixth of August 610 A.D.
‏التَّابِعُونَ‏

‏مَن لَاقَوا الصَّحَابَةَ مُؤمِنِينَ بِالنَّبِيِّ وَمَاتُوا عَلَى الإِسلَامِ‏
Followers of the Companions : The first generation after the Companions
‏التِّجَارَةُ‏

‏اِشتَغَلَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِالتِّجَارَةِ فِي شَبَابِهِ‏
Business : The Prophet (peace be upon him) traveled in caravans as a young man
‏التَّسمِيَةُ‏

‏أَرسَلَت السَّيِّدَةُ آمِنَةُ أُمُّ النَّبِيِّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) إِلَى جَدِّهِ تُخبِرُهُ أَنَّ اللَّهَ رَزَقَهَا بِغُلَامٍ، فَتَهَلَّلَ وَجهُ عَبدِ المُطَّلِبِ وَأَخَذَ حَفِيدَهُ بَينَ ذِرَاعَيهِ وَأَتَى الكَعبَةَ فَشَكَرَ اللَّهَ وَسَمَّى الغُلَامَ مُحَمَّدًا، وَلَم يَكُن هَذَا الاِسمُ حِينَئِذٍ مَعرُوفًا بَينَ العَرَبِ.‏
Naming : The Prophet's mother sent word to his grandfather, `Abdul-Muttalib, telling him that she had given birth to a boy. He came, threw a fatherly glance at him , carried him and took him to the Ka`bah. He praised Allah and prayed for his grandson whom he named Muhammad. The Arabs were not familiar with this name and were surprised by it.
‏التَّوحِيدُ‏

‏التَّوحِيدُ هُوَ عِبَادَةُ اللَّهِ الوَاحِدِ الأَحَدِ الفَردِ الصَّمَدِ الَّذِي لَا إِلَهَ غَيرُهُ.‏
Monotheism : Monotheism is worshipping Allah alone, associating none with Him.
‏الجَاهِلِيَّةُ‏

‏الحَالَةُ الَّتِي كَانَ عَلَيهَا العَرَبُ قَبلَ الإِسلَامِ، وَهِيَ الفَترَةُ مَا بَينَ ذَهَابِ عِيسَى عَلَيهِ السَّلَامُ وَمَبعَثِ مُحَمَّدٍ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ‏
The Pre-Islamic Era : After the Prophet of Allah, Jesus the Son of Mary, there was a long period without a Prophet. Light and knowledge disappeared. Christianity fell into disrepute and became a matter of sport for the corrupt and the hypocrites. Judaism, on the other hand, preached rites and rules lacking all life and spirit.
‏الجَاهِلِيُّونَ‏

‏مَن عَاشَ فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ وَهِيَ الفَترَةُ مَا بَينَ ذَهَابِ عِيسَى عَلَيهِ السَّلَامُ وَمَبعَثِ مُحَمَّدٍ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَكَانَ الجَاهِلِيُّونَ قَد نَسُوا تَعَالِيمَ آبَائِهِم إِبرَاهِيمَ وَإِسمَاعِيلَ، بَل إِنَّ بَعضَهُم أَشرَكَ بِاللَّهِ وَاِتَّخَذَ مِن دُونِهِ آلِهَةً.‏
Pre-Islamic Arabs : The Pre-Islamic Arabs slowly forgot about the pure religion of Islam preached by their forefathers Abraham and Ishmael (peace be upon them). They began to be ungrateful to Allah by worshipping idols and images in place of Allah. Some of them were polytheists who believed that their gods shared Allah's power.
‏الجَدُّ‏

‏جَدُّ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ هُوَ عَبدُ المُطَّلِبِ بنُ هَاشِمٍ وَقَد كَفَلَهُ بَعدَ وَفَاةِ أَبِيهِ وَأُمِّهِ.‏
His Grandfather : Muhammad's grandfather was `Abdul-Muttalib bin Hashim. He took care of Muhammad (peace be upon him) after the death of his parents .
‏الجَهرُ بِالدَّعوَةِ‏

‏أَي إِفشَاؤُهَا وَإِعلَانُهَا‏
Public Call : Proclaiming the call to Islam in public
‏الخَزرَجُ‏

‏قَبِيلَةٌ يَمَنِيَّةٌ عَاشَت فِي المَدِينَةِ‏
Al-Khazraj : A tribe in Medina, later a section of the Ansar

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏الخِلَافَةُ‏

‏انتُخِبَ أَبُو بَكرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنهُ خَلِيفَةً لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَكَانَ بِذَلِكَ أَوَّلَ الخُلَفَاءِ الرَّاشِدِينَ.‏
Caliphate : Abu Bakr was chosen caliph (successor of the Prophet), thus becoming the first of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs.
‏الخَلوَةُ‏

‏حُبِّبَ إِلَى مُحَمَّدٍ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) الخَلوَةُ مُنذُ صِبَاهُ، وَكَانَت أَسعَدُ لَحَظَاتِهِ تِلكَ الَّتِي يَقضِيهَا مُختَلِيًا مَعَ نَفسِهِ، بَعِيدًا عَن أَهلِ مَكَّةَ.‏
Solitude : Muhammad was taken to solitude. He was always content when he was alone. He used to leave Mecca and its people and meditate in solitude.
‏الدَّعوَةُ‏

‏قَامَ مُحَمَّدٌ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِدَعوَةِ أَهلِهِ الأَقرَبِينَ ثُمَّ بِدَعوَةِ أَهلِ مَكَّةَ بَعدَ ذَلِكَ ثُمَّ بِدَعوَةِ النَّاسِ جَمِيعًا إِلَى الدِّينِ الجَدِيدِ الدَّاعِي إِلَى التَّوحِيدِ وَنَبذِ عِبَادَةِ الأَوثَانِ.‏
Call to Islam : Muhammad (peace be upon him) started to convey the Divine Message and spread the new religion beginning with his next of kins , then the idolaters of Mecca and then the whole world.
‏الدَّعوَةُ إِلَي يَثرِبَ‏

‏أَي الهِجرَةُ إِلَى يَثرِبَ لِنَشرِ الدَّعوَةِ‏
Invitation to Yathrib : The Prophet was invited to Yathrib where he can freely advocate Islam
‏الدَّعوَةُ سِرًّا‏

‏أَي عَدَمُ الجَهرِ بِهَا وَإِفشَائِهَا، وَكَانَ النَّبِيُّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) قَد دَعَا النَّاسَ إِلَى دِينِ اللَّهِ سِرًّا لِمُدَّةِ ثَلَاثِ سَنَوَاتٍ.‏
Secret Call : The Prophet (peace be upon him) kept his mission secret for three years.
‏الرِّسَالَةُ‏

‏الرِّسَالَةُ المُحَمَّدِيَّةُ لِلعَالَمِينَ‏
The Message : The Prophet Muhammad was sent with the Message of Islam to all mankind
‏الرَّعيُ‏

‏اِشتَغَلَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي صِبَاهُ بِرَعيِ الغَنَمِ‏
Tending sheep : The Prophet (peace be upon him) tended sheep during his boyhood
‏السَّرَايَا‏

‏جَمعُ السَّرِيَّةِ وَهِيَ القِطعَةُ مِن الجَيشِ أَقَلُّهَا تِسعَةُ أَشخَاصٍ وَأَقصَاهَا أَربَعُمِائَةِ شَخصٍ، وَتُطلَقُ السَّرَايَا عَلَى الحَمَلَاتِ الَّتِي أَرسَلَهَا النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَلَم يَخرُج فِيهَا بِنَفسِهِ‏
Expeditions : These are the detachments which the Prophet (peace be upon him) had dispatched to fulfill military objectives and which he did not command himself.
‏السَّفَرُ لِلشَّامِ‏

‏سَافَرَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِلَى الشَّامِ فِي إِحدَى القَوَافِلِ‏
Travel to Syria on business : The Prophet (peace be upon him) traveled to Syria in a caravan
‏السِّيرَةُ‏

‏تَارِيخٌ، وَهِيَ تَرجَمَةُ الشَّخصِ، وَهِيَ الطَّرِيقَةُ وَالسُّنَّةُ، السِّيرَةُ النَّبَوِيَّةُ‏
Al-Sirah [Biography] : History of the life of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)
‏الشَّاةُ المَسمُومَةُ‏

‏وَهِيَ الَّتِي وُضِعَ فِي كَتِفِهَا سُمٌّ لِمُحَاوَلَةِ قَتلِ النَّبِيِّ عِندَ أَكلِهِ مِنهَا‏
The Poisoned Ewe : Poisoned meat of a ewe presented to the Prophet Muhammad by a Jewish woman in an attempt to kill him
‏الصَّحَابَةُ‏

‏الَّذِينَ صَحِبُوا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ مِن الأَنصَارِ وَالمُهَاجِرِينَ، وَمَاتُوا عَلَى الإِسلَامِ‏
Companions : The Muslims who were in the company of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and died still adhering to Islam
‏الصُّحبَةُ‏

‏الرُّفقَةُ، وَكَانَ أَبُو بَكرٍ قَد نَالَ شَرَفَ مُرَافَقَةِ الرَّسُولِ أَثنَاءَ الهِجرَةِ‏
Companionship : Abu Bakr had the honor of accompanying the Prophet during the Hijrah journey
‏الصِّدقُ‏

‏هُوَ الإِخبَارُ بِالحَقِيقَةِ، وَلَقَد اِشتَهَرَ النَّبِيُّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) بِالصِّدقِ حَتَّى قَبلَ نُزُولِ الوَحيِ.‏
Truth telling : The Prophet (peace be upon him) was well known for his truthfulness even before receiving the Divine revelation.
‏العَرضُ عَلَى القَبَائِلِ‏

‏عَرَضَ النَّبِيُّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) الإِسلَامَ عَلَى أَفرَادٍ مِمَّن أَتَوا إِلَى مَكَّةَ خِلَالَ مَوسِمِ الحَجِّ، فَأَوضَحَ لَهُم المَبَادِئَ الَّتِي يَقُومُ عَلَيهَا الدِّينُ الجَدِيدُ، كَمَا طَلَبَ مِنهُم حِمَايَتَهُ مِمَّن يَكِيدُونَ لَهُ.‏
Calling tribes to Islam : The Prophet of Allah contacted members of various Arab tribes when they came to Mecca for Hajj. He explained the beliefs of Islam to them and asked them to protect him from his enemies.
‏العَزمُ عَلَى قَتلِ النَّبِيِّ‏

‏أَي عَقدُ النِّيَّةِ عَلَى قَتلِهِ، وَقَد عَقَدَت قُرَيشٌ النِّيَّةَ عَلَى قَتلِ الرَّسُولِ‏
The plot to kill the Prophet : Just before the Prophet's Hijrah, the Quraish plotted to kill the Prophet. They plotted that a man of each tribe would take part in the murder of the Prophet so that it would be too difficult for Banu Hashim to take revenge.
‏العُزَّى‏

‏صَنَمٌ مِن الأَصنَامِ الَّتِي كَانَ المُشرِكُونَ يَعبُدُونَهَا‏
Al-`Uzza : An idol worshipped in Mecca in the Pre-Islamic period
‏العَمُّ‏

‏عَمُّ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ هُوَ أَبُو طَالِبِ بنُ عَبدِ المُطَّلِبِ وَقَد كَفَلَهُ بَعدَ مَوتِ جَدِّهِ.‏
His Uncle : Muhammad's uncle was Abu Talib bin `Abdul-Muttalib. After the death of his grandfather, Muhammad (peace be upon him) was put under the care of his uncle Abu Talib.
‏الغَزَوَاتُ‏

‏هِيَ المَعَارِكُ الَّتِي قَادَهَا النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِنَفسِهِ‏
Ghazawat [Battles] : These are the battles commanded by the Prophet (peace be upon him)
‏اللَّاتُ‏

‏هُوَ صَنَمٌ بِالطَّائِفِ كَانَت تَعبُدُهُ قَبِيلَةُ ثَقِيفٍ فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ‏
Al-Lat : An idol worshipped by the Thaqif in the Pre-Islamic period

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏المُؤَاخَاةُ‏

‏آخَى النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَينَ المُهَاجِرِينَ وَالأَنصَارِ بَعدَ الهِجرَةِ‏
Fraternization : The Prophet (peace be upon him) established brotherly ties between the Muhajirun and the Ansar
‏المَدِينَةُ المُنَوَّرَةُ‏

‏أُطلِقَ عَلَى يَثرِبَ "المَدِينَةَ المُنَوَّرَةَ" مَنذُ أَن وَطِأَتهَا قَدَمَا النَّبِيِّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ).‏
Medina Al-Munawwarah [Illuminated] : Previously known as Yathrib
‏المُصطَفَى‏

‏أَيِ المُختَارُ وَهُوَ مِن صِفَاتِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِأَنَّ اللَّهَ اِصطَفَاهُ رَسُولًا لِلعَالَمِينَ‏
AL-Mustafa [The Select] : One of the names of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) because he was chosen by Allah to be His Messenger to all mankind.
‏المِعرَاجُ‏

‏عُرُوجُ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِن بَيتِ المَقدِسِ إِلَى السَّمَاوَاتِ العُلَا.‏
Al-Mi`raj [Ascension] : It is the miraculous ascension of the Prophet (peace be upon him) from Jerusalem to the Heavens to meet his Lord.
‏المُنَافِقُونَ‏

‏الَّذِينَ يَدَّعُونَ الإِسلَامَ وَيَضمُرُونَ الكَرَاهِيَةَ لِلرَّسُولِ، ظَاهِرُهُم الإِيمَانُ وَبَاطِنُهُم الكُفرُ‏
The Hypocrites : A sect which appeared in Medina after the Hijrah. It pretended to adopt Islam while actually remaining infidels
‏المَنَاقِبُ‏

‏جَمعُ مَنقَبَةٍ وَهِيَ الفِعلُ الكَرِيمُ وَالمَفخَرَةُ، وَمَنَاقِبُ النَّبِيِّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) كَثِيرَةٌ، لَكِنَّهُ عُرِفَ بَينَ قَومِهِ بِالصَّادِقِ الأَمِينِ قَبلَ البَعثَةِ.‏
Outstanding traits : The Prophet had numerous traits, most known among which were truth telling and honesty.
‏المُهَاجِرُونَ‏

‏صَحَابَةُ النَّبِيِّ الَّذِينَ هَاجَرُوا مَعَهُ مِن مَكَّةَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ‏
Al-Muhajirun : The Immigrants: those who immigrated from Mecca to Medina
‏المِيلَادُ‏

‏وُلِدَ الرَّسُولُ مُحَمَّدٌ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي مَكَّةَ فِي الثَّانِي عَشَرَ مِن شَهرِ رَبِيعٍ الأَوَّلِ فِي عَامِ الفِيلِ وَهُوَ عَامُ 571م‏
The Prophet's Birth : The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was born in Mecca (Rabi` I 12, 571 A.D.), in the Year of the Elephant.
‏النُّبُوَّةُ‏

‏نَزَلَ جِبرِيلُ (عَلَيهِ السَّلَامُ) بِالوَحيِ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) فِي غَارِ حِرَاءَ فِي شَهرِ رَمَضَانَ، وَقَد اِستَمَرَّ نُزُولُ الوَحيِ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ قُرَابَةَ ثَلَاثَةٍ وَعِشرِينَ عَامًا.‏
Prophethood : In the month of Ramadan, Gabriel appeared to Muhammad at the Cave of Hira' for the first time. This was the start of Muhammad's mission as the Messenger of Allah. Gradually, in the next twenty three years, Allah completed the revelation of His last book, the Qur'an, to His Prophet, to teach mankind His perfect religion, Islam.
‏النَّجَاشِيُّ‏

‏مَلِكُ الحَبَشَةِ، اِستَقبَلَ المُسلِمِينَ الَّذِينَ هَاجَرُوا إِلَيهِ فَارِّينَ مِن أَذَى قُرَيشٍ وَأَحسَنَ وِفَادَتَهُم‏
The Negus : King of Abyssinia who received the Muslims who had immigrated to his country from Mecca and protected them
‏النَّصرُ مِن عِندِ اللَّهِ‏

Victory is only from Allah : Allah granted victory to Muslims in the Battle of the Ditch
‏الهِجرَةُ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ‏

‏كَانَت الهِجرَةُ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ فِي عَامِ 622م حَدَثًا فَاصِلًا فِي تَارِيخِ الإِسلَامِ أَدَّت إِلَى تَحَوُّلِ الإِسلَامِ مِن مَرحَلَةِ الدَّعوَةِ وَالاِضطِهَادِ إِلَى مَرحَلَةِ الاِنطِلَاقِ وَالتَّطبِيقِ حَيثُ تَمَكَّنَ النَّبِيُّ مُحَمَّدٌ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِن إِقَامَةِ أُمَّةِ الإِسلَامِ وَدَولَتِهِ فِي المَدِينَةِ.‏
Emigration (Hijrah) to Medina : Emigration (Hijrah) from Mecca to Medina in 622 A.D.was a turning point in the history of Islam; the Prophet (peace be upon him) founded the Islamic state in Medina, which was the nucleus on which many other states were founded later on.
‏الهِجرَةُ لِلحَبَشَةِ‏

‏اِشتَدَّ أَهلُ مَكَّةَ فِي مُعَارَضَةِ الدَّعوَةِ الإِسلَامِيَّةِ وَفِي إِيذَاءِ وَاِضطِهَادِ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا بِهَا مِمَّا دَفَعَ بَعضَ المُؤمِنِينَ إِلَى الهِجرَةِ لِلحَبَشَةِ‏
Emigration to Abyssinia : The people of Mecca strongly opposed the Islamic Call and persecuted its followers, which caused many of the believers to emigrate to Abyssinia .
‏الوَحيُ‏

‏جَاءَ الوَحيُ لِمُحَمَّدٍ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِالرِّسَالَةِ فِي غَارِ حِرَاءَ وَعُمرُهُ آنَذَاكَ أَربَعُونَ عَامًا‏
Revelation : At the age of forty, during his solitude in the Cave of Hira', the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) received the first Divine Revelation.
‏الوَفَاةُ‏

‏التَحَقَ النَّبِيُّ مُحَمَّدٌ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِالرَّفِيقِ الأَعلَى فِي رَبِيعِ الأَوَّلِ عَامَ 11هـ 632م‏
Death : The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) died in Rabi` I, 11 A.H./632 A.D.
‏اِنشِقَاقُ القَمَرِ‏

‏مِنَ المُعجِزَاتِ الَّتِي أَيَّدَ اللَّهُ بِهَا نَبِيَّهُ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ)‏
Splitting of the moon : A miracle of the Prophet (peace be upon him)
‏بِدَايَةُ التَّارِيخِ الهِجرِيِّ‏

‏أَي بِدَايَةُ التَّقوِيمِ الهِجرِيِّ وَكَانَ فِي السَّنَةِ الَّتِي هَاجَرَ فِيهَا الرَّسُولُ‏
The beginning of the Hijri Calendar : The Prophet's emigration from Mecca to Medina marked the beginning of the Hijri Calender.
‏بُطُونُ العَرَبِ‏

‏بُطُونُ جَمعُ بَطنٍ وَالبَطنُ مَا دُونَ القَبِيلَةِ وَفَوقَ الفَخذِ. وَلَقَد كَانَت الغَالِبِيَّةُ العُظمَى مِن قَبَائِلَ العَرَبِ تَسكُنُ الصَّحرَاءَ وَقَلِيلٌ مِنهُم مَن سَكَنَ المُدُنَ حَيثُ اِشتَغَلَ بِالتِّجَارَةِ. كَمَا كَانَ لِكُلِّ قَبِيلَةٍ شَيخٌ يُرجَعُ إِلَيهِ فِي كُلِّ مَا يَنزِلُ بِهَا مِن أُمُورٍ.‏
Arab Clans : Arabs were divided into clans and tribes. Each tribe was ruled by a chief called the Sheik. Only a few tribes lived in the city but most of them wandered in search of pasture and water.
‏بُطُونُ قُرَيشٍ‏

‏كَانَ النَّبِيُّ (صَلَّي اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) قُرَشِيًّا مِن بَنِي هَاشِمٍ وَالَّتِي كَانَت تَقُومُ عَلَى خِدمَةِ بَيتِ اللَّهِ الحَرَامِ، الأَمرُ الَّذِي أَكسَبَهَا شَرَفًا وَمَنزِلَةً بَينَ قَبَائِلِ العَرَبِ.‏
Clans of the Quraish : The Prophet (peace be upon him) belonged to the tribe of the Quraish. Banu Hashim, the family of the Prophet (peace be upon him), were caretakers of Ka`bah. Serving pilgrims was a great honor. The Quraish were respected all over Arabia because of the services they used to provide to the pilgrims and responsibility for the care and maintenance of the Ka`bah.
‏بُويِعَ لَهُ بِالخِلَافَةِ‏

‏أَي كَانَت البَيعَةُ لَهُ وَبَايَعَهُ النَّاسُ بِالخِلَافَةِ أَي وَافَقُوا عَلَى تَنصِيبِهِ خَلِيفَةً لَهُم‏
He was recognized as caliph : The first companion to be recognized as caliph was Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏بَيعَةُ الحُدَيبِيَةِ‏

‏تَرَكَ النَّبِيُّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) المَدِينَةَ قَاصِدًا أَدَاءَ العُمرَةِ وَالطَّوَافَ حَولَ البَيتِ، وَلَمَّا سَمِعَت قُرَيشٌ بِخُرُوجِ المُسلِمُونَ هَالَهُم الأَمرُ فَبَعَثَ الرَّسُولُ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) بِعُثمَانَ لِيُخبِرَهُم أَنَّهُ قَادِمٌ لِلعُمرَةِ لَا لِلحَربِ، بَقِيَ عُثمَانُ فِي مَكَّةَ فَترَةً أَطوَلَ مِنَ المُتَوَقَّعِ، وَأُشِيعَ أَنَّ عُثمَانَ قَد قُتِلَ، فَجَلَسَ النَّبِيُّ تَحتَ شَجرَةٍ وَطَلَبَ مِن أَصحَابِهِ البَيعَةَ فَبَايَعُوهُ عَلَى أَن يُقَاتِلُوا مَعَهُ حَتَّى آخِرِ رَجُلٍ مِنهُم.‏
Al-Hudaibiah Pledge of Allegiance : The Prophet left Medina for Al-Hudaibiah in Dhul-Qa`dah, 6 A.H.The Quraish were alarmed. He sent `Uthman bin `Affan to inform the Quraish that Muslims did not want war, they wanted to perform `Umrah. `Uthman remained in Mecca more than the Muslims had expected and rumor spread that he was killed. Then, the Messenger of Allah called for a pledge of allegiance. He sat under a tree and Muslims promised that they would fight with him to the last man.
‏بَيعَةُ العَقَبَةِ الأُولَي‏

‏وَهِيَ أَوَّلُ بَيعَةٍ يُبَايِعُهَا المُسلِمُونَ لِلنَّبِيِّ عِندَ العَقَبَةِ، وَحَضَرَهَا اِثنَا عَشَرَ رَجُلًا مِنَ الأَنصَارِ فَبَايَعُوا الرَّسُولَ عَلَى أَن يُؤمِنُوا بِاللَّهِ وَحدَهُ وَعَلَى أَن لَا يَسرِقُوا، وَلَا يَزنُوا وَلَا يَقتُلُوا أَولَادَهُم، وَأَن يُطِيعُوهُ فِيمَا جَاءَ بِهِ مِن عِندِ اللَّهِ.‏
The First Pledge of Al-`Aqabah : Twelve Ansars attending the Hajj season met the Messenger of Allah and gave him their pledge that they would believe in Allah, abstain from theft, fornication, and killing children and obey him in what was right and proper.
‏بَيعَةُ العَقَبَةِ الثَّانِيَةِ‏

‏وَفِي العَامِ التَّالِي لِبَيعَةِ العَقَبَةِ الأُولَى أَتَى إِلَى مَكَّةَ فِي مَوسِمِ الحَجِّ اِثنَانِ وَسَبعُونَ رَجُلًا وَاِمرَأَتَانِ مِنَ الأَنصَارِ، فَبَايَعُوا النَّبِيَّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ)، فَتَحَدَّثَ مَعَهُم النَّبِيُّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) وَصَلَّى بِهِم وَتَلَا عَلَيهِم القُرآنَ، وَحَثَّ النَّاسَ عَلَى الإِسلَامِ.‏
The Second Pledge of Al-`Aqabah : Seventy-two men and two women from the Ansar met Allah's Messenger in a valley near `Aqabah where they pledged their allegiance. The Messenger of Allah talked to them, recited the Qur'an, prayed to Allah and urged people to stick to the principles of Islam.
‏تَأسِيسُ الدَّولَةِ الإِسلَامِيَّةِ‏

‏أَي إِيجَادُ دَولَةٍ إِسلَامِيَّةٍ وَبِنَاؤُهَا عَلَى قَوَاعِدَ الإِسلَامِ‏
Founding the Muslim State : The Prophet laid the foundation of the new Muslim state in Medina.
‏تَبَعُ التَّابِعِينَ‏

‏أَي الَّذِينَ تَبَعُوهُم وَجَاءُوا بَعدَهُم‏
Successors of the Followers : The second generation after the Companions
‏تَبلِيغُ الرِّسَالَةِ‏

‏أَي تَوصِيلُهَا وَنَشرُهَا إِلَى النَّاسِ كَافَّةً، ثُمَّ أَنزَلَ اللَّهُ عَلَى رَسُولِهِ الأَمرَ بِالجَهرِ بِالدَّعوَةِ وَعَدَمِ الاِكتِرَاثِ بِالمُشرِكِينَ فَقَالَ تَعَالَى :" فَاصدَع بِمَا تُؤمَرُ وَأَعرِض عَنِ المُشرِكِينَ".‏
Conveying the Message : Communicating the Message to all people. Allah, then, commanded Muhammad (peace be upon him) to convey His religion openly. Allah said: "Loudly proclaim what you are commanded and turn away from the idol worshippers." (Verse 15:94)
‏تَحطِيمُ الأَصنَامِ‏

‏ثُمَّ أَمَرَ النَّبِيُّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) بِتَحطِيمِ جَمِيعِ الأَصنَامِ دَاخِلَ وَخَارِجَ الحَرَمِ.‏
Demolishing the idols : The Prophet commanded that all the idols inside and outside the Ka`bah be demolished.
‏تَعَقُّبُ قَرَيشٍ لِلمُسلِمِينَ‏

‏أَي سَيرُهَا وَرَاءَهُم وَتَتَبُّعُهَا لَهُم‏
The Quraish's pursuit of Muslims : The Quraish pursued the Muslims in an attempt to divert them from Islam
‏تَكذِيبُ قُرَيشٍ‏

‏كَذَّبَت قُرَيشٌ مُحَمَّدًا صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَأَعلَنَت عَدَمَ تَصدِيقِهَا لِمُحَمَّدٍ وَلِمَا جَاءَ بِهِ‏
The Quraish's rejection : The Quraish rejected the Message and declared its animosity for the Prophet (peace be upon him)
‏تَوحِيدُ الصَّفِّ‏

‏كَانَ لِزَامًا عَلَى النَّبِيِّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) وَهُوَ يَبنِي دَولَةً إِسلَامِيَّةً فِي المَدِينَةِ أَن يُوَحِّدَ صُفُوفَ المُهَاجِرِينَ وَالأَنصَارِ.‏
Consolidation : In his attempt to build a new Muslim state in Medina, the Prophet started with consolidating the Muhajirun and the Ansar.
‏ثَانِي اِثنَينِ‏

‏لَقَبٌ خُلِعَ عَلَى أَبِي بَكرٍ الصِّدِّيقِ لِمُرَافَقَتِهِ النَّبِيَّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) أَثنَاءَ هِجرَتِهِ مِن مَكَّةَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ.‏
The Second of Two : A title of Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq because he accompanied the Prophet during the Hijrah journey.
‏جَمعُ الحَدِيثِ‏

‏أَي تَحصِيلُهُ وَجَمعُهُ مِن قُلُوبِ الصَّحَابَةِ‏
Compilation of the Prophet's traditions : The Muslim scholars exerted much effort to preserve the Prophet's traditions by compiling them.
‏حِجَّةُ الوَدَاعِ‏

‏وَهِي آخِرُ حِجَّةٍ قَامَ بِهَا النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ‏
Farewell Hajj : It was the first and last Hajj performed by the Prophet.
‏حُجرَاتٌ‏

Chambers
Rooms : The Prophet built some chambers for his wives next to the Mosque.
‏حَدِيثُ جَعفَرٍ لِلنَّجَاشِيِّ عَن الإِسلَامِ‏

‏جَمَعَ النَّجَاشِيُّ مَن هَاجَرَ إِلَى أَرضِهِ مِن المُسلِمِينَ وَسَأَلَهُم عَنِ الدِّينِ الَّذِي مِن أَجلِهِ تَرَكُوا دِينَ آبَائِهِم، فَتَوَلَّى جَعفَرُ بنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ اِبنُ عَمِّ الرَّسُولِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) الرَّدَّ عَلَيهِ فَأَوضَحَ لَهُ جَوَانِبَ مِن شَخصِيَّةِ الرَّسُولِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) وَالدِّينِ الَّذِي يَدعُو إِلَيهِ.‏
Ja`far's Display of Islam to the Negus : The Negus summoned the Muslims and asked them, "Why did you desert your people's religion and embrace the new faith? In his answer, Ja`far bin Abi Talib set out the personality of the Prophet and the characteristics of the new religion
‏حَفرُ الخَندَقِ‏

‏قَرَّرَ المُسلِمُونَ تَحصِينَ أَنفُسِهِم فِي المَدِينَةِ وَالاِستِبسَالَ فِي الدِّفَاعِ عَنهَا، حَيثُ أَنَّ عَدُوَّهُم يَزِيدُ قَلِيلًا عَن عَشرَةِ آلَافِ مُقَاتِلٍ لِذَا أَشَارَ سَلمَانُ الفَارِسِيُّ (رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنهُ) عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) بِحَفرِ الخَندَقِ حَولَ المَدِينَةِ.‏
Digging the ditch : The Muslims decided to fortify themselves in Medina and defend the city. Their enemy numbered more than ten thousands so, Salman Al-Farisi suggested that a ditch should be dug around the city for protection.
‏حِلفُ الفُضُولِ‏

‏أَشهَرُ حِلفٍ عَرَفَتهُ شِبهُ الجَزِيرَةِ العَرَبِيَّةِ قَبلَ ظُهُورِ الإِسلَامِ، وَلَقَد حَضَرَ النَّبِيُّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) حِلفَ الفُضُولِ، وَالَّذِي تَأَسَّسَ بَعدَمَا رَفَضَ أَحَدُ رِجَالَاتِ قُرَيشٍ أَن يَدفَعَ لِرَجُلٍ مِن زَبِيدَ ثَمَنَ مَا أَخَذَهُ مِنهُ مِن بِضَاعَةٍ، الأَمرُ الَّذِي أَثَارَ المُنصِفِينَ مِن أَهلِ مَكَّةَ وَقَرَّرُوا أَن يُنشِئُوا حِلفَ الفُضُولِ فِيمَا بَينَهُم وَتَعَهَّدُوا بِرَدِّ الحُقُوقِ لِأَصحَابِهَا .‏
League of the Nobility ( chieftains) : League of the Virtuous [Hilf Al-Fudul] was the most renowned league ever known in Arabia. The Prophet Muhammad attended Hilf Al-Fudul. This league was formed because a noble of the Quraish took merchandize from a man from Zubaid and denied payment. All the fair-minded young men in Mecca were full of enthusiasm to put the matter right. They pledged to restore rights to the wronged people.
‏خَاتَمُ المُرسَلِينَ‏

‏آخِرُ الرُّسُلِ الَّذِينَ أَرسَلَهُم اللَّهُ لِلنَّاسِ وَهُوَ مُحَمَّدٌ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ‏
The last of the Messengers
‏خِتَامُ النُّبُوَّةِ‏

‏أَي آخِرُ الأَنبِيَاءِ‏
The Last Prophet
The Seal of Prophets
‏خُصُومَةٌ‏

‏أَي عَدَاوَةٌ‏
Enmity : There was an enmity of the most detestable kind between the Aus and the Khazraj tribes

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏خُطبَةُ عَرَفَةَ‏

‏ثُمَّ أَلقَى النَّبِيُّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) خُطبَةَ عَرَفَةَ وَفِيهَا تَعَرَّضَ لِأُمُورٍ تَهُمُّ المُسلِمِينَ فِي دِينِهِم وَدُنيَاهُم.‏
`Arafah Sermon : On the Day of `Arafah, the Prophet delivered a comprehensive sermon in which he set out some topics of much interest to the Muslims in this life and in the hereafter.
‏دَارُ الأَرقَمِ‏

‏مَكَانٌ كَانَ يَجتَمِعُ فِيهِ الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِأَصحَابِهِ قَبلَ الجَهرِ بِالدَّعوَةِ‏
Al-Arqam's House : The place where the Prophet (peace be upon him) used to meet with the believers when the Call was conveyed secretly
‏رَدُّ أَهلِ الطَّائِفِ‏

‏سَخِرَ أَهلُ الطَّائِفِ مِنَ النَّبِيِّ وَدَعوَتِهِ، وَحَثُّوا رَعَاعَهُم أَن يَسُبُّوا الرَّسُولَ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) وَيَقذِفُوهُ بِالحِجَارَةِ.‏
Reaction of the people of Ta'if : The people of Ta'if were rude to the Prophet and scoffed at him. They incited the town's riff-raff to shout insults at the Prophet and stone him.
‏رَدُّ المُقَوقِسِ‏

‏أَكرَمَ المُقَوقِسُ رَسُولَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ)، وَأَرسَلَ مَعَهُ الهَدَايَا وَمِن بَينِهَا جَارِيَتَانِ، إِحدَاهُمَا السَّيِّدَةُ مَارِيَةُ القِبطِيَّةُ، وَالَّتِي تَزَوَّجَهَا الرَّسُولُ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) وَأَنجَبَت لَهُ اِبنَهُ إِبرَاهِيمَ.‏
The reaction of Al-Muqauqis : Al-Muqauqis, the ruler of Egypt under the Byzantine Empire, was courteous to the envoys sent by the Messenger of Allah. The Muqauqis sent him gifts including two slave girls. One of them was Mariah, the mother of Ibrahim, the son of the Prophet.
‏رَدُّ النَّجَاشِيِّ‏

‏أَحسَنَ النَّجَاشِيُّ اِستِقبَالَ رَسُولِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ).‏
The reaction of the Negus : The Negus treated well the envoys sent by the Messenger of Allah.
‏رَدُّ كِسرَى‏

‏مَزَّقَ كِسرَى مَلِكُ الفُرسِ كِتَابَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ بَعدَمَا قَرَأَهُ فَدَعَا عَلَيهِ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) بِتَمزِيقِ مُلكِهِ.‏
The reaction of Chosroes : When Chosroes, the emperor of Persia, read the letter, he tore it up indignantly. When the Messenger of Allah heard of Chosroes' reaction, he replied, "May Allah shatter his kingdom."
‏رَدُّ مَلِكِ الرُّومِ‏

‏اِستَقبَلَ مَلِكُ الرُّومِ رِسَالَةَ الرَّسُولِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) بِاِحتِرَامٍ، وَسَأَلَ عَن تَفَاصِيلَ أَكثَرَ حَولَ مُحَمَّدٍ وَرِسَالَتِهِ، فَأُتِيَ بِأَبِي سُفيَانَ فَدَارَ بَينَ الاِثنَينِ حَدِيثٌ طَوِيلٌ اِلتَزَمَ فِيهِ أَبُو سُفيَانَ الصِّدقَ، بَينَمَا كَشَفَ الحِوَارُ عَن ذَكَاءِ هِرَقلَ وَسِعَةِ مَدَارِكِهِ.‏
The reaction of the Roman King, Heraclius : Heraclius received the Prophet's message with much respect, yet he wanted to know more about the Prophet. Abu Sufyan was presented to the king. Heraclius proved to be an intelligent examiner who knew the history and behavior of the prophets. When Heraclius heard Abu Sufyan's answers, he was certain that Muhammad was the Prophet of Allah.
‏رَسَائِلُ‏

‏أَرسَلَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ عِدَّةَ رَسَائِلَ إِلَى مُلُوكِ وَأُمَرَاءِ الدُّوَلِ يَدعُوهُم فِيهَا لِلإِسلَامِ‏
Messages : The Prophet (peace be upon him) sent messages to the kings and rulers of adjacent states inviting them to embrace Islam
‏رَسُولُ اللَّهِ‏

‏مِن أَلقَابِ النَّبِيِّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ)‏
The Prophet
Allah's Messenger : A title of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)
‏رَضَاعُهُ‏

‏كَانَ مِن عَادَةِ أَهلِ مَكَّةَ أَن يُرسِلُوا أَطفَالَهُم مَعَ مُرضِعَاتٍ مِن أَهلِ البَادِيَةِ، وَكَانَ عَلَى عَبدِ المُطَّلِبِ أَن يَجِدَ مُرضِعَةً لِحَفِيدِهِ الَّذِي فَقَدَ أَبَاهُ قَبلَ أَن يُولَدَ، وَقَد نَالَت السَّيِّدَةُ حَلِيمَةُ السَّعدِيَّةُ هَذَا الشَّرَفَ وَتَوَلَّت مُهِمَّةَ إِرضَاعِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ.‏
Suckling
Wet-nursing : It was a custom in Mecca for the babies to be put under the care of a desert tribe where they grew up in a healthy outdoor environment. `Abdul-Muttalib looked for a wet-nurse for his fatherless grandson, whom he loved more than all other children. Halimah Al-Sa`diyah was the Prophet's wet-nurse.
‏شَاةُ أُمِّ مُعبَدٍ‏

‏وَهُم فِي طَرِيقِهِم إِلَى يَثرِبَ مَرَّ رَكبُ الرَّسُولِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) بِخَيمَةِ أُمِّ مُعبَدٍ، وَلَيسَ مَعَهَا مِنَ الغَنَمِ إِلَّا شَاةٌ شَحصَاءُ فَأَتَت بِهَا النَّبِيَّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) فَوَضَعَ يَدَهُ عَلَى ضِرعِهَا، وَدَعَا اللَّهَ فَتَدَفَّقَ اللَّبَنُ مِنهَا، فَأَعطَىَ أُمَّ مُعبَد وَشَرِبَ مَن كَانَ بِصُحبَتِهِ، ثُمَّ شَرِبَ هُوَ آخِرَهُم.‏
Umm Mu`bad's goat : During their travel, the Messenger of Allah's party passed by the tent of Umm Mu`bad, who had a goat which was giving no milk because of the drought. The Messenger of Allah stroked its udder, invoked the name of Allah and prayed for a blessing. Milk flowed. He gave Umm Mu`bad and his companions milk to drink until they were all satisfied. Then, he drank last of all.
‏شِدَّةُ الوَحيِ‏

‏أَي صُعُوبَةُ وُجُودِهِ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ‏
Strain of revelation : The Prophet would be exhausted upon receiving a Divine revelation
‏شَقُّ صَدرِهِ‏

‏بَينَمَا كَانَ مُحَمَّدٌ لَا يَزَالُ طِفلًا أَتَاهُ مَلَكَانِ فَشَقَّا صَدرَهُ وَأَزَالَا مِن قَلبِهِ بُقعَةً سَودَاءَ ثُمَّ أَعَادَاهُ إِلَى مَكَانِهِ.‏
Splitting open the Prophet's chest : When Muhammad was still a child, two angels came and split open his chest. They removed a black clot from his heart. They then cleansed his heart and returned it in its place .
‏صُلحُ الحُدَيبِيَةِ‏

‏وَقَّعَت قُرَيشٌ مَعَ المُسلِمِينَ صُلحَ الحُدَيبِيَةِ وَاِتَّفَقَ الجَانِبَانِ عَلَى هُدنَةٍ لِمُدَّةِ عَشرِ سِنِينَ، وَنَصَّ عَلَىَ أَنَّ مَن يَأتِ مُحَمَّدًا مُسلِمًا مِن قُرَيشٍ بِدُونِ إِذنِ وَلِيِّهِ يَرُدَّهُ مُحَمَّدٌ، أَمَّا مَن يَأتِ قُرَيشًا مِن أَصحَابِ مُحَمَّدٍ بِدُونِ إِذنِ مُحَمَّدٍ لَا تَرُدَّهُ قُرَيشٌ، كَمَا نَصَّ عَلَى أَنَّ لِكِلَا الطَّرَفَينِ الحُرِّيَّةَ فِي الدُّخُولِ فِي تَحَالُفَاتٍ وَاِتِّفَاقَاتٍ مَعَ مَن يَشَاءُ.‏
Al-Hudaibiah Peace Treaty : The Muslims and the Quraish then signed Al-Hudaibiah Peace Treaty. The two parties agreed to abandon war for ten years. During that period, both sides would be safe and would refrain from fighting one another. Whoever came to Muhammad from the Quraish without the permission of his guardian would be returned to them, but whoever came to the Quraish from the Muslims need not be returned to him. Whoever wanted to enter into an alliance or agreement with Muhammad could do so and whoever wanted to enter into an alliance or agreement with the Quraish could do so.
‏طُفُولَتُهُ‏

‏بَينَمَا كَانَت السَّيِّدَةُ حَلِيمَةُ فِي طَرِيقِهَا إِلَى دِيَارِ بَنِي سَعدٍ، أَصَابَتهَا بَرَكَةُ هَذَا الطِّفلِ الكَرِيمِ، حَيثُ تَدَفَّقَ اللَّبَنُ مِن ضُرُوعِ حَيَوَانَاتِهَا، وَزَادَ لَبَنُهَا حَيثُ أَصبَحَ يَكفِي مُحَمَّدًا وَأُخوَتَهُ مِنَ الرَّضَاعَةِ وَشَعُرَت، كَمَا شَعُرَ مَن حَولَهَا، أَنَّ هَذَا الطِّفلَ تَحُوطُهُ بَرَكَةٌ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ وَبَقِيَ مُحَمَّدٌ فِي دِيَارِ بَنِي سَعدٍ إِلَى أَن بَلَغَ الثَّانِيَةَ مِن عُمرِهِ وَحَانَ وَقتُ فِطَامِهِ.‏
Babyhood : When Halimah took Muhammad for home, she found countless blessings; her animals' udders and her own breasts overflowed with milk. Her aged camel and lame donkey were rejuvenated. Every body said, "Halimah, you have a blessed child." She continued to enjoy prosperity from Allah until the baby had spent two years with Banu Sa`d and was weaned.
‏ظُهُورُ الإِسلَامِ‏

‏ظَهَرَ الإِسلَامُ فِي مَكَّةَ فِي القَرنِ السَّابِعِ المِيلَادِيِّ حِينَ نَزَلَ الوَحيُ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ (حَوَالَي 611م) إِيذَانًا بِمَبعَثِ نَبِيٍّ جَدِيدٍ أَرسَلَهُ رَبُّهُ مُعَلِّمًا لِلنَّاسِ وَبَشِيرًا وَنَذِيرًا وَدَاعِيًا إِلَى اللَّهِ بِإِذنِهِ وَسِرَاجًا مُنِيرًا.‏
Advent of Islam : Islam emerged in Mecca during the 7th century A.D. It commenced with the revelation sent down to the Prophet Muhammad (611 A.D.) Muhammad is the last Prophet and Messenger of Allah sent to the world.
‏ظُهُورُ حَرَكَةِ الرِّدَّةِ‏

‏أَي تَفَشِّيهَا وَاِنتِشَارُهَا بَعدَ مَوتِ الرَّسُولِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ‏
Apostasy Movement : Some tribes took advantage of the turmoil among the Muslims following the Prophet's death and declared their apostasy.
‏عَامُ الفِيلِ‏

‏العَامُ الَّذِي وُلِدَ فِيهِ الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَهُوَ العَامُ الَّذِي حَاوَلَ فِيهِ أَبرَهَةُ هَدمَ الكَعبَةِ‏
The Year of the Elephant : It is the year in which the Prophet (peace be upon him) was born. It was also the year in which Abrahah tried to demolish the Ka`bah.
‏عِبَادَاتُ العَرَبِ‏

‏أَي طُقُوسُهُم وَحَيَاتُهُم الدِّينِيَّةُ، وَكَانَ العَرَبُ قَبلَ الإِسلَامِ يَعبُدُونَ الأَصنَامَ وَالَّتِي اِتَّخَذُوهَا آلِهَةً مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ، كَمَا تَعَدَّدَت الآلِهَةُ مِن قَبِيلَةٍ إِلَى أُخرَى وَمِن مِنطَقَةٍ إِلَى أُخرَى، بَل وَصَلَ الأَمرُ أَن كَانَ لِكُلِّ بَيتٍ إِلَهٌ خَاصٌّ بِهِ، كَمَا اِمتَلَأَت الكَعبَةُ وَسَاحَتُهَا بِثَلَاثِمِائَةٍ وَسِتِّينَ صَنَمًا.‏
Religious life of the Arabs : The Arabs in the Pre-Islamic era adhered to polytheism and idol-worship of the most detestable kind. They were involved in Shirk [Polytheism] and worshipped gods other than Allah. Every tribe, region or city had a specific idol. Indeed, every house had its own idol. Inside the Ka`bah and in its courtyard, stood three hundred and sixty idols.
‏عِبَادَةُ الأَوثَانِ‏

‏كَانَت عِبَادَةُ الأَوثَانِ وَالأَصنَامِ مُنتَشِرَةً فِي مَكَّةَ وَ الجَزِيرَةِ العَرَبِيَّةِ قَبلَ الإِسلَامِ‏
Idolatry : Idolatry was widespread in the Arabian Peninsula, including Mecca, in the Pre-Islamic era.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏عَشِيرَتُهُ الأَقرَبُونَ‏

‏بَدَأَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِدَعوَةِ أَقَارِبِهِ وَأَهلِ بَيتِهِ‏
One's kin
One's blood relatives
ext of kins : The Prophet (peace be upon him) started his call by inviting his nearest relatives to the new Faith
‏عُمرَةُ القَضَاءِ‏

Compensatory `Umrah
‏غَارُ ثَورٍ‏

‏هُوَ الغَارُ الَّذِي تَوَقَّفَ بِهِ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَصَاحِبُهُ أَبُو بَكرٍ أَثنَاءَ الهِجرَةِ مِن مَكَّةَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ.‏
The Cave of Thaur : It is the cave in which the Prophet (peace be upon him) and his companion Abu Bakr stopped to take shelter from the polytheists during the Hijrah journey from Mecca to Medina.
‏غَارُ حِرَاءَ‏

‏كَانَ مُحَمَّدٌ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ هَادِئَ الطَّبعِ كَثِيرَ التَّفَكُّرِ وَالتَّدَبُّرِ فَكَانَ يَختَلِي بِنَفسِهِ أَحيَانًا كَثِيرَةً يُفَكِّرُ وَيَتَأَمَّلُ وَيَتَدَبَّرُ فِي غَارِ حِرَاءَ فِي جَبَلِ النُّورِ بِمَكَّةَ.‏
The Cave of Hira' : Muhammad (peace be upon him) had a calm nature and a natural tendency to meditation . He used to seclude himself in the Cave of Hira' to practice self-purification and ponder over the creation around him.
‏غَزوُ الحصون اليَهُودِيَّةِ‏

‏أَي الهُجُومُ عَلَيهَا وَمُقَاتَلَةُ مَن فِيهَا مِن اليَهُودِ‏
Conquering the Jewish Forts : Muslims conquered the Jewish suburbs of Medina because of their alliance with the enemies of Muslims during the Battle of the Ditch.
‏فَتحُ مَكَّةَ‏

‏فَتَحَ المُسلِمُونَ مَكَّةَ عَامَ 8 هـ/630 م.‏
The Conquest of Mecca : Muslims conquered Mecca in 8 A.H./630 A.D.
‏فِدَاءُ عَلِيٍّ لِلنَّبِيِّ‏

‏أَي تَضحِيَةُ عَلِيٍّ بِحَيَاتِهِ فِدَاءً لِلنَّبِيِّ وَحِفَاظًا عَلَى حَيَاتِهِ، وَذَلِكَ بِنَومِهِ فِي فِرَاشِ الرَّسُولِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) لَيلَةَ أَن عَقَدَت قُرَيشٌ النِّيَّةَ عَلَى قَتلِهِ.‏
`Ali's saving the Prophet's life : `Ali slept in the Prophet's bed on the night scheduled for the murder.
‏فِطَامُهُ‏

‏وَلَمَّا بَلَغَ مُحَمَّدٌ الثَّانِيَةَ مِن عُمرِهِ فَطَمَتهُ السَّيِّدَةُ حَلِيمَةُ السَّعدِيَّةُ وَأَخَذَتهُ إِلَى أُمِّهِ وَطَلَبَت مِنهَا أَن تُبقِيَ الغُلَامَ مَعَهَا فَترَةً فَقَبِلَت.‏
Weaning : When Muhammad was two years old, he was weaned. He was growing up in a way different from other children. Halimah took him to his mother and asked if she could keep him for a longer period and Aminah agreed.
‏قُبَاءُ‏

‏قَريَةٌ قُربَ المَدِينَةِ المُنَوَّرَةِ فِيهَا أَوَّلُ مَسجِدٍ أَقَامَهُ الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ‏
Quba' : A location near Medina where the Prophet (peace be upon him) established the first mosque
‏قِصَّةُ سُرَاقَةَ‏

‏عَرَضَت قُرَيشٌ مِائَةَ نَاقَةٍ لِمَن يَأتِي بِمُحَمَّدٍ حَيًّا أَو مَيِّتًا، وَخُيِّلَ إِلَى سُرَاقَةَ بنِ مَالِكٍ أَنَّهُ يَستَطِيعُ ذَلِكَ فَرَكِبَ فَرَسَهُ وَتَعَقَّبَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) فَتَعَسَّرَ فَرَسُهُ وَخَرَّ سُرَاقَةُ مِن عَلَيهِ، ثُمَّ حَاوَلَ المَرَّةَ تِلوَ الأُخرَى ، وَلَمَّا وَقَعَ بَصَرُهُ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) غَارَت أَرجُلُ فَرَسِهِ فِي الرِّمَالِ ، وَإِذَا بِعَاصِفَةٍ رَملِيَّةٍ تَحُولُ بَينَهُ وَبَينَ مَأرَبِهِ.‏
Suraqah's experience : The Quraish offered a hundred camels to anyone who handed Muhammad over, dead or alive. Suraqah bin Malik was eager to get the reward. He was tracing the Prophet's footsteps when his horse stumbled and he was thrown off it. He tried three times to go on, but he failed. Just as he caught sight of the Messenger of Allah, his horse stumbled once more. Its feet sank into the sand and Suraqah fell down. Then he was hindered by a sandstorm in front of him.
‏كُتَّابُ الوَحيِ‏

‏الَّذِينَ يَكتُبُونَ مَا يَنزِلُ بِهِ الوَحيُ مِن القُرآنِ الكَرِيمِ‏
Scribes of the revelation : Scribes of the revelation were those who shouldered the task of writing down the revelation.
‏مُحَاوَلَةُ إِغرَاءِ الرَّسُولِ‏

‏حَاوَلَت قُرَيشٌ مُسَاوَمَةَ النَّبِيِّ عَلَى أَن يَترُكَ رِسَالَتَهُ وَيَكُفَّ عَن الدَّعوَةِ‏
The Quraish's attempt to induce the Prophet : The Quraish tried to induce the Prophet to give up his Mission
‏مُحَاوَلَةُ هَدمِ الكَعبَةِ‏

‏وُلِدَ النَّبِيُّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) فِي عَامِ الفِيلِ، وَكَانَ هَذَا العَامُ قَد شَهِدَ مُحَاوَلَةَ أَبرَهَةَ الحَبَشِيِّ هَدمَ الكَعبَةِ، حَيثُ أَتَى صَوبَ مَكَّةَ عَلَى رَأسِ جَيشٍ كَبِيرٍ مُطَعَّمًا بِالفِيَلَةِ الَّتِي لَم يَكُن لِلعَرَبِ عَهدٌ بِهَا، بَيدَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ جَعَلَ كَيدَهُم فِي نَحرِهِم، وَأَرسَلَ عَلَيهِم طَيرًا أَبَابِيلَ تَرمِيهِم بِحِجَارَةٍ مِن سِجِّيلٍ فَجَعَلَهُم كَعَصفٍ مَأكُولٍ.‏
The attempt to destroy the Ka`bah : The Prophet Muhammad's birth year witnessed the failure of the attack on Ka`bah by the powerful Abyssinian ruler, Abrahah. He commanded a mighty army supported by elephants to destroy Ka`bah. Weak and helpless, the Meccans left the care of Ka`bah in the hands of Allah. Allah sent flocks of birds carrying little stones in their claws. The birds pelted Abrahah's army, killed his elephants and made his army turn to heels
‏مَرَضُ الرَّسُولِ‏

The Prophet's last illness
‏مَسجِدُ الرَّسُولِ‏

‏بَنَاهُ النَّبِيُّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) وَصَحَابَتُهُ.‏
The Prophet's Mosque : The Prophet's Mosque in Medina was built by the Prophet (peace be upon him) and his Companions just after their arrival in Medina.
‏مَسجِدُ قُبَاءَ‏

‏المَسجِدُ الَّذِي بَنَاهُ الرَّسُولُ وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ مَسجِدٍ أُسِّسَ عَلَى التَّقوَى‏
Quba' Mosque : It is the mosque built by the Prophet (peace be upon him), and it is the first mosque built in the Islamic era
‏مُشَاوَرَةٌ‏

‏كَانَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ يُشَاوِرُ أَصحَابَهُ وَيَتَبَادَلُ الرَّأيَ مَعَهُم‏
Consultation : The Prophet (peace be upon him) used to consult his Companions on many issues
‏مُعَاهَدَةُ اليَهُودِ‏

‏أَي إِبرَامُهُم عَهدًا وَمِيثَاقًا مَعَ الرَّسُولِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، وَقَد نَصَّ مِيثَاقُ المَدِينَةِ وَالَّذِي أَبرَمَهُ الرَّسُولُ بَينَ الفَصَائِلِ الثَّمَانِيَةِ الَّتِي كَانَت تَقطُنُ المَدِينَةَ، عَلَى أَنَّ اليَهُودَ حُلَفَاءُ لَهُم.‏
Covenant with the Jews : In order to booster the internal front, the Prophet made a covenant with the Jews of Medina. The Jews had a subordinate place in the federation established among the eight clans of Medina. They were regarded as allies of the main participants in the Constitution of Medina.
‏مُعجِزَاتُ النَّبِيِّ‏

‏وَبَينَمَا اِستَمَرَّ الرَّسُولُ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) فِي نَشرِ الدَّعوَةِ كَثَّفَ الكُفَّارُ مِن حَملَتِهِم ضِدَّهُ وَوَقَفُوا ضِدَّ دَعوَتِهِ بِكُلِّ مَا يَملِكُونَ مِن قُوَّةٍ، وَلَقَد أَيَّدَ اللَّهُ رَسُولَهُ بِالمُعجِزَاتِ لِكَي يَتَمَكَّنَ مِن مُجَابَهَةِ أَهلِ الكُفرِ بِالحُجَّةِ وَالبُرهَانِ السَّاطِعِ وَلِكَي يُدحِضَ دَعوَاهُم البَاطِلَةَ بِمُعجِزَاتٍ تَفُوقُ قُدرَاتِ البَشَرِ، وَيَأتِي القُرآنُ الكَرِيمُ عَلَى رَأسِ هَذِهِ المُعجِزَاتِ، وَمِن بَعدِهِ جَاءَت سِلسِلَةٌ مِن المُعجِزَاتِ الأُخرَى.‏
Miracles of the Prophet : As the Prophet (peace be upon him) called everyone to accept Islam, the unbelievers began opposing him more vigorously. The Prophet (peace be upon him) had to show some miracles on demand. Among the Prophet's major miracles were the Holy Qur'an, Isra' [The Night Journey] and others.
‏مُعجِزَةٌ‏

‏وَهِيَ أَمرٌ خَارِقٌ لِلعَادَةِ يُجرِيهِ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَلَى يَدِ الأَنبِيَاءِ تَصدِيقًا لِدَعوَاهُم‏
Miracle : A miracle is an event that appears inexplicable by the laws of nature, so held to be supernatural in origin or an act of Allah.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏مُقَاطَعَةُ قُرَيشٍ لِبَنِي هَاشِمٍ‏

‏أَي مَنعُهُم التَّعَامُلَ مَعَهُم فِي التِّجَارَةِ وَفِي عَدَمِ التَّزَاوُجِ بَينَهُم لِلضَّغطِ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِلتَّخَلِّي عَن دَعوَتِهِ‏
The Quraish's boycott of the Banu Hashim : The Quraish boycotted the Banu Hashim and severed all commercial and social relations with them
‏مَنَاةُ‏

‏اِسمُ صَنَمٍ‏
Manah : An idol worshipped in Mecca in the Pre-Islamic period
‏مَوقِفُ قُرَيشٍ مِن أَبِي بَكرٍ‏

‏آذَت قُرَيشٌ أَبَا بَكرٍ لِمُنَاصَرَتِهِ الدَّعوَةَ الإِسلَامِيَّةَ‏
The Quraish reaction towards Abu Bakr : The Quraish persecuted Abu Bakr for his stand in supporting the Islamic Call
‏نُبُوءَاتٌ بِالنُّبُوَّةِ‏

‏أَي تَنَبُّؤَاتٌ بِهَا، وَكَانَت الإِرهَاصَاتُ الأُولَى لِلنُّبُوَّةِ فِي شَكلِ أَحلَامٍ رَآهَا النَّبِيُّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) فِي مَنَامِهِ وَاضِحَةً فِي دَلَالَتِهَا عَلَى نُبُوَّتِهِ وُضُوحَ النَّهَارِ.‏
Intimations of Prophethood : The first intimations of Muhammad's Prophethood came in the form of dreams, so vivid that they were as clear as the break of the day.
‏نُبُوءَةٌ‏

‏نَزَلَت الرِّسَالَةُ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) وَهُوَ فِي سِنِّ الأَربَعِينَ، وَقَد جَرَت سُنَّةُ اللَّهِ فِي أَرضِهِ وَرَحمَتُهُ بِعِبَادِهِ أَن يُرسِلَ إِلَيهِم رَسُولًا يُوَضِّحُ لَهُم طَرِيقَهُ المُستَقِيمَ إِذَا ضَلُّوهُ وَيَهدِيهِم سَوَاءَ السَّبِيلِ.‏
Prophethood : The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) was forty when the Mission was entitled on him. It had always been a Divine practice that whenever darkness had become too intense and wickedness widespread, a Messenger appeared.
‏نَذِيرٌ‏

‏أَي يُنذِرُ العُصَاةَ وَالمُذنِبِينَ وَيُخَوِّفُهُم مِن عَذَابِ اللَّهِ‏
Forewarner : One who warns sinful people against the imminent punishment of Allah
‏نَسَبُ النَّبِيِّ‏

‏يَرجِعُ نَسَبُ النَّبِيِّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) إِلَى نَبِيِّ اللَّهِ إِسمَاعِيلَ بنِ نَبِيِّ اللَّهِ إِبرَاهِيمَ عَلَيهِمَا السَّلَامُ.‏
The Prophet's noble lineage : The Prophet's lineage goes to the Prophet Ishmael, son of the Prophet Abraham (peace be upon them).
‏نَشأَتُهُ‏

‏رَعَى مُحَمَّدٌ الغَنَمَ مَعَ إِخوَتِهِ مِنَ الرَّضَاعَةِ وَهُوَ لَا يَزَالُ طِفلًا، وَنَشَأَ مُحَمَّدٌ قَوِيًّا مُصِحًّا يَتَحَدَّثُ العَرَبِيَّةَ الفُصحَى الَّتِي اِشتَهَرَ بِهَا بَنُو سَعدٍ وَصَارَت بَينَ مُحَمَّدٍ وَأُخوَتِهِ مِن الرَّضَاعَةِ عَلَاقَةُ حُبٍّ مُتَبَادَلٍ وَأَخِيرًا عَادَ مُحَمَّدٌ إِلَى مَكَّةَ لِيَعِيشَ مَعَ أُمِّهِ فِي ظِلِّ رِعَايَةِ جَدِّهِ عَبدِ المُطَّلِبِ.‏
Early life : The Messenger of Allah tended sheep with his foster brothers and was brought up in an unsophisticated and natural environment. He led the healthy life of the desert and spoke Standard Arabic for which the Banu Sa`d were reputable . He was sociable and popular among his counterparts. His foster brothers loved him and he loved them. Eventually he returned to Mecca to live with his grandfather and mother. He thrived under Allah's care and grew up healthy and strong.
‏نَقضُ قُرَيشٍ العَهدَ‏

‏إِبطَالُ قُرَيشٍ عَهدَهَا مَعَ الرَّسُولِ وَنَبذُهَا لَهُ‏
The Quraish violation of the treaty : The Quraish broke the treaty they had signed with the Prophet (peace be upon him)
‏هُبَلُ‏

‏هُوَ اِسمٌ لِكَبِيرِ الأَصنَامِ‏
Hubal : An idol worshipped in Mecca in the Pre-Islamic period
‏وَأدُ البَنَاتِ‏

‏أَي قَتلُ البَنَاتِ وَهُنَّ أَحيَاءٌ وَهِيَ مِن عَادَاتِ العَرَبِ فِي الجَاهِلِيَّةِ‏
Burying baby girls alive : One of the customs of Arabs in the Pre-Islamic period
‏وَرَقَةُ بنُ نَوفَلٍ‏

‏وَهُوَ اِبنُ عَمِّ السَّيِّدَةِ خَدِيجَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنهَا زَوجِ الرَّسُولِ‏
Waraqah bin Naufal : He was the cousin of Khadijah, the Prophet's wife
‏وَفَاةُ أَبِي طَالِب‏

‏تُوُفِّىَ أَبُو طَالِب فِي العَامِ العَاشِرِ مِن ظُهُورِ الإِسلَامِ، وَقَد حَزِنَ النَّبِيُّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) لِوَفَاةِ عَمِّهِ حُزنًا شَدِيدًا، فَهُوَ بِهَذَا قَد فَقَدَ سَنَدًا مُهِمًّا وَمُؤَثِّرًا فِي مَوقِفِهِ مِن قُرَيشٍ، وَقَد اِستَغَلَت قُرَيشٌ هَذِهِ الفُرصَةَ فَضَاعَفَت مِن إِيذَائِهَا لِلنَّبِيِّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) بِمُجَرَّدِ وَفَاةِ عَمِّهِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ.‏
Death of Abu Talib : In the tenth year of the prophethood, Abu Talib, the Prophet's uncle died. It was Abu Talib who cared for and defended the Prophet against the Quraish. Just after Abu Talib's death, the Quraish stepped up their torture of the Prophet and troubles fell on the Messenger of Allah, one after another.
‏وَفَاةُ خَدِيجَةَ‏

‏تُوُفِّيَت خَدِيجَةُ فِي العَامِ العَاشِرِ مِنَ الدَّعوَةِ، وَلَقَد حَزِنَ النَّبِيُّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) لِوَفَاتِهَا حُزنًا شَدِيدًا فَقَد كَانَت دَعمًا وَسَنَدًا لَهُ فِي المَوَاقِفِ العَصِيبَةِ.‏
Death of Khadijah : In the tenth year of the prophethood, Khadijah, the Prophet's wife, died. She was noted for her loyalty , support and devotion to the Prophet (peace be upon him).
‏وُفُودُ القَبَائِلِ إِلَي المَدِينَةِ‏

‏أَي نُزُوحُهُم وَتَتَابُعُهُم إِلَى المَدِينَةِ‏
Arab tribes coming to Medina
‏يَثرِبُ‏

‏الاِسمُ القَدِيمُ لِلمَدِينَةِ‏
Yathrib : The old name of Medina
‏يَهُودُ المَدِينَةِ‏

‏اليَهُودُ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا يَقطُنُونَ المَدِينَةَ، وَقَد عَقَدَ النَّبِيُّ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) مِيثَاقًا مَعَ يَهُودِ المَدِينَةِ مَنَحَهُم بِهِ حُرِّيَّةَ مُمَارَسَةِ شَعَائِرِهِم وَالتَّصَرُّفِ فِي أَموَالِهِم.‏
The Jews of Medina : Upon arriving at Medina, the Messenger of Allah made a covenant with the Jews. They were conferred liberty to practice their religion and their title to their wealth.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

الخلافة الإسلامية

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏الأَتَابِكَةُ‏

‏أَتَابك : لَقَبٌ تُركِيٌّ أَطلَقَهُ السَّلَاجِقَةُ عَلَى بَعضِ رِجَالِ البَلَاطِ وَالوُزَرَاءِ وَالقَادَةِ، تَمَكَّنَ بَعضُ الأَتَابِكَةِ مِن السَّيطَرَةِ عَلَى الحُكمِ فَنَشَأَت فِي القَرنِ 12 م دُوَيلَاتٌ مُتَعَدِّدَةٌ فِي بِلَادِ فَارِس وَبِلَادِ الشَّامِ وَطَالَ حُكمُهَا. أَشهَرُهَا أَتَابِكَةُ أَذربَيجَان وَفَارِس.‏
The Atabegs : Atabeg was a Turkish title used by the Seljuks for members of the court ministers and leaders. Some of the Atabegs managed to take control of the state leading to the emergence of the petty states in the 12th century A.D. in Iran and Syria. They ruled for a long period of time, most remarkable among them were the Atabegs of Azerbaijan and Iran.
‏الحَفصِيُّونَ (627-982 هـ/1229-1574 م)‏

‏سُلَالَةٌ مِن قَبَائِلِ البَربَرِ فِي المَغرِبِ. حَكَمَت فِي تُونُسَ. أَسَّسَهَا أَبُو زَكَرِيَّا يَحيَى حَفِيدُ أَبِي حَفصٍ، اِنفَصَلَ عَن المُوَحِّدِينَ وَاستَقَلَّ بِأَفرِيقِيَّةَ، أَنهَى حُكمَهَا الأَترَاكُ العُثمَانِيُّونَ.‏
The Hafsids (627-982 A.H./1229-1574 A.D.) : The Hafsids were a dynasty of the Berbers from Morocco who ruled Tunisia. Their state was founded by Abu Zakariya Yahia, grandson of Abu Hafs. He broke all ties with the Almohads and ruled Tunisia independently. The Hafsid rule was brought to an end by Turkish Ottomans.
‏الخُلَفَاءُ الأُمَوِيُّونَ (40-132 هـ/661-750 م)‏

‏هُم سُلَالَةُ الخُلَفَاءِ المُسلِمِينَ مِن بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ. أَوَّلُهُم مُعَاوِيَةُ بنُ أَبِي سُفيَانَ وَآخِرُهُم مَروَانُ الثَّانِي. كَانَت عَاصِمَتُهُم دِمَشقَ. تَغَلَّبَ عَلَيهِم العَبَّاسِيُّونَ فَانتَقَلُوا إِلَى الأَندَلُسِ وَحَكَمُوا فِي قُرطُبَةَ 138-422 هـ/756 -1031 م . أَوَّلُهُم عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ الدَّاخِلُ. قَضَى عَلَيهِم مُلُوكُ الطَّوَائِفِ.‏
The Umayyad Caliphs (40-132 A.H./661-750 A.D.) : The Muslim Umayyad Caliphs belong to the Banu Umayyah of the Quraish. The first among them was Mu`awiah bin Abi Sufyan and the last was Marwan II. Damascus was their capital. After being overcome by the Abbasids, they moved to Andalusia and ruled in Cordoba from 138-422 A.H./756-1031 A.D. Their first ruler in Andalusia was `Abdul-Rahman Al-Dakhil. Their rule was brought to an end at the hands of Muluk Al-Tawa'if (Kings of Petty States).
‏الخُلَفَاءُ الرَّاشِدُونَ (11-40 هـ)‏

‏هُم الخُلَفَاءُ الأَربَعَةُ الأَوَّلُونَ، أَعلَامُ الأُمَّةِ وَرُمُوزُهَا، قَادَةُ الدَّعوَةِ وُحُرَّاسُهَا، تَوَلَّوا أُمُورَ الدَّولَةِ الإِسلَامِيَّةِ عَقِبَ وَفَاةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ. وَهُم عَلَى التَّوَالِي: أَبُو بَكرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ وَعُمَرُ بنُ الخَطَّابِ وَعُثمَانُ بنُ عَفَّانَ وَعَلِيُّ بنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ.‏
The Rightly-Guided Caliphs (11-40 A.H.) : The Rightly-Guided Caliphs are the first four Caliphs who succeeded the Prophet (peace be upon him). The Rightly-Guided Caliphs are the outstanding members of the Community and its symbols, leaders of the Call and its guards. They preserved the unity of the Muslim community and managed the affairs of the Islamic state. They are: Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq, `Umar bin Al-Khattab, `Uthman bin `Affan and `Ali bin Abi Talib.
‏الخُلَفَاءُ العَبَّاسِيُّونَ (132-656 هـ/750-1259 م)‏

‏سُلَالَةٌ تَوَلَّت الخِلَافَةَ بَعدَ الأُمَوِيِّينَ، يَنتَمُونَ إِلَى العَبَّاسِ عَمِّ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ. اِندَلَعَت الثَّورَةُ العَبَّاسِيَّةُ فِي خُرَاسَانَ بِقِيَادَةِ أَبِي مُسلِمٍ الخُرَاسَانِيِّ بَعدَ نِصفِ قَرنٍ مِن الدِّعَايَةِ السِّرِّيَّةِ 130 هـ/748 م. بَلَغَت الإِمبِرَاطُورِيَّةُ الإِسلَامِيَّةُ فِي عَهدِهِم أَوجَ عِزِّهَا. أَوَّلُ خُلَفَائِهِم أَبُو العَبَّاسِ السَّفَّاحُ. خَلَفَهُ أَبُو جَعفَرٍ المَنصُورُ فَقَضَى عَلَى الثَّورَاتِ وَوَطَّدَ أَركَانَ الدَّولَةِ وَبَنَى العَاصِمَةَ بَغدَادَ فَشَهِدَت نَهضَةً عِلمِيَّةً وَحَضَارِيَّةً وَأَدَبِيَّةً اِمتَدَّت فِي القُرُونِ الوُسطَى. ثُمَّ بَدَأَت الدَّولَةُ تَأخُذُ فِي الضَّعفِ وَالِانحِلَالِ وَبَدَأَت تَنشَأُ دُوَيلَاتٌ صَغِيرَةٌ مِنهَا الطُّولُونِيُّونَ وَالإِخشِيدِيُّونَ وَالفَاطِمِيُّونَ. قَضَى المَغُولُ عَلَى الخِلَافَةِ العَبَّاسِيَّةِ. وَقَتَلَ هُولَاكُو آخِرَ خُلَفَائِهِم المُستَعصِمَ.‏
The Abbasid Caliphs (132-656 A.H./750-1259 A.D.) : They assumed the Caliphate following the Umayyads. They trace their lineage to Al-`Abbas, the Prophet's uncle. After half a century of secret arrangements, the Abbasid Revolution began in Khurasan under the leadership of Abu Muslim Al-Khurasani, 130 A.H./748 A.D. During their rule the Muslim empire reached its zenith in all aspects of life. Their first Caliph was Abu Al-`Abbas Al-Saffah. He was followed by Abu Ja`far Al-Mansur who ended the revolutionary period, reaffirmed their rule and established Baghdad, the capital, which witnessed a scientific, cultural and literary renaissance that stretched throughout the Middle Centuries. Unfortunately, the state eventually began to decline and suffer from weakness and decentralization. Many petty states emerged such as the Tulunids, the Ikhshidids and the Fatimids. The Mongols destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate and Al-Musta`sim, the last caliph, was killed by Hulegu.
‏الخُلَفَاءُ الفَاطِمِيُّونَ (909-1171 م)‏

‏سُلَالَةٌ تَدَّعِي النَّسَبَ إِلَى عَلِيِّ بنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ وَزَوجَتِهِ فَاطِمَةَ. أَنشَأُوا دَولَةً تَوَالَى عَلَيهَا 14 خَلِيفَةً. أَسَّسَهَا عُبَيدُ اللَّهِ المَهدِيُّ فِي تُونُسَ وَبَلَغَت أَوجَ اِتِّسَاعِهَا فِي عَهدِ المُعِزِّ الَّذِي أَخضَعَ شَمَالَ أَفرِيقِيَّةَ وَأَرسَلَ قَائِدَهُ جَوهَرَ الصِّقِلِّيَّ لِاحتِلَالِ مِصرَ 969 م، فَبَنَى القَاهِرَةَ الَّتِي أَصبَحَت عَاصِمَةَ الدَّولَةِ، وَانتَقَلَ إِلَيهَا المُعِزُّ وَبَسَطَ نُفُوذَهُ عَلَى سُوريَا وَلُبنَان وَفِلَسطِينَ. آخِرُ خُلَفَائِهَا العَاضِدُ، تَوَلَّى وِزَارَتَهُ صَلَاحُ الدِّينِ الأَيُّوبِيُّ فَتَصَرَّفَ فِي شُئُونِ المُلكِ وَقَضَى عَلَى الدَّولَةِ الفَاطِمِيَّةِ. أَهَمُّ أَثَارِهَا العُمرَانِيَّةِ وَالثَّقَافِيَّةِ بِنَاءُ القَاهِرَةِ وَالأَزهَرِ.‏
The Fatimids (909-1171 A.D.) : The Fatimids are traced back to `Ali bin Abi Talib and his wife, Fatimah. This state was established by `Ubaidullah Al-Mahdi in Tunisia. It witnessed 14 caliphs, and reached its utmost expansion during the era of Al-Mu`izz, who annexed North Africa to his state and sent Jauhar Al-Siqilli, his commander-in-chief, to occupy Egypt. Jauhar established Cairo which later became the state capital to which Al-Mu`izz moved and extended his influence over Syria, Lebanon and Palestine. The last caliph was Al-`Adid whose ministry was led by Salah Al-Din Al-Ayyubi, who eventually precipitated the fall of the Fatimid state. The most notable architectural and cultural achievements were the establishment of Cairo and the construction of Al-Azhar Mosque.
‏اَلدَّولَة الأَيُّوبِيَّةُ (1174-1249م)‏

‏سُلَالَةٌ كُردِيَّةُ الأَصلِ أَسَّسَهَا صَلَاحُ الدِّينِ وَنُسِبَت إِلَى وَالِدِهِ أَيُّوبَ بنِ شاذي. حَكَمَت مِصرَ وَسُوريَا وَاليَمَنَ. وَكَانَ لَهَا الفَضلُ فِي مُجَابَهَةِ الصَّلِيبِيِّينَ وَإِعَادَةِ تَأسِيسِ مِصرَ إِلَى المَذهَبِ السُّنِّيِّ.‏
The Ayyubid Dynasty (1174-1249 A.D.) : From Kurdish descendants, the Ayyubid state was established by Salah Al-Din Al-Ayyubi and was attributed to his father, Ayyub bin Shadhi. It gained power over Egypt, Syria and Yemen. Salah Al-Din succeeded in uniting a strong Muslim power to confront the Crusaders. He also succeeded in converting Egypt to the Sunni School.
‏الدَّولَةُ الإِخشِيدِيَّةُ (323-358 هـ/935-969 م)‏

‏دَولَةٌ خَلَّفَت الطُّولُونِيِّينَ فِي حُكمِ مِصرَ وَسُوريَا. أَسَّسَهَا مُحَمَّدُ بنُ طغج. أَشهَرُهُم الوَصِيُّ كَافُور. قَضَى عَلَيهِم الفَاطِمِيُّونَ.‏
The Ikhshidid State (323-358 A.H./935-969 A.D.) : This state succeeded the Tulunid rule of Egypt and Syria. It was founded by Muhammad bin Tughj. The most influential among their rulers was Al-Wasi Kafur. Their state was brought to an end by the Fatimids.
‏الدَّولَةُ الإِدرِيسِيَّةُ (172-363 هـ/788-974 م)‏

‏دَولَةٌ إِسلَامِيَّةٌ شِيعِيَّةٌ فِي المَغرِبِ. أَسَّسَهَا إِدرِيسُ بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ. اِستَقَلَّت عَن الخِلَافَةِ العَبَّاسِيَّةِ وَمَلَكَت المَغرِبَ الأَقصَى وتلمسان. كَانَت عَاصِمَتُهَا وَلِيلِي ثُمَّ فَاس. نَاوَأَهَا العَبَّاسِيُّونَ وَالأَغَالِبَةُ. أَضعَفَتهَا الِانقِسَامَاتُ الدَّاخِلِيَّةُ فَوَقَعَت تَحتَ سَيطَرَةِ الفَاطِمِيِّينَ. تَفَرَّعَت عَنهَا دَولَةُ بَنِي حَمُودٍ فِي الأَندَلُسِ. أَهَمُّ آثَارِهَا العُمرَانِيَّةِ تَأسِيسُ مَدِينَةِ فَاس وَمَبَانِيهَا لَا سِيَّمَا جَامِعُ القَرَوِيِّينَ.‏
The Idrisid State (172-363 A.H./788-974 A.D.) : A Shiite Muslim state in Morocco which was established by Idris bin `Abdullah. It gained independence from the Abbasid Caliphate and extended authority over West Morocco and Tilmisan. Its capital was first in Walili then in Fez. It was frequently attacked by the Abbasids and the Aghlabids. Internal disputes weakened the state until it submitted to the Fatimids. The Hamudid state in Andalusia was an offshoot of the Idrisid state. The most notable among its architectural masterpieces was the establishment of the city of Fez and its buildings, particularly the Qarawiyin Mosque.
‏الدَّولَةُ الصَّفَّارِيَّةُ (245-289 هـ/868-902 م)‏

‏سُلَالَةٌ حَكَمَت فِي خُرَاسَانَ. أَسَّسَهَا بَعدَ سُقُوطِ الدَّولَةِ الطَّاهِرِيَّةِ يَعقُوبُ بنُ اللَّيثِ الصَّفَّارُ. هَاجَمَ بَغدَاد فَهَزَمَهُ المُعتَمِدُ بِقِيَادَةِ أَخِيهِ المُوَفَّقِ فِي دِيرِ العَاقُولِ 262 هـ/876 م. خَلَفَهُ أَخُوهُ عَمرُو بنُ اللَّيثِ 879 م وَنَالَ رِضَا المُعتَمِدِ وَالمُعتَضِدِ. أَسَرَهُ إِسمَاعِيلُ بنُ أَحمَدَ السَّامَانِيُّ وَسَلَّمَهُ لِلمُعتَضِدِ الَّذِي قَتَلَهُ.‏
The Saffarid State (245-289 A.H./868-902 A.D.) : The Saffarids ruled Khurasan. After the fall of the Tahirid state, the Saffarid state was founded by Ya`qub bin Al-Laith Al-Saffar who attacked Baghdad but was defeated by the army of Al-Mu`tamid, under the command of his brother Al-Muwaffaq in Dir Al-`Aqul 262 A.H/876 A.D. He was succeeded by his brother `Amr bin Al-Laith in 879 A.D., who gained the pleasure of Al-Mu`tamid and Al-Mu`tadid. Finally, he was captured by Isma`il bin Ahmad Al-Samani who handed him over to Al-Mu`tadid.
‏الدَّولَةُ الطُّولُونِيَّةُ (254-292 هـ/868-905 م)‏

‏دَولَةٌ حَكَمَت فِي مِصرَ وَسُوريَا مُستَقِلَّةً عَن العَبّاسِيِّينَ. أَسَّسَهَا أَحمَدُ بنُ طُولُونَ، خَلَفَهُ اِبنُهُ خَمَارَوَيهِ. أَضعَفَتهَا الخِلَافَاتُ بَعدَ مَقتَلِ خَمَارَوَيهِ فَقَضَى عَلَيهَا العَبَّاسِيُّونَ. اِمتَازَت بِنَهضَةٍ مِعمَارِيَّةٍ إِسلَامِيَّةٍ أَهَمُّ آثَارِهَا جَامِعُ اِبنِ طُولُونَ فِي القَاهِرَةِ.‏
The Tulunid State (254-292 A.H./868-905 A.D.) : A state which ruled Egypt and Syria independently of the Abbasids. It was founded by Ahmad bin Tulun whose son, Khumarawaih, succeeded him. After the murder of Khumarawaih, it weakened until it was brought to an end by the Abbasids. It was remarkable for its Islamic architectural accomplishments, the most important monument was the Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Cairo.
‏السُّلَالَةُ العَلَوِيَّةُ المَغرِبِيَّةُ‏

‏السُّلَالَةُ الحَاكِمَةُ فِي المَغرِبِ خَلَّفَت السَّعدِيِّينَ. أَسَّسَهَا الشَّرِيفُ مُحَمَّدُ بنُ عَلِيٍّ وَوَطَّدَهَا اِبنُهُ الرَّشِيدُ بِاحتِلَالِهِ فَاسَ 1666 م.‏
The `Alawis of Maghrib : It is the ruling dynasty in Morocco that succeeded the Sa`dids. It was founded by Al-Sharif Muhammad bin `Ali and his son Al-Rashid upon occupying Fez in 1666 A.D.
‏الغَزنَوِيُّونَ (351-582 هـ/962-1187 م)‏

‏سُلَالَةٌ مِن المَمَالِيكِ الأَترَاكِ حَكَمَت شَرقَي إِيرَانَ وَأَفغَانِستَانَ. أَسَّسَهَا ألب تكين أَحَدُ وُلَاةِ السَّامَانَيِّينَ. كَانَت عَاصِمَتُهُم غَزنَة وَأَسَّسُوا لَاهُورَ عَاصِمَةَ بنجاب. قَضَى عَلَيهِم الغُورِيُّونَ.‏
The Ghaznawids (351-582 A.H./962-1187 A.D.) : These were Turkish Mamluk descendants who ruled eastern Iran and Afghanistan. Their state was founded by Albtigin, one of the Samanid leaders. Their capital was Ghaznah. They established Lahore (now capital of the Punjab). Their state was brought to an end by the Ghurids.
‏المَرِينِيُّونَ (591-873 هـ/1195-1468 م)‏

‏سُلَالَةٌ بَربَرِيَّةٌ حَكَمَت فِي المَغرِبِ أَسَّسَهَا عَبدُ الحَقِّ المَرِينِيُّ بَعدَ سُقُوطِ دَولَةِ المُوَحِّدِينَ. اِزدَهَرَ بَلَاطُهُم فِي فَاس وَنَبَغَ فِي عَهدِهِم اِبنُ خَلدُون وَابنُ الخَطِيبِ وَابنُ بَطُّوطَةَ. مِن آثَارِهِم جَامِعَةُ القَرَوِيِّينَ فِي فَاس.‏
The Marinids (591-873 A.H./1195-1468 A.D.) : The Marinids were Berber descendants from Morocco. Their state was founded by `Abdul-Haqq Al-Marini after the fall of the Almohad state. Their court in Fez flourished and Ibn Khaldun, Ibn Al-Khatib and Ibn Battutah were its outstanding scholars. Al-Qarawiyin University in Fez remains as one of their greatest achievements.
‏دَولَةُ الأَغَالِبَةِ (184-296 هـ/800-909 م)‏

‏هُم سُلَالَةُ الأَغَالِبَةِ الَّتِي حَكَمَت فِي أَفرِيقِيَّةَ. كَانَت عَاصِمَتُهَا القَيرَوَانَ. أَسَّسَهَا إِبرَاهِيمُ الأَوَّلُ بنُ الأَغلَبِ عَامِلُ هَارُونَ الرَّشِيدِ. مِن مُلُوكِهَا إِبرَاهِيمُ الثَّانِي الَّذِي فَتَحَ صِقِلِّيَّةَ وَآخِرُهُم زِيَادَةُ اللَّهِ الثَّالِثُ. قَضَى عَلَيهِم أَبُو عَبدِ اللَّهِ اَلشِّيعِيُّ دَاعِي الفَاطِمِيِّينَ. كَانَ لَهُم أُسطُولٌ عَظِيمٌ وَاشتَهَرُوا بِآثَارِهِم العُمرَانِيَّةِ.‏
The Aghlabid Dynasty (184-296 A.H/800-909 A.D.) : These are the Aghlabid descendants who ruled Tunisia. Their capital was Al-Qairawan. It was founded by Ibrahim I, son of Al-Aghlab, the governor appointed by Harun Al-Rashid. One of their kings was Ibrahim II, who conquered Sicily. The last among them was Ziadatullah III. They had a great navy and many great architectural monuments. Abu `Abdullah Al-Shi`i, propagator for the Fatimids, managed to put an end to their rule.
‏دَولَةُ البُوَيهِيِّينَ (320-447 هـ/932-1055 م)‏

‏أُسرَةٌ فَارِسِيَّةٌ حَكَمَت فِي أَصفَهَانَ وَشِيرَازَ وَكَرمَانَ وَبَغدَادَ. أَسَّسَهَا أَبُو شُجَاعٍ بَوَيه وَأَولَادُهُ الثَّلَاثَةُ عِمَادُ الدَّولَةِ وَرُكنُ الدَّولَةِ وَمُعِزُّ الدَّولَةِ الَّذِي دَخَلَ بَغدَادَ 945 م. مِن سَلَاطِينِهَا عَضُدُ الدَّولَةِ. أَضعَفَت سُلطَةَ الخُلَفَاءِ العَبَّاسِيِّينَ. قَضَى عَلَيهَا طغرل بِك السَّلجُوقِيُّ. أَشهَرُ وُزَرَائِهَا كَانُوا شُعَرَاءَ وَأُدَبَاءَ مِنهُم المُهَلَّبِيُّ وَابنُ العَمِيدِ وَالصَّاحِبُ بنُ عبادٍ.‏
The Buyid State (320-447 A.H./932-1055 A.D.) : An Iranian family that ruled Isfahan, Shiraz, Kerman and Baghdad. It was established by Abu Shuja` Buwaih and his three sons `Imad Al-Daulah, Rukn Al-Daulah and Mu`izz Al-Daulah who entered Baghdad in 945 A.D. One of its most influential sultans was `Adud Al-Daulah. This state weakened the authority of the Abbasid Caliphs. Their ministers were poets and men of letters, most distinguished among them were Al-Muhallabi, Ibn Al-`Amid and Al-Sahib bin `Abbad. The Buyid State was eventually brought to an end by Tughrul Bey bin Seljuk.
‏دَولَةُ الحَمدَانِيِّينَ (317-394 هـ/929-1003 م)‏

‏أُسرَةٌ عَرَبِيَّةٌ عَمِلَ أَبنَاؤُهَا فِي خِدمَةِ العَبَّاسِيِّينَ. تَوَلَّوا المُوصِلَ وَالجَزِيرَةَ ثُمَّ اِستَقَلُّوا وَبَسَطُوا سِيَادَتَهُم عَلَى شَمَالِ سُوريَا. أَسَّسَهَا حَمدَانُ بنُ حَمدُونَ شَيخُ قَبِيلَةِ تَغلِب فِي مَاردين 892 م. وَسَّعَ حُدُودَ الإِمَارَةِ اِبنُهُ عَبدُ اللَّهِ وَحَفِيدُهُ سَيفُ الدَّولَةِ أَمِيرُ حَلَبٍ. قَضَى عَلَيهَا الفَاطِمِيُّونَ.‏
The Hamdanid Dynasty (317-394 A.H./929-1003 A.D.) : Sons of the Arab Hamdanid dynasty served the Abbasids. They were put in charge of Mosul and the Jazirah. They declared their independence and extended their influence until the north of Syria. This emirate was established by Hamdan bin Hamdun, chief of the tribe of Taghlib in Mardin (892 A.D.) His son `Abdullah and grandson Saif Al-Daulah, Prince of Aleppo, extended the borders of that emirate. It was finally brought to an end by the Fatimids.
‏دَولَةُ الرُّستُمِيِّينَ (161-288 هـ)‏

‏هِيَ دَولَةٌ لِلخَوَارِجِ الإِبَاضِيَّةِ أَسَّسَهَا عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ بنُ رُستُم فِي شَمَالِ أَفرِيقِيَّةَ وَكَانَت عَاصِمَتُهَا تَاهُرتَ فِي الجَزَائِرِ.‏
The Rustumid State (161-288 A.H.) : A state of the Ibadi Kharijites which was founded by `Abdul-Rahman bin Rustum in the Maghrib, with its capital at Tahurt in Algeria.
‏دَولَةُ الزِّيرِيِّينَ (361-547 هـ/972-1152 م)‏

‏سُلَالَةٌ مِن بَربَرِ صَنهَاجَةَ اِستَخلَفَهُم المُعِزُّ الفَاطِمِيُّ فِي حُكمِ أَفرِيقِيَّةَ. كَانَت عَاصِمَتُهم القَيرَوَانَ. يَنتَسِبُونَ إِلَى زِيرِي بنِ مناد، أَسَّسَ السُّلَالَةَ اِبنُهُ بلكين. كَانُوا تَابِعِينَ لِلفَاطِمِيِّينَ حَتَّى وِلَايَةِ المُعِزِّ بنِ باديس الَّذِي قَطَعَ الخُطبَةَ لَهُم وَجَعَلَهَا لِلعَبَّاسِيِّينَ 440 هـ/1048 م. فَوَجَّهَ إِلَيهِ المُستَنصِرُ الفَاطِمِيُّ أَعرَابَ بَنِي هِلَالٍ وَبَنِي سليم بنِ مَنصُورٍ فَتَغَلَّبُوا عَلَيهِ فِي مَوقِعَةِ حَيدَرَانَ وَاحتَلُّوا القَيرَوَانَ وَسُوسَةَ وَتُونُسَ. ثُمَّ تَمَكَّنَ المُوَحِّدُونَ مِن القَضَاءِ عَلَيهِم. حَكَمَ بَعضُ أُمَرَائِهِم فِي غِرنَاطَةَ بِالأَندَلُسِ فِي عَهدِ مُلُوكِ الطَّوَائِفِ حَتَّى أَخرَجَهُم مِنهَا يُوسُفُ بنُ تَاشفين.‏
The Zirid Dynasty (361-547 A.H/ 972-1152 A.D.) : The Zirid Dynasty were descendants of the Berbers of Sinhajah who were given authority by Al-Mu`izz Al-Fatimi to rule Tunisia. Their capital was Al-Qairawan. They belong to Ziri bin Mannad whose son, Bulukkin put the cornerstones of the state. They were subdued to the Fatimids until Al-Mu`izz bin Badis converted his loyalty to the Abbasids (440 A.H./1048 A.D). Al-Mustansir Al-Fatimi dispatched the nomads of Banu Hilal and Banu Salim bin Mansur, who defeated him in the Battle of Haidran and captured Al-Qairawan, Sousse and Tunisia. Eventually, the Almohads put an end to their rule. Some of their princes assumed power in Granada, Andalusia in the era of Muluk Al-Tawa'if (Kings of Petty States) until they were driven out by Yusuf bin Tashfin.
‏دَولَةُ السَّامَانِيِّينَ (261-390 هـ/874-999 م)‏

‏سُلَالَةٌ إِيرَانِيَّةٌ حَكَمَت فِي خُرَاسَانَ وَمَا وَرَاءَ النَّهرِ. تَنتَسِبُ إِلَى سَامَان خداه. وَطَّدَ سِيَادَةَ الدَّولَةِ إِسمَاعِيلُ بنُ أَحمَدَ 892-907 وَقَضَى عَلَى الدَّولَةِ الصَّفَّارِيَّةِ. اِشتَهَرَت الحَضَارَةُ فِي عَهدِهِم وَأَصبَحَت بُخَارَى وَسَمَرقَند مِن مَرَاكِزِ الثَّقَافَةِ الإِسلَامِيَّةِ الهَامَّةِ إِلَى جَانِبِ بَغدَادَ.‏
The Samanid Dynasty (261-390 A.H./874-999 A.D.) : An Iranian dynasty that ruled Khurasan and Transoxiana. It was named after Saman Khudah. The prominence of the state was established by Isma`il bin Ahmad 892-907 A.D., who ended the Saffarid state. Civilization and culture reached the peak under their rule with Bukhara and Samarqand rivaling Baghdad in Islamic cultural importance.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏دَولَةُ السَّعدِيِّينَ (947-1071 هـ/1540-1660 م)‏

‏سُلَالَةٌ مِن السُّوسِ حَكَمَت فِي المَغرِبِ. قَضَوا عَلَى الوَطَّاسِيِّينَ وَكَانَت عَاصِمَتُهُم فَاس ثُمَّ مَرَاكِشَ. أَسَّسَهَا مُحَمَّدٌ الشَّيخُ المَهدِيُّ. مِن آثَارِهَا قُصُورٌ هَامَّةٌ فِي مَرَاكِشَ.‏
The Sa`did Dynasty (947-1071 A.H./1540-1660 A.D.) : The Sa`dids were Berbers from the Sus who ruled Morocco. They ended the rule of the Wattasids and established their capital first at Fez, then at Marrakesh. It was founded by Muhammad Al-Sheikh Al-Mahdi. Some of their great palaces still stand in Marrakesh.
‏دَولَةُ السَّلَاجِقَةِ‏

‏سُلَالَةٌ مِن التُّركُمَانِ جَدُّهَا سَلجُوق. تَفَرَّعَت مِنهَا عِدَّةُ فُرُوعٍ حَكَمَت فِي إِيرَانَ وَآسيَا الصُّغرَى وَالعِرَاقِ وَسُوريَا القَرنَ 11-13 م. قَضَت عَلَى البُوَيهِيِّينَ وَقَضَى عَلَيهَا جَنكِيز خَان وَخُلَفَاؤُهُ.‏
The Seljuk State : These were the descendants of Turkman whose grandfather was Seljuk. They had so many offsprings who ruled Iran, Asia Minor, Iraq and Syria from the 11th to the 13th centuries A.D. They put an end to the Buyids and were finally brought to an end by Genghis Khan and his successors.
‏دَولَةُ المُرَابِطِينَ (448-541 هـ/1056-1146 م)‏

‏سُلَالَةٌ مِن البَربَرِ مِن قَبِيلَةِ لمتونة إِحدَى قَبَائِلِ صَنهَاجَةَ، أَسَّسَت دَولَةً إِسلَامِيَّةً فِي المَغرِبِ. حَكَمَت المَغرِبَ وَالأَندَلُسَ وَأَفرِيقِيَّةَ الشَّمَالِيَّةَ. عُرِفُوا بِالمُلَثَّمِينَ وَالمُرَابِطِينَ لِإِقَامَتِهِم الرِّبَاطَاتِ لِلعِبَادَةِ. أَشهَرُ سَلَاطِينِهِم يُوسُفُ بنُ تاشفين. أَسَّسَ مَرَاكِشَ عَاصِمَةَ الدَّولَةِ وَانتَصَرَ عَلَى الإِفرِنجِ وَأَنهَى حُكمَ مُلُوكِ الطَّوَائِفِ وَتَرَكَ لِابنِهِ عَلِيٍّ دَولَةً قَوِيَّةً وَاسِعَةً، قَضَى عَلَيهِم المُوَحِّدُونَ.‏
The Almoravids (448-541 A.H./1056-1146 A.D.) : The Almoravids were Berber descendants of the Limtunah, a tribe of Sinhajah. They founded an Islamic state in Morocco and ruled Andalusia and Tunisia. They were known for their covered faces and were called Al-Murabitin for living in secluded places for practicing acts of worship. Yusuf bin Tashfin was the most famous among their Sultans. He founded Marrakesh and made it the capital of his state. He defeated the Franks and put an end to the rule of Muluk Al-Tawa'if (the Kings of the Petty States). He left to `Ali, his son, a strong and vast state, but it was eventually destroyed by Almohads.
‏دَولَةُ المَعنِيِّينَ (1516-1697 م)‏

‏سُلَالَةُ أُمَرَاءَ لُبنَانِيِّينَ حَكَمُوا الشوف، ثُمَّ مَدُّوا نُفُوذَهُم عَلَى سَائِرِ المَنَاطِقِ اللُّبنَانِيَّةِ وَأَجزَاءٍ مِن سُوريَا وَفِلَسطِينَ. اِشتَهَرَ بَينَ أُمَرَائِهَا: قُرقُمَاز وَفَخرُ الدِّينِ الثَّانِي وَأَحمَدُ، وَبِهِ اِنقَرَضَت السُّلَالَةُ فَانتَقَلَ الحُكمُ إِلَى الشِّهَابِيِّينَ بَعدَ مُؤتَمَرِ السمقانية 1697 م.‏
The Al-Ma`niyun Dynasty (1516-1697 A.D.) : This state was established by Lebanese princes who ruled Al-Shauf. They extended their influence over all Lebanese territories and some parts of Syria and Palestine. Among their most famous princes were: Qurqumaz, Fakhr Al-Din II, and Ahmad, the end of whose era represented the end of the state. After the Samqaniyah Conference in 1697, the Shihabids became the rulers.
‏دَولَةُ المَمَالِيكِ (1250-1517 م)‏

‏المَمَالِيكُ هُم عَبِيدٌ أَترَاكٌ وَجَرَاكِسَةٌ وَمَغُولٌ ،جَنَّدَهُم الأَيُّوبِيُّونَ فِي الخِدمَةِ العَسكَرِيَّةِ. تَمَكَّنَ بَعضُهُم مِن الوُصُولِ إِلَى الحُكمِ وَأَسَّسُوا فِي مِصرَ سُلَالَتَي المَمَالِيكِ البَحرِيَّةِ وَالبُرجِيَّةِ. بَسَطَ بَعضُ سَلَاطِينِ المَمَالِيكِ سَيطَرَتَهُم عَلَى سُوريَا وَأَجزَاءٍ مِن آسيَا الصُّغرَى وَحَارَبُوا الصَّلِيبِيِّينَ وَالمَغُولَ. بَعدَ أَن قَضَى العُثمَانِيُّونَ عَلَى دَولَتِهِم ، ظَلَّ بَكَوَاتُهُم قُوَّةً وَمَصدَرَ اِضطِرَابَاتٍ وَفِتَنٍ حَتَّى تَخَلَّصَ مِنهُم مُحَمَّدُ عَلِيٍّ فِي مَذبَحَةِ القَلعَةِ 1811. رَغمَ اِشتِهَارِ عَهدِهِم بِالفَوضَى السِّيَاسِيَّةِ، تَرَكُوا آثَارًا عُمرَانِيَّةً هَامَّةً مِنهَا مَسَاجِدُ وَمَدَارِسُ وَأَضرِحَة وَتَكَايَا لَا سِيَّمَا فِي القَاهِرَةِ.‏
The Mamluk State (1250-1517 A.D.) : The Mamluks were originally Turkish, Circassian and Mongol slaves recruited by the Ayyubids. They rose to power in Egypt and constituted the two ruling-classes: the Naval Mamluks and the Mamluks of the Tower. The Mamluk Sultans extended their influence over Syria and some parts of Asia Minor. They confronted the Crusaders and Mongols. After the fall of their state at the hands of the Ottomans, their chiefs represented a source of trouble and disturbance until Muhammad `Ali eliminated them at the Massacre of the Citadel (1811 A.D.) Although their era was famous for its political anarchy, they left behind important architectural monuments including mosques, schools, and hospices, particularly in Cairo.
‏دَولَةُ المُوَحِّدِينَ (515-667 هـ/1121-1269 م)‏

‏سُلَالَةٌ مَغرِبِيَّةٌ شِيعِيَّةٌ أَسَّسَهَا المَهدِيُّ بنُ تومرت بَعدَ سُقُوطِ دَولَةِ المُرَابِطِينَ، حَكَمَت فِي المَغرِبِ وَمَدَّت نُفُوذَهَا عَلَى الأَندَلُسِ، اِنهَارَت دَولَتُهُم فِي الأَندَلُسِ بَعدَ وَقعَةِ العَقَابِ 609 هـ/1212 م.‏
The Almohads (515-667 A.H./1121-1269 A.D.) : A Shiite state in Morocco founded by Al-Mahdi bin Tumart after the fall of the Almoravid state. The Almohads ruled Morocco and extended their influence over Andalusia. Their state collapsed in Andalusia after the Battle of Al-`Aqab, (609 A.H./1212 A.D.)
‏دَولَةُ بَنِي حَمَّادٍ (405-547 هـ/1015- 1152 م)‏

‏سُلَالَةٌ مِن البَربَرِ مِن صَنهَاجَةَ، أَبنَاءُ عَمِّ بَنِي زِيرِي، حَكَمَت فِي المَغرِبِ الأَوسَطِ. أَسَّسَهَا حَمَّادُ بنُ بلكين وَابتَنَى عَاصِمَةً لَهُ قَلعَةَ بَنِي حَمَّادٍ وَاستَقَلَّ عَن أَبنَاء عَمِّهِ بَنِي زِيرِي. اِستَطَاعَ المُوَحِّدُونَ القَضَاءَ عَلَيهِم كَمَا تَمَكَّنُوا مِن القَضَاءِ عَلَى الزِّيرِيِّينَ.‏
The Banu Hammad Dynasty (405-547 A.H./1015-1152 A.D.) : The Banu Hammad were descendants of the Berbers of Sinhajah. They were cousins of the Banu Ziri. They ruled central Maghrib. Their state was established by Hammad bin Bulukkin who constructed a castle for himself, called Banu Hammad Castle, and made it his official capital. He announced his independence from his cousins, the Banu Ziri. Finally, the Almohads succeeded in putting an end to their rule just as they have done to the Zirids.
‏دَولَةُ بَنِي رَسُولٍ (1229-1454 م)‏

‏أُسرَةٌ حَكَمَت اليَمَنَ. أَسَّسَهَا عُمَرُ بنُ عَلِيٍّ فِي تَعزٍ وَرَسَّخَ حُكمَهَا اِبنُهُ يُوسُفُ. قَضَى عَلَيهِم بَنُو طَاهِرٍ.‏
The Rasulid State in Yemen (1229-1454 A.D.) : A dynasty that ruled Yemen. It was established by `Umar bin `Ali in Ta`z and his son, Yusuf, who firmly established their rule. They were finally overcome by the Banu Tahir.
‏سَلَاطِينُ آلِ عُثمَانَ (1281-1924 م)‏

‏سُلَالَةُ السَّلَاطِينِ الأَترَاكِ، أَسَّسَهَا عُثمَانُ الأَوَّلُ، 1281 م. نَشَأَت فِي اَلأَنَاضُولِ عَلَى أَنقَاضِ الدَّولَةِ السَّلجُوقِيَّةِ مَدَّت سُلطَتَهَا إِلَى البَلقَانِ وَالدُّوَلِ العَرَبِيَّةِ وَأَفرِيقِيَّةَ. فَتَحَ مُحَمَّدٌ الفَاتِحُ القُسطَنطِينِيَّةَ 1453 م وَجَعَلَهَا عَاصِمَتَهُ وَقَضَى عَلَى البِيزَنطِيِّينَ. اِنتَقَلَت خِلَافَةُ المُسلِمِينَ إِلَى سَلِيمٍ الأَوَّلِ الَّذِي أَنهَى حُكمَ المَمَالِيكِ وَسَيطَرَ عَلَى سُوريَا وَفِلَسطِينَ وَمِصرَ 1517 م. خَلَفَهُ اِبنُهُ سُلَيمَانُ القَانُونِيُّ فَوَطَّدَ أَركَانَ الدَّولَةِ وَبَسَطَ نُفُوذَهُ عَلَى البِلَادِ الإِسلَامِيَّةِ وَالعَرَبِيَّةِ حَتَّى أَفرِيقِيَّةَ وَبَلَغَت الإِمبِرَاطُورِيَّةُ فِي عَهدِهِ أَوجَ عِزِّهَا وَقَد غَدَا لَهَا أُسطُولٌ بَحَرِيٌّ هَامٌّ وَكَذَلِكَ جَيشٌ قَوِيٌّ. بَدَأَت الدَّولَةُ فِي الِانحِطَاطِ فِي أَوَاخِرِ القَرنِ ال 17 م، وَأَخَذَ نُفُوذُهَا يَتَقَلَّصُ فِي البَلقَانِ بَعدَ أَن قَوِيَت شَوكَةُ الرُّوسِ فِي القَرنِ ال18 م. ثُمَّ ظَهَرَت الحَرَكَاتُ الِاستِقلَالِيَّةُ فِي القَرنِ ال19 م فَقَوِيَ مُحَمَّدٌ عَلِيٌّ فِي مِصرَ وَتَحَرَّرَت اليُونَانُ فِي 1830 م، وَتَبِ َتهَا رُومَانيَا وَالصِّربُ. تَحَالَفَ العُثمَانِيُّونَ وَالأَلَمَانُ فِي الحَربِ العَالَمِيَّةِ الأُولَى فَأَدَّى اِنهِزَامُ أَلمَانيَا إِلَى تَفَكُّكِ الإِمبِرَاطُورِيَّةِ العُثمَانِيَّةِ وَإِعلَانِ الجُمهُورِيَّةِ التُّركِيَّةِ بِزَعَامَةِ مُصطَفَى كَمَال أَتَاتُورك 1924 م.‏
The Ottoman Sultans (1281-1924 A.D.) : This empire was founded by `Uthman I, 1281 A.D., after the fall of the Seljuk state. The Ottoman empire was founded in Anatolia, and penetrated the Balkans, the Arab world and Africa. Muhammad Al-Fatih conquered Constantinople in 1453 A.D., and established it as the official capital of the empire and thus, put an end to the Byzantine rule. The Muslim Caliphate went to Selim I, who put an end to the Mamluk rule and extended his authority over Syria, Palestine and Egypt by 1517 A.D. His son, Sulyman Al-Qanuni, succeeded him. He reaffirmed the pillars of the state and extended his authority over the Muslim and Arab countries and Africa. During his reign, the empire reached its peak, with a mighty navy and army. By the end of the 17th century, the empire began to fall and its influence in the Balkans shrank particularly after the Russians gained strength in the 18th century. Then, movements seeking independence started to emerge in the 19th century. Muhammad `Ali assumed power in Egypt , and Greece became independent in 1830 A.D., followed by Romania and Serbia. The Ottomans formed a coalition with the Germans in World War I. As a result of Germany's defeat, the disintegration of the Ottoman empire was brought about with the declaration of the Turkish republic under Mustafa Kamal Ataturk, 1924 A.D.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

انتشار الإسلام

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏1031 ظُهُورُ مُلُوكِ الطَّوَائِفِ‏

‏1031 مُلُوكُ الطَّوَائِفِ يَحكُمُونَ الأَندَلُسَ بَعدَ سُقُوطِ الخِلَافَةِ الأُمَوِيَّةِ (422 هـ)‏
1031 Rise of the Muluk Al-Tawa'if : 1031 Muluk Al-Tawa'if [Kings of Petty States] reign in Spain after the decline of the Umayyad caliphate (422 A.H.)
‏1056 ظُهُورُ المُرَابِطِينَ‏

‏1056 بَربَرُ قَبِيلَةِ لَمتُونَةَ بِالمَغرِبِ يُؤَسِّسُونَ دَولَةَ المُرَابِطِينَ فِي المَغرِبِ وَيُسَيطِرُونَ عَلَى إِفرِيقِيَّةَ (448 هـ)‏
1056 Rise of the Almoravids : 1056 The Almoravid dynasty is founded by the Berber tribe of Lamtunah whose domains spread as far as Western Maghrib and Ifriqiyah (Tunisia) (448 A.H.)
‏1062 بِنَاءُ مَرَاكِشَ‏

‏1062 يُوسُفُ بنُ تَاشفِينَ سُلطَانُ المُرَابِطِينَ يُؤَسِّسُ مَدِينَةَ مَرَاكِشَ (454 هـ)‏
1062 Foundation of Marrakesh : 1062 Marrakesh is founded by Yusuf bin Tashfin, the Almoravid king (454 A.H.)
‏1071 مَعرَكَةُ مَانزِكَرت‏

‏1071 السُّلطَانُ السَّلجُوقِيُّ أَلب أَرسَلَان يَهزِمُ الإِمبِرَاطُورَ الرُّومَانِيَّ رُومَانُوس الرَّابِعَ وَيَأسِرُهُ بَعدَ أَن يَفنَى جَيشُ الرُّومِ عَن آخِرِهِ (464 هـ)‏
1071 The Battle of Manzikert : 1071 Alp Arslan, the Seljuk sultan defeats Empror Romanus IV and takes him as a prisoner of war after a fierce battle at Manzikert. The battle marks virtual elimination of the Byzantine power in Asia Minor (464 A.H.)
‏1086 مَعرَكَةُ الزَّلَّاقَةِ‏

‏1086 الأَمِيرُ يُوسُفُ بنُ تَاشفِينَ يَصطَدِمُ بِجَيشِ الفِرِنجَةِ تَحتَ قِيَادَةِ أَلفُونسُو السَّادِسِ فِي مَعرَكَةٍ ضَارِيَةٍ تَنتَهِي بِانتِصَارِ المُسلِمِينَ (479 هـ)‏
1086 The Battle of Al-Zallaqah : 1086 Emir Yusuf bin Tashfin defeats the Franks under the leadership of Alfonso VI in a fierce battle at a place called Al-Zallaqah (479 A.H.)
‏1099 احتِلَالُ بَيتِ المَقدِسِ‏

‏1099 الصَّلِيبِيُّونَ يَستَولُونَ عَلَى بَيتِ المَقدِسِ بَعدَ حِصَارٍ دَامَ أَكثَرَ مِن شَهرٍ (492هـ)‏
1099 The Crusaders Capture Jerusalem : 1099 Jerusalem falls to the Crusaders after a siege that lasted for one month (492 A.H.)
‏1121 قِيَامُ دَولَةِ المُوَحِّدِينَ‏

‏1121 مُحَمَّدُ بنُ تُومَرت يُؤَسِّسُ دَولَةَ المُوَحِّدِينَ عَلَى أَنقَاضِ المُرَابِطِينَ فِي المَغرِبِ وَالأَندَلُسِ (515 هـ)‏
1121 Rise of the Almohads : 1121 Muhammad bin Tumart establishes the Almohad dynasty in Morocco and Andalusia after the fall of the Almoravids (515 A.H.)
‏1148 تَأسِيسُ الدَّولَةِ الغُورِيَّةِ‏

‏1148 سَيفُ الدِّينِ يُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةَ الغُورِيَّةَ فِي أَفغَانِستَانَ وَالهِندِ (543 هـ)‏
1148 The Ghurids Assume Power : 1148 Saif Al-Din founds the Ghurid dynasty in Central Afghanistan and India (543 A.H.)
‏1171 قِيَامُ الدَّولَةِ الأَيُّوبِيَّةِ‏

‏1171 السُّلطَانُ صَلَاحُ الدِّينِ يُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةَ الأَيُّوبِيَّةَ فِي مِصرَ وَسُورِيَّةَ (567 هـ)‏
1171 Rise of the Ayyubids : 1171 Sultan Saladin establishes the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt and Syria (567 A.H.)
‏1174 الأَيُّوبِيُّونَ يَحكُمُونَ دِمَشقَ‏

‏1174 صَلَاحُ الدِّينِ الأَيُّوبِيُّ يَستَولِي عَلَى دِمَشقَ (570 هـ)‏
1174 Damascus Falls to the Ayyubids : 1174 Sultan Saladin annexes Damascus to his realm (570 A.H.)
‏1187 فَتحُ بَيتِ المَقدِسِ‏

‏1187 السُّلطَانُ صَلَاحُ الدِّينِ يُحَاصِرُ القُدسَ خَمسَةَ أَيَّامٍ، فَيَدخُلُهَا وَيُخرِجُ مِنهَا الصَّلِيبِيِّينَ دُونَ أَن يَمَسَّهُم بِسُوءٍ (583 هـ)‏
1187 Recapture of Jerusalem : 1187 Shortly after his sweeping victory at Hattin, Sultan Saladin conquers Jerusalem following a five-day siege. He drove the Crusaders out and entered the city peacefully doing harm to nobody (583 A.H.)
‏1187 مَعرَكَةُ حِطِّينَ‏

‏1187 السُّلطَانُ صَلَاحُ الدِّينِ يُحَاصِر جُيُوشَ الصَّلِيبِيِّينَ عِندَ قَريَةِ حِطِّينَ بِالقُربِ مِن عَكَّا، وَيَهزِمُهُم شَرَّ هَزِيمَةٍ وَيَأسِرُ أَرنَاطَ وَمَلِكَ بَيتِ المَقدِسِ (583هـ)‏
1187 Battle of Hattin : 1187 Sultan Saladin besieges the Crusaders in Hattin, to the west of Acre, and sweepingly defeats them. Arnat and the King of Jerusalem were taken as prisoners of war (583 A.H.)
‏1195 قِيَامُ دَولَةِ بَنِي مُرَينٍ‏

‏1195 عَبدُ الحَقِّ المُرَينِيُّ يُؤَسِّسُ دَولَةَ بَنِي مُرَينٍ فِي المَغرِبِ عَلَى أَنقَاضِ دَولَةِ المُوَحِّدِينَ (591 هـ)‏
1195 Rise of the Marinids : 1195 `Abdul-Haqq Al-Marini founds the Marinid Dynasty in the Maghrib after the decline of the Almohads (591 A.H.)
‏1195 مَعرَكَةُ الأَركِ‏

‏1195 يَعقُوبُ بنُ عَبدِ المُؤمِنِ المُوَحِّدِيُّ مَلِكُ المَغرِبِ يَهزِمُ أَلفُونسُو الثَّامِنَ مَلِكَ قَشتَالَةَ الصَّلِيبِيَّ فِي مَعرَكَةٍ عَظِيمَةٍ عِندَ مَوقِعٍ يُعرَفُ بِالأَركِ (591 هـ)‏
1195 The Battle of Alarco : 1195 After a decisive battle at Alarco, Ya`qub bin `Abdul-Mu'min, the Almohad king of the Maghrib, defeats Alfonso VIII, the Castilian king (591 A.H.)
‏1229 قِيَامُ دَولَةِ الحَفصِيِّينَ‏

‏1229 أَبُو زَكَرِيَّا يَحيَى يَستَقِلُّ بِتُونُسَ عَن المُوَحِّدِينَ وَيُؤَسِّسُ دَولَةَ الحَفصِيِّينَ (627 هـ)‏
1229 Rise of the Hafsid Dynasty : 1229 Abu Zakariya Yahya declares his independence from the Almohads and founds the Hafsid dynasty in Tunisia (627 A.H.)
‏1238 بِنَاءُ قَصرِ الحَمرَاءِ‏

‏1238 مُحَمَّدُ بنُ يُوسُفَ يَبنِي قَصرَ الحَمرَاءِ فِي غَرنَاطَةَ (653 هـ)‏
1238 Foundation of Alhambra Palace : 1238 Muhammad bin Yusuf starts the foundation of the Alhambra Palace on a hill overlooking Granada (653 A.H.)
‏1238 قِيَامُ دَولَةِ بَنِي الأَحمَرِ‏

‏1238 قِيَامُ دَولَةِ بَنِي الأَحمَرِ فِي غَرنَاطَةَ عَلَى يَدِ مُحَمَّدِ بنِ يُوسُفَ المَعرُوفِ بِابنِ الأَحمَرِ (653 هـ)‏
1238 Rise of the Banu Al-Ahmar Dynasty : 1238 The Banu Al-Ahmar dynasty is founded in Granada at the hands of Muhammad bin Yusuf, known as Ibn Al-Ahmar (653 A.H.)
‏1249 احتِلَالُ دِميَاطَ‏

‏1249 لُوَيس التَّاسِعُ مَلِكُ فَرَنسَا يَبدَأُ الحَملَةَ الصَّلِيبِيَّةَ السَّابِعَةَ وَيَحتَلُّ دِميَاطَ (647هـ)‏
1249 Occupation of Damietta : 1249 Louis IX of France takes Damietta in the Seventh Crusade (647 A.H.)
‏1250 قِيَامُ الدَّولَةِ المَملُوكِيَّةِ‏

‏1250 المَمَالِيكُ يَصِلُونَ إِلَى السُّلطَةِ وَيَحكُمُونَ مِصرَ وَسُورِيَّةَ (648 هـ)‏
1250 Rise of the Mamluks : 1250 The Mamluk dynasty is founded in Egypt and Syria (648 A.H.)
‏1250 مَعرَكَةُ المَنصُورَةِ‏

‏1250 الجَيشُ المِصرِيُّ بِقِيَادَةِ تُورَان شَاه يَهزِمُ جُيُوشَ الحَملَةِ الصَّلِيبِيَّةِ السَّابِعَةِ فِي المَنصُورَةِ وَيَأسِرُ قَائِدَهُم لُوَيس التَّاسِعَ مَلِكَ فَرَنسَا (647 هـ)‏
1250 Battle of Al-Mansura : 1250 The Egyptian army under Turan Shah defeats the armies of the Seventh Crusade commanded by Louis IX, King of France, who was taken prisoner of war (647 A.H.)

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏1258 سُقُوطُ الخِلَافَةِ العَبَّاسِيَّةِ‏

‏1258 الخِلَافَةُ العَبَّاسِيَّةُ تَسقُطُ بَعدَ مَقتَلِ الخَلِيفَةِ المُعتَصِمِ عَلَى يَدِ المَغُولِ (656هـ)‏
1258 The Decline of the Abbasid Caliphate : 1258 The Abbasid caliphate comes to an end after the murder of Caliph Al-Musta`sim at the hands of Hulegu (656 A.H.)
‏1258 سُقُوطُ بَغدَادَ‏

‏1258 جُيُوشُ المَغُولِ بِقِيَادَةِ هُولَاكُو تَستَولِي عَلَى بَغدَادَ بَعدَ حِصَارٍ (656هـ)‏
1258 Fall of Baghdad : 1258 The Mongol armies under Hulegu overrun Baghdad after a siege (656 A.H.)
‏1260 المَغُولُ يَجتَاحُونَ الشَّامَ‏

‏1260 المَغُولُ يَتَّجِهُونَ إِلَى الشَّامِ وَيَستَولُونَ عَلَى حَلَبَ وَدِمَشقَ وَبَاقِي المُدُنِ الشَّامِيَّةِ (658 هـ)‏
1260 Mongols Overrun Syria : 1260 The Mongols head to Syria and dominate Damascus, Aleppo and other Syrian cities (658 A.H.)
‏1260 مَعرَكَةُ عَينِ جَالُوتٍ‏

‏1260 السُّلطَانُ قُطُزُ يُجَهِّزُ جَيشًا وَيَلتَقِي بِالمَغُولِ فِي مَوقِعٍ يُدعَى عَينَ جَالُوتٍ قُربَ نَابلِس، فَيَهزِمُهُم هَزِيمَةً مُنكَرَةً وَيَقتُلُ القَائِدَ كَتبَغَا (658هـ)‏
1260 The Battle of `Ain Jalut : 1260 Sultan Qutuz leads a strong army and meets the Mongols, commanded by Ketbugha, in a fierce battle at `Ain Jalut [the Spring of Goliath], near Nablus. Qutuz is sweepingly triumphant and Ketbugha is murdered (658 A.H.)
‏1281 تَأسِيسُ الإِمبِرَاطُورِيَّةِ العُثمَانِيَّةِ‏

‏1281 عُثمَانُ الأَوَّلُ يُؤَسِّسُ الإِمبِرَاطُورِيَّةَ العُثمَانِيَّةَ بَعدَ سُقُوطِ الدَّولَةِ السَّلجُوقِيَّةِ فِي الأَنَاضُولِ (680 هـ)‏
1281 Rise of the Ottoman Empire : 1281 `Uthman I founds the Ottoman empire in Anatolia after the fall of the Seljuks (680 A.H.)
‏1291 استِردَادُ عَكَّا‏

‏1291 السُّلطَانُ المَملُوكِيُّ خَلِيلُ بنُ قَلَاوُونَ يَستَرِدُّ عَكَّا وَمُدُنَ السَّاحِلِ مِن الصَّلِيبِيِّينَ (690هـ)‏
1291 Recapture of Acre : 1291 Khalil bin Qalawun, the Mamluk sultan, recaptures Acre and the Syrian coastal areas from the Crusaders (690 A.H.)
‏1291 نِهَايَةُ الإِمَارَاتِ الصَّلِيبِيَّةِ‏

‏1291 بَعدَ استِردَادِ المُسلِمِينَ لِلسَّاحِلِ الشَّامِيِّ زَالَت دَولَةُ الصَّلِيبِيِّينَ فِي الشَّرقِ (690هـ)‏
1291 The End of the Crusades : 1291 After the fall of Acre and all the Syrian coastal areas, the Christian rule in the East came to an end (690 A.H.)
‏1354 سُقُوطُ غَلِيبُولِي‏

‏1354 العُثمَانِيُّونَ يُسَيطِرُونَ عَلَى شِبهِ جَزِيرَةِ غَلِيبُولِي.‏
1354 Gallipoli Falls : 1354 Ottoman forces take the Gallipoli Peninsula.
‏1356 العُثمَانِيُّونَ فِي أُورُوبَّا‏

‏1356 السُّلطَانُ أُورخَان يَمُدُّ النُّفُوذَ العُثمَانِيَّ مِن وَسَطِ الأَنَاضُولِ إِلَى أُورُوبَّا عَبرَ البَلقَانِ.‏
1356 The Ottomans Cross into Europe : 1356 Sultan Orkhan extends the Ottoman sway from Angora in Central Anatolia to Europe, crossing to Thrace in the Balkan.
‏1363 بِدَايَةُ فُتُوحَاتِ تَيمُورلَنك‏

‏1363 تَيمُورلَنك يَحشُدُ قُوَّاتِهِ فِي سَمَرقَندَ استِعدَادًا لِحَملَةِ فُتُوحَاتٍ وَاسِعَةِ النِّطَاقِ تَبدَأُ بِالأَقَالِيمِ المُجَاوِرَةِ.‏
1363 Timur Begins Conquests in Asia : 1363 Timur begins to develop an armed horde that will conquer much of the world starting with regions neighboring Samarkand.
‏1389 العُثمَانِيُّونَ يَغزُونَ أُورُوبَّا‏

‏1389 السُّلطَانُ مُرَادٌ الأَوَّلُ يُوَاصِلُ تَقَدُّمَهُ غَربًا وَيَقضِي عَلَى تَحَالُفِ صِربِيَا وَالبُوسنَةِ وَأَلبَانِيَا فِي مَعرَكَةِ كُوزُوفُو.‏
1389 The Ottomans Conquer Europe : 1389 The Ottoman Sultan Murad I proceeds to the west and, at the Battle of Kussovo, puts an end to the Serbian Empire which was a coalition of Serbs, Bosnians, Albanians.
‏1390 السَّيطَرَةُ العُثمَانِيَّةُ عَلَى الأَنَاضُولِ‏

‏1390 السُّلطَانُ العُثمَانِيُّ بَايَزِيدُ الأَوَّلُ يَضُمُّ خَمسَ إِمَارَاتٍ تُركِيَّةٍ لِلأَنَاضُولِ.‏
1390 The Ottomans Dominate Anatolia : 1390 Ottoman sultan Bayezid I gains victory over the Turkish rulers of East Anatolia and annexes five Turkish emirates to his domains.
‏1393 السَّيطَرَةُ العُثمَانِيَّةُ عَلَى بُلغَاريَا‏

‏1393 السُّلطَانُ بَايَزِيدُ الأَوَّلُ يَتَوَغَّلُ فِي أُورُوبَّا حَتَّى يَحتَلَّ بُلغَاريَا.‏
1393 The Ottomans Conquer Bulgaria : 1393 The Ottoman sultan Bayezid I penetrates Europe until he subdues Bulgaria.
‏1397 الحِصَارُ العُثمَانِيُّ لِلقُسطَنطِينِيَّةِ‏

‏1397 القُوَّاتُ العُثمَانِيَّةُ بِقِيَادَةِ السُّلطَانِ بَايَزِيدَ الأَوَّلِ تُحَاصِرُ القُسطَنطِينِيَّةَ.‏
1397 Constantinople under Ottoman Siege : 1397 Ottoman forces under Bayezid I lay siege to Constantinople.
‏1401 تَيمُورلَنك يَغزُو بَغدَادَ‏

‏1401 تَيمُورلَنك يَجتَاحُ العِرَاقَ وَيُخضِعُ بَغدَادَ (803هـ)‏
1401 Timur Conquers Baghdad : 1401 Timur annexes Iraq to his domains and sacks Baghdad (803 A.H.)
‏1402 مَعرَكَةُ أَنَقرَةَ (805 هـ)‏

‏1402 تَيمُورلَنك يَقُودُ حَملَةً ضِدَّ السُّلطَانِ العُثمَانِيِّ بَايَزِيدَ الأَوَّلِ، وَتَدُورُ بَينَهُمَا مَعرَكَةُ أَنقَرَةَ، الَّتِي انتَهَت بِهَزِيمَةِ السُّلطَانِ العُثمَانِيِّ وَأَسرِهِ (805 هـ)‏
1402 The Battle of Ankara : 1402 Timur leads a powerful army in a decisive battle at Ankara against Sultan Bayezid I, who was defeated and captured (805 A.H.)
‏1453 فَتحُ القُسطَنطِينِيَّةِ‏

‏1453 السُّلطَانُ العُثمَانِيُّ مُحَمَّدٌ (الفَاتِحُ) الثَّانِي يَفتَحُ القُسطَنطِينِيَّةَ وَيَتَّخِذُهَا عَاصِمَةً لِلإِمبِرَاطُورِيَّةِ العُثمَانِيَّةِ (21 جُمَادَى الأُولَى 857 هـ)‏
Constantinople Falls to the Ottomans 1453 : Sultan Muhammad II, known as The Conqueror, conquers Constantinople and makes it the capital of the Ottoman empire (21 Jumada I, 857 A.H.)
‏1472 تَأسِيسُ دَولَةِ الوِطَاسِيُّونَ‏

‏1472 أَبُو زَكَرِيَّا مُحَمَّدٌ يُؤَسِّسُ دَولَةَ الوِطَاسِيُّونَ فِي الرِّيفِ وَيَمُدُّ نُفُوذَهُ إِلَى فَاسٍ (877 هـ)‏
1472 Rise of the Wattasid Dynasty : 1472 Abu Zakariya Muhammad founds the Wattasid dynasty in the Rif region of the Maghrib and extends his authority to Fez (877 A.H.)
‏1492 سُقُوطُ غَرنَاطَةَ‏

‏1492 سُقُوطُ مَملَكَةِ غَرنَاطَةَ وَنِهَايَةُ حُكمِ المُسلِمِينَ فِي الأَندَلُسِ (892هـ)‏
1492 The Fall of Granada : 1492 Granada, the last Muslim emirate in Spain, falls to the Aragon marking the end of the Muslim rule in Andalusia (892 A.H.)
‏1501 قِيَامُ الدَّولَةِ الصَّفوِيَّةِ‏

‏1501 الشَّاه إِسمَاعِيلُ يُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةَ الصَّفوِيَّةَ فِي إِيرَانَ وَيَتَّخِذُ تَبرِيزَ عَاصِمَةً لَهُ (907 هـ)‏
1501 Rise of the Safavid Dynasty : 1501 Shah Isma`il establishes the Safavid dynasty in Persia with Tabriz as its capital (907 A.H.)

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏1508 الصَّفوِيُّونَ يَستَولُونَ عَلَى بَغدَادَ‏

‏1508 الشَّاه إِسمَاعِيلُ الصَّفوِيُّ يَستَولِي عَلَى بَغدَادَ.‏
1508 Baghdad Falls to the Safavid : 1508 The Safavids of Persia, under Shah Isma`il, conquers Baghdad.
‏1516 السَّيطَرَةُ العُثمَانِيَّةُ عَلَى دِمَشقَ‏

‏1516 السُّلطَانُ سَلِيمٌ الأَوَّلُ يَبدَأُ الفَتحَ العُثمَانِيَّ لِلمَشرِقِ العَرَبِيِّ وَيَفرِضُ سَيطَرَتَهُ عَلَى دِمَشقَ بَعدَ مَعرَكَةِ مَرجِ دَابِقٍ (922 هـ)‏
1516 Damascus Falls to the Ottomans : 1516 Sultan Selim I starts the Ottoman conquests in the Arab world and extends his authority to Damascus following the Battle of Marj Dabiq (922 A.H.)
‏1516 مَعرَكَةُ مَرجِ دَابِقٍ‏

‏1516 السُّلطَانُ سَلِيمٌ الأَوَّلُ يَتَّجِهُ لِلقَضَاءِ عَلَى دَولَةِ المَمَالِيكِ، وَيَنتَصِرُ عَلَى الجَيشِ المَملُوكِيِّ بِقِيَادَةِ السُّلطَانِ قُنصُوَه الغُورِيُّ فِي مَرجِ دَابِقٍ بِسُورِيَّا (922 هـ)‏
1516 The Battle of Marj Dabiq : 1516 Sultan Selim I sets out to Syria and defeats the Mamluk forces, commanded by Qansawh Al-Ghuri, at the Battle of Marj Dabiq (922 A.H.)
‏1517 سَيطَرَةُ العُثمَانِيِّينَ عَلَى الجَزِيرَةِ‏

‏1517 السُّلطَانُ العُثمَانِيُّ سَلِيمٌ الأَوَّلُ يَضُمُّ الأَمَاكِنَ المُقَدَّسَةَ فِي الجَزِيرَةِ العَرَبِيَّةِ بَعدَ استِسلَامِ شَرِيفِ مَكَّةَ.‏
1517 Arabia Falls to the Ottomans : 1517 The sharif of Mecca surrenders to the Turks and the Ottoman sultan Selim I secures control of the holy places in Arabia
‏1517 مَعرَكَةُ الرَّيدَانِيَّةِ‏

‏1517 السُّلطَانُ العُثمَانِيُّ سَلِيمٌ الأَوَّلُ يَتَقَدَّمُ نَحوَ مِصرَ، وَيَهزِمُ الجَيشَ المَملُوكِيَّ بِقِيَادَةِ طُومَان بَاي فِي مَوقِعَةِ الرَّيدَانِيَّةِ بَعدَ مُقَاوَمَةٍ صُلبَةٍ (923هـ)‏
1517 The Battle of Al-Raidaniyah : 1517 Sultan Selim I proceeds to dominate Egypt. At Al-Raidaniyah, he faces uncompromising resistance by Tuman-Bay, the last Mamluk sultan, who proves himself a brave knight, but victory goes to Selim I (923 A.H.)
‏1521 فَتحُ بَلجِرَادَ‏

‏1521 السُّلطَانُ سُلَيمَانُ يَفتَحُ بَلجِرَادَ بَعدَ حِصَارٍ دَامَ ثَلَاثَةَ أَسَابِيعَ.‏
1521 The Conquest of Belgrade : 1521 Belgrade falls in August to the Ottoman sultan Suleyman the Magnificent after a three-week siege.
‏1534 فَتحُ العِرَاقِ‏

‏1534 السُّلطَانُ سُلَيمَانُ القَانُونِيُّ يَضُمُّ العِرَاقَ لِلدَّولَةِ العُثمَانِيَّةِ (940هـ)‏
1534 Iraq Falls to the Ottomans : 1534 Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent annexes Iraq to the Ottoman domination (940 A.H.)
‏1548 فَتحُ تَبرِيزَ‏

‏1548 السُّلطَانُ العُثمَانِيُّ سُلَيمَانُ القَانُونِيُّ يَفتَحُ تَبرِيزَ.‏
1548 Tabriz Falls to the Turks : 1548 The Ottoman Turks, under Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent, extend their authority to Tabriz, Persia.
‏1551 فَتحُ طَرَابُلسَ‏

‏1551 النُّفُوذُ العُثمَانِيُّ فِي شَمَالِ أَفرِيقيَا يَتَقَدَّمُ غَربًا حَتَّى طَرَابُلسَ.‏
1551 The Conquest of Tripoli : 1551 The Ottoman Turks in North Africa proceed to the west until they reach Tripoli, Libya.
‏1590 التَّوَسُّعُ العُثمَانِيُّ فِي آسيَا‏

‏1590 السُّلطَانُ العُثمَانِيُّ مُرَادٌ الثَّالِثُ يُوَسِّعُ نُفُوذَهُ فِي آسيَا حَتَّى القُوقَازِ وَبَحرِ قَزوِينَ وَيَفتَحُ جُورجِيَا وَأَذرَبِيجَانَ وَشِروَانَ.‏
1590 Ottoman Expansions in Asia : 1590 The Ottoman Sultan Murad III extends his empire in Asia to the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea by acquiring Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Shirwan.
‏1669 فَتحُ كَرِيتٍ‏

‏1669 العُثمَانِيُّونَ يَبسُطُونَ سَيطَرَتَهُم عَلَى جَزِيرَةِ كَرِيتٍ فِي البَحرِ المُتَوَسِّطِ.‏
1669 The Conquest of Crete : 1669 The Ottoman Turks extend their domination in the Mediterranean to the island of Crete.
‏1711 استِردَادُ آزُوف‏

‏1711 الجَيشُ العُثمَانِيُّ يَهزِمُ الجَيشَ الرُّوسِيَّ بِقِيَادَةِ بُطرُسَ الأَكبَرِ عِندَ نَهرِ بروت وَيَستَرِدُّ آزُوف.‏
1711 Recapture of Azov : 1711 Russia's Peter the Great advances with his allies on the Pruth River but is surrounded there by superior Ottoman forces. Peter is forced to return Azov to the Turks.
‏1739 استِردَادُ بَلجِرَادَ‏

‏1739 الجُيُوشُ العُثمَانِيَّةُ تَهزِمُ الإِمبِرَاطُورِيَّةَ الجِرمَانِيَّةَ بِقِيَادَةِ تَشَارلِز السَّادِسِ وَتُجبِرُهُ عَلَى تَوقِيعِ مُعَاهَدَةِ بَلجِرَاد بَعدَ استِردَادِ بَلجِرَاد وَصِربِيَا الشَّمَالِيَّةَ مِن النِّمسَا.‏
1739 Recapture of Belgrade : 1739 Ottoman forces approach Belgrade and force the Roman Emperor Charles VI to sign the Treaty of Belgrade. Austria yields Belgrade and northern Serbia.
‏571 مِيلادُ النَّبِيِّ‏

‏571 وُلِدَ النَّبِيُّ مُحَمَّدٌ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ - فِي مَكَّةَ.‏
571 The Prophet's Birth : 571 Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) is born in Mecca.
‏610 بَدءُ الدَّعوَةِ‏

‏610 مُحَمَّدٌ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَبدَأُ الدَّعوَةَ الإِسلامِيَّةَ.‏
610 Beginning of the Mission : 610 Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) starts calling people to embrace Islam.
‏614 إِحرَاقُ القُدسِ‏

‏614 الفُرسُ يُحرِقُونَ القُدسَ.‏
614 Burning Jerusalem : 614 Jerusalem is burnt by the Persians.
‏622 الهِجرَةُ النَّبَوِيَّةُ‏

‏622 الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَأَصحَابُهُ يُهَاجِرُونَ مِن مَكَّةَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ.‏
622 The Hijrah : 622 The Prophet and his Companions emigrate from Mecca to Medina.
‏624 تَحوِيلُ القِبلَةِ‏

‏624 تَحوِيلُ القِبلَةِ مِن بَيتِ المَقدِسِ إِلَى البَيتِ الحَرَامِ فِي مَكَّةَ (2هـ)‏
624 Diversion of the Qiblah : 624 The Qiblah (direction faced in Prayer) is diverted from Jerusalem to the Sacred Mosque in Mecca (2 A.H.)
‏624 غَزوَةُ الأَبوَاءِ‏

‏624 الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَخرُجُ مِن المَدِينَةِ غَازِيًا، يُرِيدُ قُرَيشًا وَبَنِي ضَمرَةَ، فَيُوَادِعُ بَنِي ضَمرَةَ ثُمَّ يَرجِعُ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ (2هـ)‏
624 The Expedition of Al-'Abwa' (2 A.H.) : 624 The Prophet (peace be upon him) leaves Medina, heading to fight against the Quraish and Banu Dumarah tribes. He makes a treaty with the Banu Dumarah.
‏624 غَزوَةُ السَّوِيقِ‏

‏624 الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَخرُجُ لِمُلاقَاةِ حَملَةٍ مِنَ المُشرِكِينَ تَحتَ إِمرَةِ أَبِي سُفيَانَ (ذُو الحِجَّةِ 2 هـ)‏
624 The Expedition of Al-Sawiq : 624 The Prophet (peace be upon him) leaves Medina to confront an expedition of the polytheists led by Abu Sufyan (Dhul-Hijjah, 2 A.H.)

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏624 مَعرَكَةُ بَدرٍ‏

‏624 الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَخرُجُ مَعَ أَصحَابهِ وَيَلتَقِي بِكُفَّارِ مَكَّةَ فِي مَعرَكَةِ بَدرٍ الَّتِي اِنتَهَت بِانتِصَارِ المُسلِمَينَ انتِصَارًا سَاحِقًا وَقَتلِ صَنَادِيدِ قُرَيشٍ (2 هـ)‏
624 The Battle of Badr : 624 The Prophet (peace be upon him) sets out with his companions and meets the polytheists of Mecca. At Badr, the Muslims sweepingly defeat the polytheists, killing most of the Quraish chiefs (2 A.H.)
‏625 غَزوَةُ ذَاتِ الرِّقَاعِ‏

‏625 يَتَوَجَّهُ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَلَى رَأسِ حَملَةٍ لِغَزوِ قَبِيلَتَي غَطَفَانَ وَبَنِي سُلَيمٍ (4 هـ)‏
625 The Battle of Dhat Al-Riqa` : 625 The Prophet (peace be upon him) commands an expedition to the tribes of Ghatfan and Banu Sulaim (4 A.H.)
‏625 مَعرَكَةُ أُحُدٍ‏

‏625 المُسلِمُونَ يَلتَقُونَ بِكُفَّارِ قُرَيشٍ عِندَ جَبَلِ أُحُدٍ (3هـ)‏
625 The Battle of Uhud : 625 The Muslims combat polytheists of the Quraish at Mount Uhud (3 A.H.)
‏627 غَزوَةُ بَنِي قُرَيظَةَ‏

‏627 النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَتَوَجَّهُ لِغَزوِ بَنِي قُرَيظَةَ لِنَقضِهِمُ العَهدَ وَمُحَالَفَتِهِم قُرَيشًا فِي غَزوَةِ الخَندَقِ (5 هـ)‏
627 The Battle of Banu Quraizhah : 627 The Prophet (peace be upon him) launches this battle to take revenge on the Banu Quraizhah, who had breached their agreement with him and made alliance with the Quraish at the Battle of the Trench (5 A.H.)
‏627 غَزوَةُ دَومَةِ الجَندَلِ‏

‏627 الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَخرُجُ بِأَلفٍ مِنَ المُسلِمِينَ لِمُلَاقَاةِ الجُمُوعِ الَّتِي تُرِيدُ غَزوَ المَدِينَةِ مِن دَومَةِ الجَندَلِ (5 هـ)‏
627 The Battle of Daumat Al-Jandal : 627 The Messenger (peace be upon him) sets out with a thousand Muslims to fight the troops gathered in Daumat Al-Jandal with the purpose of attacking Medina (5 A.H.)
‏627 مَعرَكَةُ الخَندَقِ‏

‏627 المُشرِكُونَ يَفشَلُونَ فِي اقتِحَامِ المَدِينَةِ الَّتِي حَصَّنَهَا المُسلِمُونَ بِحَفرِهِم لِلخَندَقِ (5هـ)‏
627 The Battle of the Trench : 627 The allied polytheists of Arabia fail to penetrate the trench dug by the Muslims to protect Medina against their attack (5 A.H.)
‏628 صُلحُ الحُدَيبِيَةِ‏

‏628 الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ يُوقِعُ صُلحًا مَعَ مُشرِكِي مَكَّةَ (6هـ)‏
628 Treaty of Al-Hudaibiah : 628 The Prophet (peace be upon him) signs a treaty with the polytheists of Mecca (6 A.H.)
‏628 غَزوَةُ خَيبَرَ‏

‏628 الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَتَوَجَّهُ لِغَزوِ يَهُودِ خَيبَرَ لِإِثَارَتِهِمُ الأَعرَابَ عَلَى المُسلِمِينَ (7 هـ)‏
628 The Battle of Khaibar : 628 The Prophet (peace be upon him) marches to the Jews at Khaibar because they incited some tribes against the Muslims
‏630 غَزوَةُ تَبُوكٍ‏

‏630 الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ يُجَهِّزُ جَيشًا كَبِيرًا وَيَسِيرُ بِهِ نَحوَ مُؤتَةَ لِيَثأَرَ لِمَا حَلَّ بِالمُسلِمِينَ فيها، وَيَنتَهِي الأَمرُ بِعَقدِ بَعضِ المُعَاهَدَاتِ مَعَ مُدُنِ الحُدُودِ (9 هـ)‏
630 The Battle of Tabuk : 630 The Prophet (peace be upon him) leads a great army and marches towards Mu'tah to avenge the Muslim loss at the Battle of Mu'tah. He concludes some treaties with the bordering cities (9 A.H.)
‏630 غَزوَةُ مُؤتَةَ‏

‏630 النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ يُرسِلُ حَملَةً بِقِيَادَةِ زَيدِ بنِ حَارِثَةَ لِلرَّدِّ عَلَى شُرَحبِيلَ الغَسَّانِيِّ الَّذِي قَتَلَ سَفِيرَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ وَاستَهزَأَ بِكِتَابِهِ (8 هـ)‏
630 The Battle of Mu'tah : 630 The Prophet (peace be upon him) sends Zaid bin Harithah at the head of an army to retaliate from the Ghassanid governor Shurahbil, who had mocked the Prophet's message and killed his messenger (8 A.H.)
‏630 فَتحُ مَكَّةَ‏

‏630 الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ يُجَهِّزُ جَيشًا مِن عَشَرَةِ آلافِ مُقَاتِلٍ لِفَتحِ مَكَّةَ بَعدَ نَقضِ قُرَيشٍ لِعَهدِهَا مَعَهُ (8هـ)‏
630 The Conquest of Mecca : 630 The Prophet (peace be upon him) leads a 10,000-men army and marches to conquer Mecca in response to the Quraish revocation of the armistice they had previously signed with the Muslims (8 A.H.)
‏630 مَعرَكَةُ حُنَينٍ‏

‏630 النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَقُودُ جَيشَ الإِسلامِ ضِدَّ مُشرِكِي هَوَازِنَ وَحُلَفَائِهَا فِي مَعرَكَةٍ تَنتَهِي بِانتِصَارِ المُسلِمِينَ نَصرًا مُبِينًا (8هـ)‏
630 The Battle of Hunain : 630 The Muslims, commanded by the Prophet, fought the polytheist tribe of Hawazin and its allies at a battle after which the Muslims achieve a glorious victory (8 A.H.)
‏631 عَامُ الوُفُودِ‏

‏631 الإِسلامُ يَنتَشِرُ فِي رُبُوعِ الجَزِيرَةِ العَرَبِيَّةِ (10 هـ)‏
631 The Year of Delegations : 631 Islam becomes the formal religion of all Arabia (10 A.H.)
‏632 حَجَّةُ الوَدَاعِ‏

‏632 يَتَوَجَّهُ الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ - وَمَعَهُ أَصحَابُهُ رِجَالًا وَنِسَاءً - مِن المَدِينَةِ صَوبَ مَكَّةَ لِيُؤَدِّيَ فَرِيضَةَ الحَجِّ لِبَيتِ اللَّهِ الحَرَامِ (11هـ)‏
632 The Farewell Pilgrimage : 632 The Prophet (peace be upon him) accompanies his Companions, men and women, in a blessed journey to perform the Pilgrimage to the Sacred House in Mecca (11 A.H.)
‏633 حَرَكَةُ الرِّدَّةِ‏

‏633 الخَلِيفَةُ أَبُو بَكرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ يُوَجِّهُ جُيُوشَهُ لِمُحَارَبَةِ المُرتَدِّينَ فِيمَا عُرِفَ بِحُرُوبِ الرِّدَّةِ وَالَّتِي انتَهَت بِالقَضَاءِ نِهَائِيًّا عَلَى حَرَكَةِ الرِّدَّةِ (11هـ)‏
633 The Apostasy Movement : 633 Caliph Abu Bakr dispatches his armies to fight the Apostates in a series of battles (the Riddah Wars) that brought about complete elimination of the Apostates (11 A.H.)
‏633 غَزوَةُ ذَاتِ السَّلاسِلِ‏

‏633 خَالِدُ بنُ الوَلِيدِ يَقُودُ الجَيشَ المُسلِمَ إِلَى العِرَاقِ حَيثُ يُحرِزُ انتِصَارًا رَائِعًا عَلَى الفُرسِ (12هـ)‏
633 The Battle of Dhat Al-Salasil : 633 Commander Khalid bin Al-Walid sets out to Iraq at the head of an army and achieves a great victory over the Persians (12 A.H.)
‏633 وَفَاةُ النَّبِيِّ‏

‏633 وَفَاةُ النَّبِيِّ مُحَمَّدٍ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، يَعقُبُهَا اختِيَارُ أَبِي بَكرٍ الصِّدِّيقِ كَأَوَّلِ خَلِيفَةٍ لِلمُسلِمِينَ (11هـ)‏
633 The Prophet's Demise : 633 The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) dies, and the Muslims elect Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq to be the first Muslim caliph (11 A.H.)
‏634 خِلَافَةُ عُمَرَ بنِ الخَطَّابِ‏

‏634 يَنتَقِلُ أَبُو بَكرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ إِلَى الرَّفِيقِ الأَعلَى، وَتَتِمُّ البَيعَةُ لِعُمَرَ بنِ الخَطَّابِ أَمِيرًا لِلمُؤمِنِينَ (13هـ)‏
634 `Umar bin Al-Khattab Becomes Caliph : 634 Caliph Abu Bakr dies, and the Muslim community pledges allegiance to `Umar bin Al-Khattab as Emir of the Believers (13 A.H.)
‏634 مُوقِعَةُ أَجنَادِينَ‏

‏634 الجَيشُ المُسلِمُ تَحتَ إِمرَةِ خَالِدِ بنِ الوَلِيدِ يَلتَقِي مَعَ البِيزَنطِيِّينَ فِي مَعرَكَةٍ ضَارِيَةٍ وَيُحَقِّقُ نَصرًا مُؤَزَّرًا (13هـ)‏
634 The Battle of Ajnadin : 634 The Muslim army under the command of Khalid bin Al-Walid combats the Byzantine forces in a fierce battle in Palestine, that ended with the victory of the Muslims (13 A.H.)
‏635 مَوقِعَةُ القَادِسِيَّةِ‏

‏635 سَعدُ بنُ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ يَقُودُ الجُيُوشَ الإِسلَامِيَّة فِي حَربٍ ضَارِيَةٍ مَعَ الفُرسِ تَستَمِرُّ ثَلَاثَةَ أَيَّامٍ وَتَنتَهِي بِهَزِيمَةِ الفُرسِ هَزِيمَةً نَكرَاءَ (14هـ)‏
635 The Battle of Al-Qadisiyah : 635 Sa`d bin Abi Waqqas leads the Muslim army in a three-day fierce battle with the Persians, who were bitterly defeated (14 A.H.)

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏636 مَوقِعَةُ اليَرمُوكِ‏

‏636 خَالِدُ بنُ الوَلِيدِ يَتَوَلَّى قِيَادَةَ الجَيشِ الإِسلَامِيِّ وَيَلتَقِي مَعَ الرُّومِ فِي اليَرمُوكِ وَيُحَقِّقُ انتِصَارًا حَاسِمًا (15هـ)‏
636 The Battle of Al-Yarmuk : 636 The Muslim army, under the command of Khalid bin Al-Walid, defeats the Byzantines at the Battle of Yarmuk in Palestine (15 A.H.)
‏637 التَّقوِيمُ الهِجرِيُّ‏

‏637 بَدَأَ التَّقوِيمُ الهِجرِيُّ فِي عَهدِ عُمَرَ بنِ الخَطَّابِ (16هـ)‏
637 The Hijri Calendar : 637 The reign of Caliph `Umar bin Al-Khattab witnesses the beginning of dating the Muslim era from the first day of the lunar year in which the Hijrah took place (16 A.H.)
‏638 فَتحُ القُدسِ‏

‏638 الخَلِيفَةُ عُمَرُ بنُ الخَطَّابِ يَتَسَلَّمُ (بَيتَ المَقدِسِ) بَعدَ صُلحٍ يَعقِدُهُ مَعَ بَطرِيرِكِهَا (16هـ)‏
638 The Conquest of Jerusalem : 638 Caliph `Umar bin Al-Khattab extends the Muslim authority to Jerusalem after signing a treaty with its patriarch (16 A.H.)
‏639 فَتحُ مِصرَ‏

‏639 عَمرُو بنُ العَاصِ يَقُودُ جَيشًا مُسلِمًا يَتَوَجَّهُ بِهِ إِلَى مِصرَ وَيَبدَأُ فَتحَهَا (18هـ)‏
639 The Conquest of Egypt : 639 `Amr bin Al-`As sets out at the head of an army and starts conquering Egypt (18 A.H.)
‏640 فَتحُ قَيسَارِيَّةَ‏

‏640 مُعَاوِيَةُ بنُ أَبِي سُفيَانَ يَفتَحُ قَيسَارِيَّةَ بَعدَ حِصَارٍ دَامَ سِتَّةَ أَشهُرٍ (19 هـ)‏
640 The Conquest of Caesarea : 640 Mu`awiah bin Abi Sufyan conquers Caesarea after a six-month siege (19 A.H.)
‏641 فَتحُ الإِسكَندَرِيَّةِ‏

‏641 المُسلِمُونَ يَدخُلُونَ الإِسكَندَرِيَّةَ تَنفِيذًا لِمُعَاهَدَةِ بَابِليُونَ وَتَتِمُّ لَهُم السَّيطَرَةُ عَلَى مِصرَ (21 هـ)‏
641 The Conquest of Alexandria : 641 According to the Babylon Treaty, the Muslims capture Alexandria, bringing Egypt under Muslim domination (21 A.H.)
‏641 مَعرَكَةُ هِليُوبُولِيس‏

‏641 يَفرِضُ المُسلِمُونَ حِصَارًا عَلَى حِصنِ بَابِليُونَ بِمِصرَ لِمُدَّةِ سِتَّةِ أَشهُرٍ تَنتَهِي بِاستِسلَامِ الرُّومِ وَسُقُوطِ الحِصنِ فِي أَيدِي المُسلِمِينَ (20 هـ)‏
641 The Battle of Heliopolis : 641 The Muslim army besieges the Egyptian Babylon Fort for six months, after which the besieged forces surrender and the Muslims capture the Fort (20 A.H.)
‏642 مَوقِعَةُ نَهَاوَندَ‏

‏642 يَتَوَلَّى حُذَيفَةُ بنُ اليَمَانِ قِيَادَةَ الجَيشِ المُسلِمِ وَيَلتَقِي مَعَ الفُرسِ فِي مَعرَكَةٍ حَاسِمَةٍ يَفتَحُ بَعدَهَا المُسلِمُونَ حِصنَ نَهَاوَند، مُعلِنًا بِذَلِكَ القَضَاءَ عَلَى إِمبِرَاطُورِيَّةِ فَارِسَ المَجُوسِيَّةِ (21هـ)‏
642 The Battle of Nahawand : 642 Hudhaifah bin Al-Yaman leads the Muslim army in a decisive battle with the Persians. Muslims achieve great victory, conquer the Nahawand Fort and completely annihilate the Persian Magus empire (21 A.H.) 644
‏644 خِلَافَةُ عُثمَانَ بنِ عَفَّانَ (23 هـ)‏

‏644 يُسلِمُ عُمَرُ بنُ الخَطَّابِ رُوحَهُ إِلَى بَارِئِهَا، وَيُعلِنُ المُسلِمُونَ بَيعَتَهُم لِعُثمَانَ بنِ عَفَّانَ (23هـ)‏
644 `Uthman bin `Affan Becomes Caliph : 644 `Umar bin Al-Khattab dies and the Muslims declare their fealty to `Uthman bin `Affan as the third Muslim caliph (23 A.H.)
‏649 فَتحُ خُرَاسَانَ‏

‏649 الأَحنَفُ بنُ قَيسٍ يَقُودُ الجَيشَ المُسلِمَ وَيَفتَحُ خُرَاسَانَ بَعدَ أَن يَهزِمَ الفُرسَ (29هـ)‏
649 The Conquest of Khurasan : 649 The Muslim army, under the command of Al-Ahnaf bin Qais, conquers Khurasan after defeating the Persian forces (29 A.H.)
‏653 جَمعُ القُرآنِ‏

‏653 الخَلِيفَةُ عُثمَانُ بنُ عَفَّانَ يَأمُرُ بِجَمعِ المُصحَفِ وَتَوحِيدِهِ عَلَى قِرَاءَةِ قُرَيشٍ، وَيُرسِلُ بِنُسَخِهِ إِلَى الأَمصَارِ الإِسلَامِيَّةِ (32هـ)‏
653 Compilation of the Holy Qur'an : 653 Caliph `Uthman orders the standardization of Qur'anic recitation according to that of the Quraish. He sends copies of the standard Mushaf to provinces of the Muslim empire (32 A.H.)
‏654 مَعرَكَةُ ذَاتِ الصَّوَارِي‏

‏654 الأُسطُولُ الإِسلَامِيُّ بِقِيَادَةِ سَعدِ بنِ أَبِي سَرحٍ يَتَغَلَّبُ عَلَى الأُسطُولِ البِيزَنطِيِّ وَتَمَّ لِلمُسلِمِينَ السَّيطَرَةَ عَلَى شَرقِ البَحرِ المُتَوَسِّطِ (34 هـ)‏
654 The Battle of Dhat Al-Sawari : 654 `Abdullah bin Sa`d bin Abi Al-Sarh leads the Muslim fleet in a victorious sea battle with the Byzantines and dominates the eastern coasts of the Mediterranean (34 A.H.)
‏656 خِلَافَةُ عَلِيِّ بنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ‏

‏656 يُوَجِّهُ المُسلِمُونَ بَيعَتَهُم إِلَى الإِمَامِ عَلِيِّ بنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ بَعدَ أَن فَاضَت رُوحُ الخَلِيفَةِ عُثمَانَ إِلَى رَبِّهَا (35 هـ)‏
656 `Ali bin Abi Talib Assumes the Caliphate : 656 The Muslim community pledges allegiance to `Ali bin Abi Talib, after the death of Caliph `Uthman (35 A.H.)
‏656 مَعرَكَةُ الجَمَلِ‏

‏656 السَّيِّدَةُ عَائِشَةُ وَمَعَهَا طَلحَةُ بنُ عُبَيدِ اللَّهِ وَالزُّبَيرُ بنُ العَوَّامِ وَأَهلُ البَصرَةِ يَدخُلُونَ فِي حَربٍ مَعَ الإِمَامِ عَلِيٍّ الَّذِي يُسَانِدُهُ أَهلُ الكُوفَةِ (36 هـ)‏
656 The Battle of the Camel : 656 `A'ishah accompanies the army of Talhah bin `Ubaidullah and Al-Zubair bin Al-`Awwam and the people of Basra to meet `Ali bin Abi Talib, who was backed by the people of Kufa (36 A.H.)
‏657 مَعرَكَةُ صِفِّينَ‏

‏657 فِي مُحَاوَلَةٍ لِإِخضَاعِ عِصيَانِ مُعَاوِيَةَ، يَلتَقِي جَيشُ الإِمَامِ عَلِيٍّ بِقُوَّاتِ مُعَاوِيَةَ فِي صِفِّينَ فِي مَعرَكَةٍ تَنتَهِي بِالتَّحكِيمِ (37هـ)‏
657 The Battle of Siffin : 657 In an attempt to suppress the rebellion of Mu`awiah, Imam `Ali leads his army and confronts the forces of Mu`awiah at Siifin, to the west of the Euphrates in a battle that ends with Arbitration (37 A.H.)
‏658 مَعرَكَةُ النَّهرَوَانِ‏

‏658 الإِمَامُ عَلِيٌّ يَلتَقِي بِالخَوَارِجِ فِي مَعرَكَةٍ حَاسِمَةٍ بِمَدِينَةِ النَّهرَوَانِ تَنتَهِي بِالقَضَاءِ التَّامِّ عَلَى الخَوَارِجِ (38 هـ)‏
658 The Battle of Nahrawan : 658 Imam `Ali confronts the Kharijites at Nahrawan in a decisive battle that end with complete destruction of the Kharijites (38 A.H.)
‏661 خِلَافَةُ مُعَاوِيَةَ بنِ أَبِي سُفيَانَ‏

‏661 مُعَاوِيَةُ بنُ أَبِي سُفيَانَ يَتَقَلَّدُ الخِلَافَةَ بَعدَ مَوتِ الإِمَامِ عَلِيٍّ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنهُ (41 هـ)‏
661 Mu`awiah bin Abi Sufyan Becomes Caliph : 661 Mu`awiah bin Abi Sufyan assumes the office of Muslim caliphate after the death of Imam `Ali (may Allah be pleased with him 41 A.H.)
‏670 فَتحُ إِفرِيقِيَّةَ‏

‏670 عُقبَةُ بنُ نَافِعٍ يَسِيرُ إِلَى إِفرِيقِيَّةَ عَلَى رَأسِ جَيشٍ مُكَوَّنٍ مِن عَشَرَةِ آلَافِ مُقَاتِلٍ وَيَفتَحُهَا دُونَ مُقَاوَمَةٍ (50هـ)‏
670 The Conquest of Ifriqiyah : 670 `Uqbah bin Nafi` marches to Ifriqiyah (Tunisia) at the head of a 10,000-man army and conquers the region without any resistance (50 A.H.)
‏673 فَتحُ بِلَادِ مَا وَرَاءَ النَّهرِ‏

‏673 قُتَيبَةُ بنُ مُسلِمٍ يَقُودُ الجُيُوشَ الإِسلَامِيَّةَ نَاحِيَةَ الشَّرقِ وَيَتَوَغَّلُ فِي بِلَادِ مَا وَرَاءَ النَّهرِ حَتَّى يَصِلَ إِلَى دِلتَا نَهرِ جِيحُون (54 هـ)‏
673 The Conquest of Transoxiana : 673 Commander Qutaibah bin Muslim marches to the east and starts conquering the regions of Transoxiana until he reaches the delta of the Oxus river (54 A.H.)
‏673 مَنَابِرُ الآذَانِ‏

‏673 مَسلَمَةُ بنُ مُخَلَّدٍ يُدخِلُ نِظَامَ المَآذِنِ فِي بِنَاءِ المَسَاجِدِ (53 هـ)‏
673 Introduction of Minarets : 673 Maslamah bin Makhlad introduces minarets in the architecture of mosques (53 A.H.)

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏674 فَتحُ جَزِيرَةِ كَرِيتٍ (55هـ)‏

‏674 يُوَاصِلُ الأُسطُولُ الإِسلَامِيُّ تَقَدُّمَهُ فِي مِيَاهِ البَحرِ المُتَوَسِّطِ حَتَّى يَصِلَ إِلَى شَوَاطِئِ جَزِيرَةِ كَرِيتٍ فَيَفتَحَهَا (55هـ)‏
674 The Conquest of Crete : 674 The Muslim fleet continues its expansions in the Mediterranean and conquers the island of Crete (55 A.H.)
‏678 فَتحُ الجَزَائِرِ‏

‏678 أَبُو المُهَاجِرِ دِينَارُ أَمِيرُ إِفرِيقِيَّةَ يُهَاجِمُ مَرَاكِزَ قَبِيلَةِ (أَورَبَه) فِي المَغرِبِ الأَوسَطِ وَيَستَولِي عَلَى تِلمِسَانَ (58 هـ)‏
678 The Conquest of Algeria : 678 Abu Al-Muhajir Dinar, governor of Ifriqiyah, attacks the strongholds of the Urbah tribe in Central Maghrib and dominates Tlemcen (58 A.H.)
‏691 بِنَاءُ قُبَّةِ الصَّخرَةِ‏

‏691 عَبدُ المَلِكِ بنُ مَروَانَ يَبنِي مَسجِدَ قُبَّةِ الصَّخرَةِ بِالقُدسِ حَيثُ صَلَّى عُمَرُ بنُ الخَطَّابِ (72هـ)‏
691 Foundation of the Dome of the Rock : 691 The reign of `Abdul-Malik bin Marwan witnesses the foundation of the mosque of the Dome of the Rock, at Jerusalem, in the same place where Caliph `Umar bin Al-Khattab performed Prayer (72 A.H.)
‏692 ضَربُ الدَّنَانِيرِ الذَّهَبِيَّةِ‏

‏692 ضَربُ الدَّنَانِيرِ الذَّهَبِيَّةِ لِأَوَّلِ مَرَّةٍ فِي الإِسلَامِ فِي عَهدِ عَبدِ المَلِكِ بنِ مَروَانَ (73هـ)‏
692 Minting Gold Dinars : 692 Caliph `Abdul-Malik bin Marwan orders the minting of gold dinars for the first time during the Muslim era (73 A.H.)
‏699 مَعرَكَةُ وَادِي العَذَارَى‏

‏699 حَسَّانُ بنُ النُّعمَانِ يَقُودُ جَيشًا ضَخمًا وَيَلتَقِي بِجَيشِ الكَاهِنَةِ البَربَرِيَّةِ قُربَ قَابِسَ فَيَهزِمُهَا وَيُحَقِّقُ نَصرًا رَائِعًا، وَتَهرُبُ الكَاهِنَةُ (80 هـ)‏
699 The Battle of Wadi Al-`Adhara (Valley of the Virgins) : 699 Commander Hassan bin Al-Nu`man leads a huge army to Gabes, where he defeats the forces of the Berber Kahinah in a fierce battle, but the Kahinah flees (80 A.H.)
‏700 تَعرِيبُ الدَّوَاوِينِ‏

‏700 الخَلِيفَةُ عَبدُ المَلِكِ بنُ مَروَانَ يَأمُرُ بِتَعرِيبِ الدَّوَاوِينِ الَّتِي كَانَت تَتَّبِعُ النِّظَامَ الفَارِسِيَّ (81هـ)‏
700 Arabicization of the Diwans : 700 Caliph `Abdul-Malik bin Marwan orders the arabicization of the Diwans (state ministries), which were following the Persian order (81 A.H.)
‏701 بِنَاءُ مَدِينَةِ تُونُسَ‏

‏701 حَسَّانُ بنُ النُّعمَانِ يَبنِي مَدِينَةَ تُونُسَ وَجَامِعَ الزَّيتُونَةِ وَيُنشِئُ فِي تُونُسَ دَارًا لِصِنَاعَةِ الأَسَاطِيلِ (82هـ)‏
701 Foundation of Tunis : 701 Hassan bin Al-Nu`man founds Tunis and builds the notable mosque of Al-Zaitunah and an arsenal for building fleets (82 A.H.)
‏702 مَعرَكَةُ بِئرِ الكَاهِنَةِ‏

‏702 حَسَّانُ بنُ النُّعمَانِ يَتَعَقَّبُ الكَاهِنَةَ وَفُلُولَهَا الهَارِبَةَ وَيَلتَقِي بِهَا فِي مَعرَكَةٍ ضَارِيَةٍ فِي مَوضِعٍ يُعرَفُ بِاسمِ (بِئرِ الكَاهِنَةِ)، فَيُضِيفُ انتِصَارًا سَاحِقًا إِلَى انتِصَارَاتِهِ وَيَقتُلُ الكَاهِنَةَ (82 هـ)‏
702 The Battle of Bi'r Al-Kahinah (Well of the Kahinah) : 702 Commander Hassan bin Al-Nu`man follows the retreating forces of the Berber Kahinah. He defeats them at Bi'r Al-Kahinah (Well of Kahinah) and kills the Kahinah, adding a further victory to his achievements (82 A.H.)
‏703 تَشيِيدُ مَدِينَةِ وَاسِطٍ‏

‏703 الحَجَّاجُ بنُ يُوسُفَ الثَّقَفِيُّ يَبنِي مَدِينَةَ وَاسِطٍ بِالعِرَاقِ بَينَ الكُوفَةِ وَالبَصرَةِ (84هـ)‏
703 Foundation of Wasit : 703 Al-Hajjaj bin Yusuf Al-Thaqafi founds the city of Wasit between Basra and Kufa, Iraq (84 A.H.)
‏708 فَتحُ السِّندِ‏

‏708 مُحَمَّدُ بنُ القَاسِمِ يَقُودُ طَلَائِعَ الجُيُوشِ الإِسلَامِيَّةِ نَحوَ الهِندِ، فَيَستَولِي عَلَى مُكرَانَ وَوَادِي الهِندُوسِ وَمَا بَعدَهُمَا وَيَتِمُّ لَهُ فَتحُ السِّندِ (89هـ)‏
708 The Conquest of Sind : 708 The first Muslim conquests in India are made by the General Muhammad bin Al-Qasim, who crosses Mekran, invades the Indus Valley, and conquers Sind (89 A.H.)
‏709 فَتحُ بُخَارَى‏

‏709 قُتَيبَةُ بنُ مُسلِمٍ أَمِيرُ خُرَاسَانَ يَتَوَغَّلُ فِيمَا وَرَاءَ النَّهرِ وَيَفتَحُ كَثِيرًا مِن المَدَائِنِ مِن أَهَمِّهَا بُخَارَى بَعدَ مَعَارِكَ ضَارِيَةٍ (89 هـ)‏
709 The Conquest of Bukhara : 709 Qutaibah bin Muslim, governor of Khurasan, penetrates the regions of Transoxiana and conquers Bukhara and other cities after fierce battles (89 A.H.)
‏711 مَعرَكَةُ وَادِي بَكَّةَ‏

‏711 طَارِقُ بنُ زِيَادٍ يَتَوَلَّى قِيَادَةَ جَيشِ المُسلِمِينَ وَعُدَّتُهُ اثنَا عَشَرَ أَلفَ مُقَاتِلٍ وَيَلتَقِي بِجَيشِ القُوطِ فِي مَعرَكَةٍ تَستَمِرُّ ثَمَانِيَةَ أَيَّامٍ وَتَنتَهِي بِهَزِيمَةِ القُوطِ وَسَحقِ جَيشِهِم (92 هـ)‏
711 The Battle of Wadi Bakkah (Valley of Bakkah) : 711 General Tariq bin Ziad leads a 12,000-men army in an eight-day fierce battle with the Visigoth army. The battle takes place at Wadi Bakkah, near Rio Barbate and ends with complete destruction of the Visigoth (92 A.H.)
‏712 فَتحُ سَمَرقَندَ‏

‏712 قُتَيبَةُ بنُ مُسلِمٍ يَتَقَدَّمُ نَحوَ سَمَرقَندَ فَيَفتَحُهَا بَعدَ أَن يُصَالِحَ أَهلَهَا (93 هـ)‏
712 The Conquest of Samarkand : 712 Samarkand is annexed to Muslim territories in Central Asia by Qutaibah bin Muslim after the surrender of its king (93 A.H.)
‏713 مَعرَكَةُ السَّوَاقِي‏

‏713 يَتَّحِدُ جَيشَا مُوسَى بنِ نُصَيرٍ وَطَارِقِ بنِ زِيَادٍ وَيَلتَقِيَانِ مَعَ رُوذرِيق فِي مَعرَكَةٍ طَاحِنَةٍ تَنتَهِي بِمَقتَلِ رُوذرِيق وَالِاستِيلَاءِ عَلَى طُلَيطِلَةَ وَالقَضَاءِ عَلَى دَولَةِ القُوطِ (94 هـ)‏
713 The Battle of Al-Sawaqi (94 A.H.) : 713 The unified armies of Musa bin Nusair and Tariq bin Ziad meet in a fierce battle with Roderic, the Visigoth king. The battle results in the Muslim capture of Toledo after the death of Roderic and marks the decline of the Visigoth monarchy (94 A.H.)
‏717 خِلَافَةُ عُمَرَ بنِ عَبدِ العَزِيزِ‏

‏717 عُمَرُ بنُ عَبدِ العَزِيزِ يَتَوَلَّى الخِلَافَةَ الأُمَوِيَّةَ بِعَهدٍ مِن سُلَيمَانَ بنِ عَبدِ المَلِكِ (99 هـ)‏
717 `Umar bin `Abdul-`Aziz assumes the caliphate : 717 `Umar bin `Abdul-`Aziz becomes caliph after a demand of pledge of allegiance to him had been made by his predecessor Sulaiman bin `Abdul-Malik (99-101)
‏732 مَعرَكَةُ بَلَاطِ الشُّهَدَاءِ‏

‏732 عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ الغَافِقِيُّ قَائِدُ الجَيشِ الإِسلَامِيِّ يَلتَقِي بِشَارل مَارتِل قَائِدِ جَيشِ الفِرِنجَةِ بِالقُربِ مِن مَدِينَةِ (بواتيه)، فِي مَعرَكَةٍ يَنتَصِرُ شَارل مَارتِل (114هـ)‏
732 The Battle of Poitiers : 732 Charles Martel's victory and `Abdul-Rahman Al-Ghafiqi's death at the Battle of Balat Al-Shuhada' (Poitiers) (114 A.H.)
‏749 مَعرَكَةُ الزَّابِ الأَكبَرِ‏

‏749 عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ عَلِيٍّ العَبَّاسِيُّ يَهزِمُ مَروَانَ بنَ مُحَمَّدٍ آخِرَ خُلَفَاءِ الأُمَوِيِّينَ (132 هـ)‏
749 The Battle of Grand Zab : 749 `Abdullah bin `Ali Al-`Abbasi defeats the armies of Marwan bin Muhammad, the last Ummayyad caliph (132 A.H.)
‏750 الخِلَافَةُ العَبَّاسِيَّةُ‏

‏750 الخُلَفَاءُ العَبَّاسِيُّونَ يَتَوَلَّونَ حُكمَ الإِمبِرَاطُورِيَّةِ الإِسلَامِيَّةِ بَعدَ سُقُوطِ الأُمَوِيِّينَ (132 هـ)‏
750 The Abbasid Caliphate : 750 The Abbasids succeed the Ummayyad dynasty and assume power over the Muslim empire (132-656 A.H.)
‏756 الإِمَارَةُ الأُمَوِيَّةُ فِي قُرطُبَةَ‏

‏756 عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ الدَّاخِلُ (الأَوَّلُ) يَفِرُّ إِلَى أَسبَانيَا وَيُؤَسِّسُ إِمَارَةَ قُرطُبَةَ (138 هـ)‏
756 The Umayyad Emirate in Cordoba : 756 `Abdul-Raman I (Al-Dakhil) departs for Spain and founds the Ummayyad emirate in Cordoba (138 A.H.)
‏762 تَأسِيسُ مَدِينَةِ بَغدَادَ‏

‏762 أَبُو جَعفَرٍ المَنصُورُ يُؤَسِّسُ بَغدَادَ وَيَجعَلُهَا عَاصِمَةَ الخِلَافَةِ، بِنَاءُ جَامِعِ بَغدَادَ (145هـ)‏
762 Foundation of Baghdad : 762 The reign of Abu Ja`far Al-Mansur witnesses the founding of Baghdad with its great Mosque of Baghdad (145 A.H.)

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏785 بِنَاءُ مَسجِدِ قُرطُبَةَ‏

‏785 عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ الدَّاخِلُ يَبنِي مَسجِدَ قُرطُبَةَ (169هـ)‏
785 Foundation of the Mosque of Cordoba : 785 The Mosque of Cordoba is being established during the reign of `Abdul-Rahman I, emir of Cordoba (169 A.H.)
‏786 خِلَافَةُ هَارُونَ الرَّشِيدِ‏

‏786 هَارُونُ الرَّشِيدُ يَتَوَلَّى أَمرَ الدَّولَةِ العَبَّاسِيَّةِ فَتَزدَهِرُ فِي عَهدِهِ الآدَابُ وَالعُلُومُ وَالتِّجَارَةُ (170هـ)‏
786 Harun Al-Rashid Becomes Caliph : 786 Harun Al-Rashid assumes the Abbsid caliphate and leads a reformation that brings about a comprehensive tremendous revival of arts, sciences and trade (170 A.H.)
‏788 قِيَامُ الدَّولَةِ الإِدرِيسِيَّةِ‏

‏788 إِدرِيسُ بنُ عَبدِ اللَّهِ يَستَقِلُّ عَنِ العَبَّاسِيِّينَ وَيُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةَ الإِدرِيسِيَّةَ الَّتِي حَكَمَتِ المَغرِبَ الأَقصَى وَتِلمِسَانَ حَتَّى 363 هـ/974 م (172هـ)‏
788 Rise of the Idrisid Dynasty : 788 Idris bin `Abdullah declares his independence from the Abbasid domination and founds the Idrisid dynasty which ruled in Western Maghrib and Tlemcen until 363 A.H.\974 A.D.(172 A.H.)
‏800 قِيَامُ دَولَةِ بَنِي الأَغلَبِ‏

‏800 إِبرَاهِيمُ (الأَوَّلُ) بنُ الأَغلَبِ عَامِلُ إِفرِيقِيَّةَ يُعلِنُ قِيَامَ دَولَةِ الأَغَالِبَةِ، الَّتِي حَكَمَت حَتَّى 296 هـ/ 909 م ، وَيَتَّخِذُ القَيرَوَانَ عَاصِمَةً لَهُ (184هـ)‏
800 Rise of the Aghlabid Dynasty : 800 Ibrahin I bin Al-Aghlab, governor of Ifriqiyah, founds the Aghlabid dynasty with Al-Qairawan as its capital. The Aghlabid rule lasted until 296 A.H.\909 A.D.(184 A.H.)
‏809 فَتحُ رُودِسَ‏

‏809 حُمَيدُ بنُ مَعيُوفٍ، أَمِيرُ سَوَاحِلِ الشَّامِ وَمِصرَ يَقُودُ الأُسطُولَ الإِسلَامِيَّ فِي البَحرِ المُتَوَسِّطِ فَيَفتَحُ جَزِيرَةَ رُودِسَ (193 هـ)‏
809 The Conquest of Rhodes : 809 Humaid bin Ma`iuf Al-Hamadhani, commander of the Muslim fleet in the Mediterranean, leads successful raids on Rhodes subjecting it to Muslim rule (193 A.H.)
‏813 خِلَافَةُ المَأمُونِ‏

‏813 عَبدُ اللَّهِ المَأمُونُ يَتَقَلَّدُ خِلَافَةَ الدَّولَةِ العَبَّاسِيَّةِ وَيُعنَى بِالآدَابِ وَالعُلُومِ فَتَزدَهِرُ الحَرَكَةُ العِلمِيَّةُ وَالفِكرِيَّةُ فِي الإِسلَامِ (198 هـ)‏
813 Al-Ma'mun Becomes Caliph : 813 `Abdullah Al-Ma'mun becomes caliph and pays much of his attention to arts and sciences, causing tremendous advances in sciences and the Islamic intellectual life (198 A.H.)
‏815 مَعرَكَةُ النَّهرِ‏

‏815 الحَكَمُ بنُ هُشَامٍ يَهزِمُ الفِرِنجَةَ وَيَفتَحُ جَزِيرَةَ سَردِينيَا (200 هـ)‏
815 The Battle of Al-Nahr : 815 The Muslim fleet, under Al-Hakam bin Hisham, the Umayyad caliph in Andalusia defeats the Frankish army and conquers Sardinia (200 A.H.)
‏820 تَأسِيسُ الدَّولَةِ الطَّاهِرِيَّةِ‏

‏820 القَائِدُ طَاهِرُ بنُ الحُسَينِ يَقضِي عَلَى ثَورَةِ الخَوَارِجِ وَيُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةَ الطَّاهِرِيَّةَ الَّتِي حَكَمَت فِي خُرَاسَانَ حَتَّى 259 هـ/872 م (205 هـ)‏
820 Rise of the Tahirid Dynasty : 820 Commander Tahir bin Al-Husain eliminates the Kharijite revolution and establishes the Tahirid dynasty which ruled in Khurasan until 259 A.H.\872 A.D (205 A.H.)
‏836 تَأسِيسُ مَدِينَةِ سَامَرَّاءَ‏

‏836 الخَلِيفَةُ المُعتَصِمُ يَبنِي مَدِينَةَ سَامَرَّاءَ عَلَى ضِفَافِ دِجلَةَ فِي العِرَاقِ (221هـ)‏
836 Foundation of Samarra : 836 Caliph Al-Mu`tasim orders the building of the city of Samarra on River Tigris, in Iraq, and makes it the state capital (221 A.H.)
‏836 نَقلُ عَاصِمَةِ الخِلَافَةِ العَبَّاسِيَّةِ‏

‏836 الخَلِيفَةُ المُعتَصِمُ يَنقُلُ مَقَرَّ الخِلَافَةِ العَبَّاسِيَّةِ مِن بَغدَادَ إِلَى سَامَرَّاءَ (221 هـ)‏
836 Moving the Abbasid Capital : 836 The Abbasid caliph Al-Mu`tasim moves the state capital from Baghdad to Samarra (221 A.H.)
‏838 مَعرَكَةُ عَمُّورِيَّةَ‏

‏838 الخَلِيفَةُ المُعتَصِمُ يُحَطِّمُ الجَيشَ الرُّومَانِيَّ وَيَغزُو عَمُّورِيَّةَ مَسقَطَ رَأسِ الإِمبِرَاطُورِ الرُّومَانِيِّ (223 هـ)‏
838 The Battle of Amoriah : 838 Caliph Al-Mu`tasim lead a strong army and defeats the Romans and conquers Amoriah, the birthplace of the Roman emperor (223 A.H.)
‏868 تَأسِيسُ الدَّولَةِ الطُّولُونِيَّةِ‏

‏868 أَحمَدُ بنُ طُولُونَ يَستَقِلُّ عَن العَبَّاسِيِّينَ وَيُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةَ الطُّولُونِيَّةَ الَّتِي تَحكُمُ مِصرَ وَسُورِيَّا حَتَّى 292 هـ/905 م (254 هـ)‏
868 Rise of the Tulunid Dynasty : 868 Ahmad bin Tulun declares his independence from the Abbasid domination (254 A.H.)and founds the Tulunid dynasty which ruled in Egypt and Syria until 292 A.H.\905 A.D
‏868 قِيَامُ الدَّولَةِ الصَّفَّارِيَّةِ‏

‏868 يَعقُوبُ بنُ اللَّيثِ الصَّفَّارُ يُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةَ الصَّفَّارِيَّةَ فِي خُرَاسَانَ (254 هـ)‏
868 The Safarid Dynasty : 868 The Safarid dynasty is founded in Khurasan at the hands of Ya`qub bin Al-Laith Al-Saffar (254 A.H.)
‏874 قِيَامُ دَولَةِ السَّامَانِيِّينَ‏

‏874 إِسمَاعِيلُ بنُ أَحمَدَ يُوَطِّدُ مُلكَ الدَّولَةِ السَّامَانِيَّةِ فِي خُرَاسَانَ وَبِلَادِ مَا وَرَاءَ النَّهرِ (260 هـ)‏
874 Rise of the Samanid Dynasty : 874 Isma`il bin Ahmad establishes the rule of the Persian Samanid dynasty in Khurasan and Transoxiana (260-390 A.H.)
‏875 بِنَاءُ جَامِعَينِ كَبِيرَينِ‏

‏875 بِنَاءُ جَامِعِ أَحمَدَ بنِ طُولُونَ فِي الفُسطَاطِ، وَبِنَاءُ جَامِعِ شِيرَازَ الكَبِيرِ فِي إِيرَانَ (261هـ)‏
875 Two Great Mosques : 875 This year witnesses the building of two great mosques: Mosque of Ahmad bin Tulun in Fustat, Egypt and the Great Mosque of Shiraz, Iran (261 A.H.)
‏909 قِيَامُ الدَّولَةِ الفَاطِمِيَّةِ‏

‏909 عُبَيدُ اللَّهِ المَهدِيُّ يُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةَ الفَاطِمِيَّةَ فِي تُونُسَ ثُمَّ تَنتَقِلُ إِلَى مِصرَ (297 هـ)‏
909 Rise of the Fatimid Dynasty : 909 `Ubaidullah Al-Mahdi founds the Fatimid dynasty in Tunisia. Later, the state capital moves to Cairo, Egypt (297 A.H.)
‏929 الخِلَافَةُ الأُمَوِيَّةُ فِي الأَندَلُسِ‏

‏929 عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ (الثَّالِثُ) النَّاصِرُ يُعلِنُ قِيَامَ الخِلَافَةِ الأُمَوِيَّةِ فِي الأَندَلُسِ (316 هـ)‏
929 The Umayyad Caliphate in Andalusia : 929 `Abdul-Rahman III (Al-Nasir) establishes the Umayyad Caliphate in Andalusia (316 A.H.)
‏929 قِيَامُ دَولَةِ الحَمدَانِيِّينَ‏

‏929 حَمدَانُ بنُ حَمدُونٍ شَيخُ قَبِيلَةِ تَغلِبَ يُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةَ الحَمدَانِيَّةَ الَّتِي تَحكُمُ المَوصِلَ وَحَلَبَ (317 هـ)‏
929 Rise of the Hamdanid Dynasty : 929 Hamdan bin Hamdun, chieftain of the Taghlib tribe founds the Hamdanid dynasty which ruled in Mosul and Aleppo (317-394 A.H.)
‏932 قِيَامُ الدَّولَةِ البُوَيهِيَّةِ‏

‏932 أَبُو شُجَاعٍ بُوَيه يُعلِنُ قِيَامَ الدَّولَةِ البُوَيهِيَّةِ الَّتِي بَسَطَت سَيطَرَتَهَا عَلَى أَصفِهَانَ وَشِيرَازَ وَكَرمَانَ وَبَغدَادَ (320 هـ)‏
932 Rise of the Buyid Dynasty : 932 Abu Shuja` Buwaih establishes the Buyid dynasty which dominated Isfahan, Shiraz, Kerman and Baghdad (320 A.H.)
‏935 تَأسِيسُ الدَّولَةِ الإِخشِيدِيَّةِ‏

‏935 مُحَمَّدُ بنُ طُغجٍ يُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةَ الإِخشِيدِيَّةَ فِي مِصرَ وَسُورِيَّةَ (323 هـ)‏
935 Rise of the Ikhshidid Dynasty : 935 The Ikhshidid dynasty is founded in Egypt and Syria by Muhammad bin Tughj (323-358 A.H.)

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏962 قِيَامُ الدَّولَةِ الغَزنَوِيَّة‏

‏962 أَلب تِكِين يُؤَسِّسُ الدَّولَةَ الغَزنَوِيَّةَ فِي إِيرَانَ وَأَفغَانِستَانَ (351 هـ)‏
962 Rise of the Ghaznawids : 962 Alptegin, a Turkish commander, founds the Ghaznawid state in Iran and Afghanistan (351 A.H.)
‏969 الفَتحُ الفَاطِمِيُّ لِمِصرَ‏

‏969 جَوهَرٌ الصَّقَلِّيُّ قَائِدُ المُعِزِّ لِدِينِ اللَّهِ الفَاطِمِيِّ يَستَولِي عَلَى مِصرَ (358هـ)‏
969 The Fatimid Conquest of Egypt : 969 Jauhar Al-Siqilli, the Fatimid commander under Al-Mu`iz Li Din Allah, annexes Egypt to the Fatimid domination (358 A.H.)
‏970 تَأسِيسُ القَاهِرَةِ‏

‏970 القَائِدُ جَوهَرٌ يَبنِي القَاهِرَةَ، عَاصِمَةً لِلفَاطِمِيِّينَ، وَالجَامِعَ الأَزهَرَ (359 هـ)‏
970 Foundation of Cairo : 970 Commander Jauhar Al-Siqilli founds Cairo as the Fatimid capital, then establishes Al-Azhar Mosque (359 A.H.)
‏فَتحُ لِيبيَا 644‏

‏عَمرُو بنُ العَاصِ يَفتَحُ الأَقَالِيمَ السَّاحِلِيَّةَ اللِّيبِيَّةَ (بُرقَةَ وَطَرَابُلسَ) وَيُوَجِّهُ عُقبَةَ بنَ نَافِعٍ جَنُوبًا (23 هـ)‏
644 The Conquest of Libya : 644 `Amr bin Al-`As conquers Barca, Tripoli and other coastal cities of Libya, then dispatches `Uqbah bin Nafi` to conquer the southern cities (23 A.H.)

[أحمد سعد الدين]

معارك وفتوحات

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏حُرُوبُ الرِّدَّةِ (11 هـ/632 م)‏

‏سَيَّرَ أَبُو بَكرٍ الجُيُوشَ لِمُحَارَبَةِ المُرتَدِّينَ وَالمُمتَنِعِينَ عَن أَدَاءِ الزَّكَاةِ، فَخَاضَت مَعَارِكَ ضَارِيَةً اِنتَهَت بِالقَضَاءِ نِهَائِيًّا عَلَى حَرَكَةِ الرِّدَّةِ وَرُضُوخِ المُرتَدِّينَ.‏
The Wars against the Apostates (11 A.H./632 A.D.) : Abu Bakr set out many Muslim armies to confront the apostates and those who refused to pay the Zakah (alms). The Muslim forces, being well-deployed, were successful in completing their task and eliminating the apostates.
‏غَزوَةُ أُحُد (3 هـ/625 م)‏

‏تَوَجَّهَت قُرَيشٌ بِأَجنَادِهَا وَأَحلَافِهَا لِغَزوِ المُسلِمِينَ لِتَثأَرَ لِقَتلَاهَا فِي وَقعَةِ بَدرٍ وَالتَقَت مَعَهُم عَلَى سَفحِ جَبَلِ أُحُد وَاستَطَاعَ المُسلِمُونَ تَحقِيقَ النَّصرِ فِي البِدَايَةِ وَلَكِن عِندَمَا خَالَفُوا أَوَامِرَ الرَّسُولِ وَتَرَكُوا أَمَاكِنَهُم أَدَّى ذَلِكَ إِلَى حُدُوثِ ثَغرَةٍ فِي جَيشِ المُسلِمِينَ وَتَمَكَّنَ مِنهُم مُشرِكُو قُرَيشٍ.‏
The Battle of Uhud (3 A.H./625 A.D.) : The Quraish marched out of Mecca for revenge for their defeat at Badr. The Muslim army was encamped at Mount Uhud. The Muslims were victorious in the beginning, but when the archers left their positions, the tide of the battle turned, and the polytheists of the Quraish escaped the defeat.
‏غَزوَةُ الأَبوَاءِ (2 هـ/624 م)‏

‏تُعتَبَرُ هَذِهِ الغَزوَةُ أَوَّلَ غَزوَةٍ لِلرَّسُولِ يَغزُوهَا فِي الإِسلَامِ، وَقَد فُرِضَ الجِهَادُ فِي الإِسلَامِ لِأَحَدِ أَمرَينِ: إِمَّا لِلدِّفَاعِ عَن النَّفسِ وَالعِرضِ وَالمَالِ وَالوَطَنِ، وَإِمَّا لِلدِّفَاعِ عَن الدَّعوَةِ إِلَى اللَّهِ إِذَا وَقَفَ أَحَدٌ فِي سَبِيلِهَا بِتَعذِيبِ مَن آمَنَ بِهَا أَو بِصَدِّ مَن أَرَادَ الدُّخُولَ فِيهَا أَو بِمَنعِ الدَّاعِي مِن تَبلِيغِهَا قَالَ تَعَالَى "وَقَاتِلُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ الَّذِينَ يُقَاتِلُونَكُم وَلَا تَعتَدُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ المُعتَدِينَ"، وَقَد شُرِعَ الجِهَادُ فِي السَّنَةِ الثَّانِيَةِ مِن الهِجرَةِ بَعدَ أَن اِشتَدَّ أَذَى قُرَيشٍ لِلمُسلِمِينَ وَوُقُوفِهَا فِي طَرِيقِ الدَّعوَةِ لِلإِسلَامِ فَأَنزَلَ اللَّهُ آيَةَ تَشرِيعِ الجِهَادِ "أُذِنَ لِلَّذِينَ يُقَاتَلُونَ بِأَنَّهُم ظُلِمُوا وَإنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى نَصرِهِم لَقَدِيرٌ"، وَفِي تِلكَ السَّنَةِ خَرَجَ الرَّسُولُ مِن المَدِينَةِ غَازِيًا وَاستَعمَلَ عَلَى المَدِينَةِ سَعدَ بنَ عُبَادَة َ حَتَّى بَلَغَ ودان يُرِيدُ قُرَيشًا وَبَنِي ضَمرَةَ فَوَادَعَ بَنِي ضَمرَةَ ثُمَّ رَجَعَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ.‏
The Expedition of Al-Abwa' (2 A.H./624 A.D.) : This was the first expedition led by the Messenger in the Islamic era. Jihad [Fighting in the Cause of Allah] has been instituted by Islam for one of two reasons: first, to defend Muslims, their women, property or country; and second, to defend the Call to Allah if it is obstructed by someone; if the believers are persecuted; or if the preachers are impeded from conveying their call. Allah the Almighty says in the Holy Qur'an, "Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress limits; for Allah loveth not transgressors." (Surah Al-Baqarah, No. 2, verse 190). The obligation of Jihad was instituted in the second year after the Hijrah when the Quraish continued its hostility to the new religion, persecuting the believers and stopping in the way to the spread of Islam. The permission to fight was initialized by the Qur'anic verse, "To those against whom war is made, permission is given (to fight), because they are wronged; and verily, Allah is Most Powerful for the ir aid." (Surah Al-Hajj, No. 22, verse 39). The Prophet (peace be upon him) left Medina - appointing Sa`d bin `Ubadah as his deputy - and headed to the Quraish and Banu Damrah. He mad a treaty with the Banu Damrah.
‏غَزوَةُ الحُدَيبِيَةِ (6 هـ/628 م)‏

‏مَنَعَت قُرَيشٌ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِن دُخُولِ مَكَّةَ عِندَمَا جَاءَهَا مُعتَمِرًا وَمَعَهُ أَكثَرُ مِن 1400 مُسلِمٍ فَتَوَقَّفَ النَّبِيُّ فِي الحُدَيبِيَةِ وَأَرسَلَ عُثمَانَ لِلتَّفَاوُضِ مَعَهُمُ وَعِندَمَا تَأَخَّرَ عُثمَانُ عَن العَودَةِ ظَنَّ المُسلِمُونَ أَنَّ قَرَيشًا قَتَلَتهُ فَاستَعَدَّ الرَّسُولُ لِحَربِهِم فَبَايَعَهُ مَن مَعَهُ مِن المُسلِمِينَ عَلَى المَوتِ ثُمَّ مَا لَبِثَ أَن عَادَ عُثمَانُ وَتَمَّ الصُّلحُ مَعَ قُرَيشٍ.‏
The Expedition of Al-Hudaibiah (6 A.H./628 A.D.) : The Prophet (peace be upon him) and about 1400 of his followers headed for Mecca to perform `Umrah (Minor Pilgrimage). The polytheists of Mecca prepared to block the peaceful party from performing the `Umrah. The Prophet sent `Uthman bin `Affan as his envoy to the Quraish. However, the Quraish's capture of `Uthman led the Prophet (peace be upon him) to mobilize an army to fight them. Mediation efforts resulted in the Hudaibiah Treaty between the Quraish and Muhammad (peace be upon him).
‏غَزوَةُ الخَندَقِ (5 هـ/627 م)‏

‏وَفِيهَا جَمَعَت قُرَيشٌ أَحلَافَهَا وَأَحزَابَهَا مِن القَبَائِلِ وَقَدِمَت المَدِينَةَ بِجَيشٍ عَظِيمٍ، وَقَد اِنضَمَّ إِلَيهَا يَهُودُ بَنِي قُرَيظَةَ وَلَم يَتَمَكَّن أَحَدٌ مِن اِقتِحَامِ المَدِينَةِ، وَصَدَّهُم عَنهَا خَندَقٌ حَفَرَهُ المُسلِمُونَ حَولَهَا.‏
The Battle of Al-Khandaq (the Trench) (5 A.H./627 A.D.) : The Quraish launched another attack on Medina to suppress the rising power of the Prophet and his followers. They allied with several Arab tribes in Hijaz. The Muslims dug a trench at the northern edge of Medina to protect the city. The polytheists could not penetrate the trench and went back in failure.
‏غَزوَةُ السَّوِيقِ (ذُو الحِجَّةِ 2 هـ)‏

‏بَلَغَ النَّبِيَّ أَنَّ أَبَا سُفيَانَ جَهَّزَ حَملَةً لِحَربِ المُسلِمِينَ وَالِانتِقَامِ مِنهُم لِوَقعَةِ بَدرٍ، فَخَرَجَ النَّبِيُّ لِطَلَبِهِ حَتَّى إِذَا بَلَغَ (قرقرة الكدر) كَانَ أَبُو سُفيَانَ قَد عَادَ بِقَومِهِ إِلَى مَكَّةَ وَطَرَحَ صَحبُهُ مَا كَانُوا يَحمِلُونَ مِن سَوِيقٍ (زَادٍ) لِيَتَخَفَّفُوا مِنهُ طَلَبًا فِي النَّجَاةِ.‏
The Expedition of Al-Sawiq (2 A.H.) : It was reported to the Messenger that Abu Sufyan was preparing to attack the Muslims to take revenge after the defeat of the Quraish at the Battle of Badr. The Prophet made his preparation to meet them but when he reached Qarqarat Al-Kadr, he found that Abu Sufyan and his troops had retreated back to Mecca, leaving behind some of their provisions.
‏غَزوَةُ بَدر (2 هـ/624 م)‏

‏أَمَرَ الرَّسُولُ فِي العَامِ الثَّانِي لِلهِجرَةِ بِاعتِرَاضِ قَافِلَةٍ لِقُرَيشٍ مَارَّةٍ بِنَاحِيَةِ المَدِينَةِ نَظَرًا لِتَعَسُّفِهِم الشَّدِيدِ مَعَ المُسلِمِينَ، فَجَهَّزَت قُرَيشٌ أَلفَ مُقَاتِلٍ وَخَرَجَت بِهِم نَاحِيَةَ الشَّمَالِ لِمُلَاقَاةِ المُسلِمِينَ بِبَدرٍ، عَلَى الرَّغمِ مِن أَنَّ جَيشَ قُرَيشٍ بَلَغَ ثَلَاثَةَ أَضعَافِ المُسلِمِينَ إِلَّا أَنَّ المُسلِمِينَ اِنتَصَرُوا عَلَى قُرَيشٍ اِنتِصَارًا عَظِيمًا.‏
The Battle of Badr (2 A.H./624 A.D.) : The Battle of Badr took place between the Quraish and the Muslims near the Well of Badr, which was located near Mecca. The Prophet decided that interrupting the trade of the Quraish would be an effective counterattack to their aggression against Muslims. He commanded the capture of a Quraish trade caravan passing near Medina, but the leader of the caravan, Abu Sufyan, managed to escape and called for assistance. The Quraish gathered over one thousand soldiers who marched north to confront the Muslims at Badr. Though the army of the Quraish was three times the size of the Muslim army, they were defeated and the Muslims achieved a glorious victory.
‏غَزوَةُ بَنِي قُرَيظَةَ (5 هـ/627 م)‏

‏تَوَجَّهَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِغَزوِ بَنِي قُرَيظَةَ لِنَقضِهِم عَهدَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِمُحَالَفَتِهِم قُرَيشًا فَحَاصَرَهُم فَاستَسلَمُوا وَطَلَبُوا أَن يَنزِلُوا عَلَى حُكمِ حَلِيفِهِم سَعدِ بنِ مُعَاذٍ فَقَضَى بِقَتلِ رِجَالِهِم وَسَبيِ نِسَائِهِم وَذَرَارِيهِم.‏
The Battle of Banu Quraizhah (5 A.H./627 A.D.) : The Messenger (peace be upon him) launched this battle to take revenge on the Banu Quraizhah who betrayed the Messenger and allied with the Quraish at the Battle of the Trench. The Messenger attacked and seized them. They were obliged to surrender and agree on the verdict of Sa`d bin Mu`adh - who was their ally. Sa`d's verdict was to kill their warriors and capture their women and children.
‏غَزوَةُ تَبُوك (9 هـ/630 م)‏

‏جَهَّزَ الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ جَيشًا كَبِيرًا وَسَارَ بِهِ نَحوَ مُؤتَةَ يُرِيدُ أَن يَثأَرَ لِمَا حَلَّ بِالمُسلِمِينَ فِيهَا، وَلَمَّا وَصَلَ هَذَا الجَيشُ الكَبِيرُ إِلَى مَدِينَةِ تَبُوك وَعَسكَرَ فِيهَا وَعَلِمَ الرُّومُ بِقُدُومِهِ رَاعَهُم لِقَاءُ هَذَا الجَيشِ الكَبِيرِ وَتَحَصَّنُوا دَاخِلَ بِلَادِهِمُ، فَاكتَفَى الرَّسُولُ بِمَا أَحدَثَهُ مِن رَهبَةٍ دَاخِلَ قُلُوبِ الرُّومِ، وَعَقَدَ بَعضَ المُعَاهَدَاتِ مَعَ مُدُنِ الحُدُودِ عَلَى أَن يَبقَوا فِي أَرَاضِيهِم وَلَهُم حُرِّيَةُ العِبَادَةِ فِي مُقَابِلِ أَن يَدفَعُوا الجِزيَةَ.‏
The Battle of Tabuk (9 A.H./630 A.D.) : The Prophet (peace be upon him) gathered a great army and marched to Mu'tah. The army arrived at Tabuk and camped there. When the Byzantines were informed about this powerful army, they feared to encounter it and preferred to seek the protection inside their forts. Having intimidated the enemy and displayed the Muslim power, the Prophet (peace be upon him) concluded some treaties with bordering cities to the effect that they would stay in their land and enjoy freedom of religion in return for paying Jizyah [Tribute]. Then the Prophet went triumphantly back to Medina.
‏غَزوَةُ حُنَينٍ (8 هـ/630 م)‏

‏التَقَى المُسلِمُونَ بِقِيَادَةِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَهَوَازِن بِقِيَادَةِ مَالِكِ بنِ عَوفٍ فِي وَادِي حُنَينٍ، فِي بِدَايَةِ المَعرَكَةِ كَادَ المُسلِمُونَ أَن يَنهَزِمُوا لَولَا ثَبَاتُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَأَصحَابِهِ، وَانتَهَت المَعرَكَةُ بِانتِصَارِ المُسلِمِينَ نَصرًا مُبِينًا.‏
The Battle of Hunain (8 A.H./630 A.D.) : The Muslims, commanded by the Prophet, fought the Hawazin, commanded by Malik bin `Auf, at the Valley of Hunain. At first the Muslims were about to be defeated. However, the Prophet and the true believers proved patient and steadfast in fight, and they were victorious in the end.
‏غَزوَةُ خَيبَر (7 هـ/628 م)‏

‏تَوَجَّهَ الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِغَزوِ يَهُودِ خَيبَر لِإِثَارَتِهِم الأَعرَابَ عَلَى المُسلِمِينَ فَفَتَحَهَا ثُمَّ صَالَحَ أَهلَهَا وَأَبقَاهُم فِي أَرَاضِيهِم عَلَى أَن يَدفَعُوا لَهُ الجِزيَةَ.‏
The Battle of Khaibar (7 A.H./628 A.D.) : The Prophet (peace be upon him) marched to the Jews at Khaibar because they incited some tribes against the Muslims. He conquered their city and concluded a treaty with the Jews of Khaibar to the effect that they would stay in their lands in return for paying Jizyah [tribute].
‏غَزوَةُ دَومَةِ الجَندَلِ(5 هـ/627 م)‏

‏وَصَلَ إِلَى عِلمِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّ بِدَومَةِ الجَندَلِ جَمعًا عَظِيمًا يُرهِبُونَ مَن يَمُرُّ بِهِم، فَخَرَجَ الرَّسُولُ بِأَلفٍ مِن المُسلِمِينَ حَتَّى وَصَلَ إِلَيهِمُ فَلَمَّا بَلَغَهَا تَفَرَّقَت الجُمُوعُ وَعَادَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ.‏
The Battle of Daumat Al-Jandal (5 A.H./627 A.D.) : The Prophet was informed that some troops were attacking anyone who passed through Daumat Al-Jandal, so he went there with a thousand Muslims to fight them, but they fled away and the Messenger returned back to Medina.
‏غَزوَةُ ذَاتِ الرِّقَاعِ (4 هـ/625 م)‏

‏وَفِيهَا تَوَجَّهَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِحَملَةٍ لِغَزوِ قَبِيلَتَي غَطفَانَ وَبَنِي سُلَيمٍ لِغَدرِهِم بِبَعثَةٍ كَانَ النَّبِيُّ أَرسَلَهَا إِلَى نَجد لِتَعلِيمِ أَهلِهَا شَعَائِرَ الإِسلَامِ فَقَتَلُوا أَكثَرَهَا وَلَم يَكُن بَينَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَبَينَهُم قِتَالٌ فِي تِلكَ الغَزوَةِ.‏
The Battle of Dhat Al-Riqa` (4 A.H./625 A.D.) : The Prophet commanded an expedition to the tribes of Ghatfan and Banu Sulaim as a reaction for their killing of most of the teaching mission he sent to them. Warriors of the two parties met but no fight took place.
‏غَزوَةُ ذَاتِ السَّلَاسِلِ (12 هـ/633 م)‏

‏سَارَ الجَيشُ المُسلِمُ بِقِيَادَةِ خَالِدِ بنِ الوَلِيدِ إِلَى العِرَاقِ وَالتَقَى فِي الكَاظِمَةِ بِجَيشِ الفُرسِ بِقِيَادَةِ هُرمُز وَفِيهَا اِنتَصَرَ المُسلِمُونَ.‏
The Battle of Dhat Al-Salasil (12 A.H./633 A.D.) : The Muslim army under the command of Khalid bin Al-Walid marched to Iraq and defeated the Persians under the command of Hurmuz.
‏غَزوَةُ مُؤتَة (8 هـ/630 م)‏

‏أَرسَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ كِتَابًا إِلَى شُرَحبِيل أَمِيرِ غَسَّان يَدعُوهُ إِلَى الإِسلَامِ فَهَزَأَ شُرَحبِيلُ مِن كِتَابِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَقَتَلَ سَفِيرَهُ الحَارِثَ بنَ عُمَيرٍ مِمَّا دَفَعَ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِلَى تَجهِيزِ حَملَةٍ لِلرَّدِّ عَلَى هَذَا الِاعتِدَاءِ السَّافِرِ، فَاستَنجَدَ الغَسَاسِنَةُ بِالرُّومِ وَفِي هَذِهِ المَعرَكَةِ التَقَى المُسلِمُونَ بِقِيَادَةِ زَيدِ بنِ حَارِثَةَ بِجَيشِ الرُّومِ الَّذِي أَتَى لِنَجدَةِ شُرَحبِيل أَمِيرِ غَسَّانَ، وَفِي المَعرَكَةِ قُتِلَ زَيدُ بنُ حَارِثَةَ فَخَلَفَهُ جَعفَرُ بنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ ثُمَّ عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ رَوَاحَةَ فَقُتِلَا فَانسَحَبَ المُسلِمُونَ مِن المَعرَكَةِ بِخُطَّةٍ تَوَلَّى خَالِدُ بنُ الوَلِيدِ تَنفِيذَهَا.‏
The Battle of Mu'tah (8 A.H./630 A.D.) : The Prophet (peace be upon him) sent a message to the Ghassanid governor Shurahbil calling him to Islam. Shurahbil, however, mocked the message and killed the Prophet's messenger Al-Harith bin `Umair. In response to this brutal aggression, the Prophet (peace be upon him) sent Zaid bin Harithah at the head of an army to the Ghassanids, who asked the help of the Byzantines and were supported with a powerful army. The battle was fought in Mu'tah. Zaid bin Harithah was killed and was replaced by `Abdullah bin Rawahah and Ja`far bin Abi Talib who were also killed. Khalid bin Al-Walid voluntarily took command of the Muslim army and immediately realized that resuming the battle would mean the ruin of the Muslims. A skillful plan for withdrawal was quickly implemented.
‏فَتحُ إِفرِيقِيَّةَ (تُونُس) (50 هـ/670 م)‏

‏بَعدَ أَن غَزَا عَدَدًا مِن تُخُومِ السُّودَانِ سَارَ عُقبَةُ بنُ نَافِعٍ إِلَى إِفرِيقِيَّةَ عَلَى رَأسِ جَيشٍ مُكَوَّنٍ مِن عَشَرَةِ آلَافِ مُقَاتِلٍ وَتَوَغَّلَ فِيهَا دُونَ مُقَاوَمَةٍ حَتَّى وَادِي القَيرَوَانِ حَيثُ بَنَى مَدِينَةَ القَيرَوَانِ.‏
Conquest of Ifriqiyah (Tunisia) (50 A.H./670 A.D.) : After a series of successful raids in Sudan, `Uqbah bin Nafi` led a Muslim army of ten thousand warriors, and headed to Ifriqiyah (Tunisia). Irresistibly advancing, he stopped at the Qairawan Valley, where he built the city of Qairawan.
‏فَتحُ الأَسكَندَرِيَّةِ (21 هـ/641 م)‏

‏دَخَلَ المُسلِمُونَ إِلَى الأَسكَندَرِيَّةِ تَنفِيذًا لِمُعَاهَدَةِ بَابِليُونَ وَخَرَجَ جَيشُ الرُّومِ مِنهَا وَبَسَطَ المُسلِمُونَ سَيطَرَتَهُم عَلَى مِصرَ.‏
Conquest of Alexandria (21 A.H./641 A.D.) : The Babylon Treaty stipulated the handing of Alexandria over to the Muslims. The Byzantine forces left Alexandria and the whole of Egypt fell to the Muslims.
‏فَتحُ الجَزَائِرِ (58 هـ/678 م)‏

‏خَرَجَ أَبُو المهاجرِ دِينَارٌ أَمِيرُ إِفرِيقِيَّةَ لِحَربِ قَبِيلَةِ (أوربة) الَّتِي يَتَزَعَّمُهَا (كُسَيلَة) وَالَّتِي كَانَت تُقَاوِمُ الفَتحَ الإِسلَامِيَّ بِتَحرِيضٍ مِن البِيزَنطِيِّينَ وَهَاجَمَ مَرَاكِزَهَا فِي المَغرِبِ الأَوسَطِ فَطَلَبَ كُسَيلَةُ الصُّلحَ وَأَعلَنَ إِسلَامَهُ فَتَقَدَّمَ أَبُو المهاجرِ وَاستَولَى عَلَى تِلِمسَان وَحَطَّمَ الحِلفَ بَينَ البَربَرِ وَالبِيزَنطِيِّينَ.‏
Conquest of Algeria (58 A.H./678 A.D.) : Abu Al-Muhajir Dinar, Emir of Ifriqiyah (Tunisia), went to fight the Berber tribe of Urbah, which was motivated by the Byzantines to stop Muslim conquests in Africa. The tribe's chief, however, peacefully surrendered and embraced Islam. Abu Al-Muhajir then advanced, seized Tlemcen, and ruined the Berber-Byzantine alliance.
‏فَتحُ السِّندِ (89 هـ/708 م)‏

‏وَجَّهَ الحَجَّاجُ صِهرَهُ مُحَمَّدَ بنَ القَاسِمِ الثَّقَفِيَّ لِفَتحِ السِّندِ وَأَمَدَّهُ بِسِتَّةِ آلَافٍ مِن جُندِ الشَّامِ إِضَافَةً إِلَى جَيشِهِ فَزَحَفَ إِلَى مكران فَفَتَحَهَا وَمَا بَعدَهَا وَقَاتَلَ دَاهِرًا مَلِكَ السِّندِ فَقَتَلَهُ ثُمَّ وَاصَلَ زَحفَهُ فِي نَوَاحِي السِّندِ وَانبَسَطَت يَدُهُ فِي البِلَادِ فَتحًا وَتَنظِيمًا.‏
Conquest of Sind (89 A.H./708 A.D.) : Al-Hajjaj, governor of Iraq, directed an army under the leadership of Muhammad bin Al-Qasim Al-Thaqafi to conquer Sind (in India). Muhammad crossed Makran (Baluchistan), defeated Dahir the King of Sind, invaded the Indus Valley, and conquered Sind.
‏فَتحُ القُسطَنطِينِيَّةِ (857 هـ/1453 م)‏

‏وَفِيهَا اِستَطَاعَ السُّلطَانُ العُثمَانِيُّ مُحَمَّدُ الفَاتِحُ هَزِيمَةَ البِيزَنطِيِّينَ والِاستِيلَاءَ عَلَى القُسطَنطِينِيَّةِ عَاصِمَةِ الدَّولَةِ البِيزَنطِيَّةِ.‏
Conquest of Constantinople (857 A.H./1453 A.D.) : On the 29th of May 1453 A.D., the fall of Constantinople was the greatest enterprise undertaken during the reign of Sultan Mehmet II (known as Mehmet the Conqueror).

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏فَتحُ بُخَارَى (89 هـ/709 م)‏

‏كَانَ قُتَيبَةُ بنُ مُسلِمٍ أَمِيرًا عَلَى خُرَاسَانَ فَتَأَهَّبَ لِغَزوِ مَا وَرَاءَ النَّهرِ فَتَوَغَّلَ فِيهَا وَافتَتَحَ كَثِيرًا مِن المَدَائِنِ كَخَوَارِزم وَسَجِستَان وَبُخَارَى وَسَمَرقَندَ بَعدَ مَعَارِكَ ضَارِيَةٍ، وَغَزَا أَطرَافَ الصِّينِ وَضَرَبَ عَلَيهَا الجِزيَةَ حَتَّى أَذعَنَت لَهُ بِلَادُ مَا وَرَاءَ النَّهرِ كُلُّهَا.‏
Conquest of Bukhara (89 A.H./709 A.D.) : Bukhara, Chorasmia, Sijistan, Samarkand and other Transoxiana cities were all conquered by Qutaibah bin Muslim, Emir of Khurasan. He won one battle after the other until the whole region became Muslim territories; then he advanced until he reached the borders of China.
‏فَتحُ بَيتِ المَقدِسِ (583 هـ/1187 م)‏

‏حَاصَرَ صَلَاحُ الدِّينِ القُدسَ بَعدَ وَقعَةِ حِطِّين فَاستَسلَمَت لَهُ بَعدَ حِصَارٍ دَامَ خَمسَةَ أَيَّامٍ فَدَخَلَهَا وَأَخرَجَ مِنهَا الصَّلِيبِيِّينَ دُون أَن يَمسَسهُم بُسُوءٍ عَلَى عَكسِ مَا فَعَلُوا حِينَ اِستَولَوا عَلَى القُدسِ فِي الحَربِ الصَّلِيبِيَّةِ الأُولَى.‏
Conquest of Jerusalem (583 A.H./1187 A.D.) : Shortly after his sweeping victory at Hattin, Saladin (Salah Al-Din Al-Ayyubi) conquered Jerusalem following a five-day siege. He drove the Crusaders out and entered the city peacefully doing harm to nobody, in contrary to what the Crusaders had done when they first invaded Jerusalem.
‏فَتحُ خُرَاسَانَ (29 هـ/649 م)‏

‏فَتَحَ الجَيشُ المُسلِمُ خُرَاسَانَ بِقِيَادَةِ الأَحنَفِ بنِ قَيسٍ الَّذِي هَزَمَ الفُرسَ وَطَارَدَ مَلِكَهُم يِزدِجِرد بنَ شَهرَيَار.‏
Conquest of Khurasan (29 A.H./649 A.D.) : The Muslim army, under the command of Al-Ahnaf bin Qais, conquered Khurasan after defeating the Persian forces. Al-Ahnaf then chased the Persian King Yezdigird III.
‏فَتحُ رودس (193 هـ/809 م)‏

‏كَانَ عَلَى يَدِ حميد بنِ مَعيُوفٍ أَمِيرِ سَوَاحِلِ الشَّامِ وَمِصرَ وَالَّذِي قَادَ الأُسطُولَ الإِسلَامِيَّ فِي البَحرِ المُتَوَسِّطِ فَغَزَا جَزِيرَةَ قُبرُص لِنَقضِهَا الصُّلحَ المُبرَمَ بَينَهُمَا ثُمَّ غَزَا جَزِيرَتَي كرِيت ورُودس.‏
Conquest of Rhodes (193 A.H./809 A.D.) : Having violated an earlier peace treaty signed with the Muslims, Cyprus was once more subject to Muslim conquest. Humaid bin Ma`yuf Al-Hamdani, commander of the Muslim fleet in the Mediterranean, led successful raids on Cyprus, Crete and Rhodes in 193 A.H.
‏فَتحُ سَمَرقَندَ (93 هـ/712 م)‏

‏وَفقًا لِخُطَّةٍ وَضَعَهَا لِضَمِّ بِلَادِ مَا وَرَاءَ النَّهرِ تَقَدَّمَ قُتَيبَةُ بنُ مُسلِمٍ نَحوَ خَوَارِزمَ لِيَفتَحَهَا فَصَالَحَهُ مَلِكُهَا ثُمَّ وَاصَلَ زَحفَهُ إِلَى بِلَادِ الصغد فَفَتَحَ سَمَرقَندَ وَصَالَحَ أَهلَهَا.‏
Conquest of Samarkand (93 A.H./712 A.D.) : Samarkand was annexed to Muslim territories in Asia by Qutaibah bin Muslim after the surrender of its king.
‏فَتحُ قَيسَارِيَّة (104 هـ/723 م)‏

‏فَتَحَهَا عُثمَانُ بنُ حيان المري عِندَمَا قَامَ بِغَزوِ الرُّومِ فِي عَهدِ يَزِيدَ بنِ عَبدِ المَلِكِ.‏
Conquest of Caesarea (104 A.H./723 A.D.) : Caesarea was conquered by `Uthman bin Haiyan Al-Murri during the caliphate of Yazid bin `Abdul-Malik.
‏فَتحُ قَيسَارِيَّة (19 هـ/640 م)‏

‏فَتَحَ مُعَاوِيَةُ بنُ أَبِي سُفيَانَ قَيسَارِيَّةَ بَعدَ حِصَارٍ دَامَ سِتَّةَ أَشهُرٍ.‏
Conquest of Caesarea, Palestine (19 A.H./640 A.D.) : The Muslim army, under the command of Mu`awiah bin Abi Sufyan, conquered Caesarea after a six-month siege.
‏فَتحُ لِيبيَا (23 هـ/644 م)‏

‏اِستَولَى عَمرُو بنُ العَاصِ عَلَى الأَقَالِيمِ السَّاحِلِيَّةِ اللِّيبِيَّةِ (بَرقَةَ وَطَرَابُلس) وَوَجَّهَ عُقبَةَ بنَ نَافِعٍ جَنُوبًا إِلَى مِنطَقَةِ الوَاحَاتِ فَفَتَحَ فَزَّانَ وَزُوَيلَةَ.‏
Conquest of Libya (23 A.H./644 A.D.) : The Muslim army, under `Amr bin Al-`As, conquered Barca, Tripoli and other coastal cities of Libya. Then `Amr dispatched `Uqbah bin Nafi` to conquer the southern cities.
‏فَتحُ مَا وَرَاءَ النَّهرِ (54 هـ/673 م)‏

‏قَطَعَ عُبَيدُ اللَّهِ بنُ زِيَادٍ أَمِيرُ العِرَاقِ وَالمَشرِقِ نَهرَ جيحون إِلَى بُخَارَى وَفَتَحَ (راميثتة) و(بيكند) وَكَانَ أَوَّلَ عَرَبِيٍّ يَقطَعُ النَّهرَ، وَفِي عَامِ 87 هـ تَمَّ فَتحُ بِلَادِ مَا وَرَاءَ النَّهرِ عَلَى يَدِ قُتَيبَةَ بنِ مُسلِمٍ فِي عَهدِ الخَلِيفَةِ اَلوَلِيدِ بنِ عَبدِ المَلِكِ، وَامتَدَّت فُتُوحَاتُ المُسلِمِينَ فِي بِلَادِ مَا وَرَاءَ النَّهرِ حَتَّى وَصَلَت إِلَى دِلتَا نَهرِ جيحون ثُمَّ قَادَ مَسلَمَةُ بنُ عَبدِ المَلِكِ الجُيُوشَ الإِسلَامِيَّةَ وَفَتَحَ أَذرَبِيجَانَ مِمَّا مَهَّدَ الطَّرِيقَ لِانتِشَارِ الإِسلَامِ فِي تِلكَ البِلَادِ وَفَتحِ طُرُقِ التِّجَارَةِ مَعَ الصِّينِ.‏
Conquest of Transoxiana (54 A.H./673 A.D.) : `Ubaidullah bin Ziad, Emir of Iraq and Muslim territories in the East, crossed the Oxus River and conquered some cities in Bukhara (southern Uzbekistan). He was the first Arab to cross the Oxus River. Transoxiana was further conquered in 87 A.H., by Qutaibah bin Muslim, commander of the Muslim army during the reign of the Caliph Al-Walid bin `Abdul-Malik. Arab conquests in Transoxiana reached the delta of the Oxus River. Maslamah, the caliph's brother, led the armies toward the northeast and conquered Azerbaijan. With these conquests, Islam and Arabic gained considerable ground, and trade routes with China were also opened.
‏فَتحُ مَكَّةَ (8 هـ/630 م)‏

‏بَعدَ نَقضِ قُرَيشٍ لِعَهدِهَا مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ جَهَّزَ الرَّسُولُ جَيشًا مِن عَشَرَةِ آلَافٍ لِفَتحِ مَكَّةَ، فَفُتِحَت مَكَّةُ مِن غَيرِ قِتَالٍ يُذكَرُ وَعَفَا الرَّسُولُ عَن أَهلِهَا، وَطَافَ بِالكَعبَةِ وَحَطَّمَ الأَصنَامَ.‏
Conquest of Mecca (8 A.H./630 A.D.) : The Quraish revoked the armistice they had previously signed with the Prophet (peace be upon him). In response, ten thousand of the Prophet's followers marched to Mecca. Witnessing the power of the Muslims, the chiefs of Mecca surrendered and no fight took place. The Prophet granted amnesty to the Quraish, circumambulated the Ka`bah and demolished all idols.
‏مَعرَكَةُ أَجنَادِينَ (13 هـ/634 م)‏

‏التَقَى المُسلِمُونَ بِقِيَادَةِ خَالِدِ بنِ الوَلِيدِ مَعَ الرُّومِ بِقِيَادَةِ أرطبون فِي مَعرَكَةٍ ضَارِيَةٍ اِنتَهَت بِهَزِيمَةِ الرُّومِ.‏
The Battle of Ajnadin (13 A.H./634 A.D.) : The Muslim army under the command of Khalid bin Al-Walid met the Byzantine forces in a fierce battle in Palestine that ended with the victory of the Muslims.
‏مَعرَكَةُ أَنقَرَة (805 هـ/1402 م)‏

‏دَبَّت الخِلَافَاتُ بَينَ السُّلطَانِ المَغُولِيِّ تَيمُورلَنك وَسَلَاطِينَ العُثمَانِيِّينَ مُنذُ مَطلَعِ القَرنِ التَّاسِعِ الهِجرِيِّ مِمَّا دَفَعَ تَيمُورلَنك إِلَى قِيَادَةِ حَملَةٍ ضِدَّ السُّلطَانِ العُثمَانِيِّ بَايَزِيد الثَّانِي وَدَارَت بَينَهُمَا مَعرَكَةُ أَنقَرَة وَالَّتِي اِنتَهَت بِهَزِيمَةِ السُّلطَانِ العُثمَانِيِّ بَايَزِيدَ الثَّانِي وَأَسرِهِ ثُمَّ تَمَّ عَقدُ صُلحٍ بَينَهُمَا.‏
The Battle of Ankara (805 A.H./1402 A.D.) : Beginning in 804 A.H./1402 A.D., conflicts arose between Timur and the Ottoman Sultans. These conflicts reached their peak at the decisive Battle of Ankara, which he led against Sultan Bayezid II, who was defeated and captured along with his son and some of his commanders. Later, a compromise was reached.
‏مَعرَكَةُ الأَرَكِ (591 هـ/1195 م)‏

‏بَعدَ أَن أَثَارَ البَابَا أنوسنت الثَّالِثُ حَمَاسَ المَسِيحِيِّينَ ضِدَّ مُسلِمِي الأَندَلُسِ التَقَى يَعقُوبُ بنُ عَبدِ المُؤمِنِ المُوَحِّدِي مَلِكُ المَغرِبِ مَعَ أَلفُونسُو الثَّامِنِ مَلِكِ قَشتَالَةَ الصَّلِيبِيِّ فِي مَعرَكَةٍ عَظِيمَةٍ عِندَ مَوقِعٍ يُعرَفُ بِالأَرَكِ اِنتَهَت بِهَزِيمَةِ الجَيشِ الصَّلِيبِيِّ هَزِيمَةً مُنكَرَةً وَاستِردَادِ المُسلِمِينَ لِبَعضِ الحُصُونِ بَعدَ أَربَعِينَ عَامًا مِن اِحتِلَالِهَا.‏
The Battle of Alarco (591 A.H./1195 A.D.) : A decisive battle in which Ya`qub bin `Abdul-Mu'min, the Almohad king, defeated Alfonso VIII, Castilian king, at Alarco and restored four Muslim cities after forty years of occupation.
‏مَعرَكَةُ الجَمَلِ (36 هـ/656 م)‏

‏عِندَمَا رَفَضَ طَلحَةُ بنُ عُبَيدِ اللَّهِ وَالزُّبَيرُ بنُ العَوَّامِ وَالسَّيِّدَةُ عَائِشَةُ مُبَايَعَةَ عَلِيِّ بنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ بِالخِلَافَةِ اِتَّجَهُوا إِلَى اَلبَصرَةِ حَيثُ وَجَدُوا مَن يُسَانِدُهُمُ بَينَمَا حَشَدَ عَلِيُّ بنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ أَنصَارَهُ مِن أَهلِ الكُوفَةِ واتَّجَهَ إِلَى البَصرَةِ وَهُنَاكَ وَقَعَت مَعرَكَةُ الجَمَلِ وَانتَصَرَ فِيهَا عَلِيُّ بنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ عَلَى مُعَارِضِيهِ بَعدَ مَقتَلِ طَلحَةَ وَالزُّبَيرِ بَينَمَا أُعِيدَت السَّيِّدَةُ عَائِشَةُ مُكَرَّمَةً إِلَى مَكَّةَ.‏
The Battle of the Camel (36 A.H./656 A.D.) : Talhah bin `Ubaidullah and Al-Zubair bin Al-`Auwam, along with `A'ishah, rejected `Ali bin Abi Talib's claim to the caliphate and went to Basra, where they found support for their cause. `Ali, supported by the people of Kufa, headed for Basra and fought them in the Battle of the Camel. `Ali won the battle, and Al-Zubair and Talhah were killed. As for `A'ishah, she was escorted back to Mecca with all due respect.
‏مَعرَكَةُ الرَّيدَانِيَّةِ (930 هـ/1517 م)‏

‏بَعدَ اِستِيلَائِهِ عَلَى الشَّامِ مِن المَمَالِيكِ تَقَدَّمَ السُّلطَانُ العُثمَانِيُّ سَلِيمُ الأَوَّلُ نَحوَ مِصرَ حَيثُ وَاجَهَ مُقَاوَمَةً صَلبَةً مِن الجَيشِ المَملُوكِيِّ بِقِيَادَةِ طُومَان بَاي وَلَكِنَّهُ اِستَطَاعَ أَن يَهزِمَهُم فِي مَوقِعَةِ الرَّيدَانِيَّةِ لِيُعلِنَ بِذَلِكَ سُقُوطَ دَولَةِ المَمَالِيكِ.‏
The Battle of Al-Raidaniyah (930 A.H./1517 A.D.) : Following his remarkable victory in Marj Dabiq, Sultan Selim I proceeded towards Egypt in 1517 A.D. At Al-Raidaniyah, he faced uncompromising resistance by Tuman-Bay, the last Mamluk sultan, who proved himself a brave knight, but victory went to Selim I.
‏مَعرَكَةُ الزَّابِ الكُبرَى (132 هـ/749 م)‏

‏وَقَعَت بَينَ عَبدِ اللَّهِ بنِ عَلِيٍّ العَبَّاسِيِّ (عَمِّ الخَلِيفَةِ السَّفَّاحِ) وَمَروَانَ بنِ مُحَمَّدٍ الخَلِيفَةِ الأُمَوِيِّ حَيثُ تَصَاوَلَ الجَيشَانِ فِي الزَّابِ بَينَ المُوصِلِ وَإِربِل فَانهَزَمَ جَيشُ مَروَانَ فَفَرَّ إِلَى مِصرَ وَقُتِلَ فِي مَدِينَةِ بُوصِير فَكَانَ آخِرَ مُلُوكِ بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ فِي الشَّامِ.‏
The Battle of The Grand Zab (132 A.H./749 A.D.) : The Zab is a place between Mosul and Irbil where `Abdullah bin `Ali, an Abbasid propagator, defeated Marwan bin Muhammad, the last Umayyad caliph in Syria. Marwan fled to Egypt, signaling the end of the Umayyad dynasty and the rise of the Abbasid State.
‏مَعرَكَةُ الزَّلَّاقَةِ (479 هـ/1086 م)‏

‏رَدًّا لِجُيُوشِ حَرَكَةِ الِاستِردَادِ الزَّاحِفَةِ مِن طُلَيطِلَةَ قَادَ الأَمِيرُ يُوسُفُ بنُ تاشفين جَيشًا كَبِيًرا عَبَرَ بِهِ البَحرَ المُتَوَسِّطَ إِلَى الأَندَلُسِ وَاصطَدَمَ بِجَيشِ الفِرِنجَةِ تَحتَ قِيَادَةِ أَلفُونسُو السَّادِسِ فِي مَعرَكَةٍ ضَارِيَةٍ بِمَكَانٍ يُدعَى الزَّلَّاقَة بِالقُربِ مِن مَدِينَةِ بَطَليُوس وَاشتَرَكَ فِيهَا ثَلَاثَةَ عَشَرَ مَلِكًا مِن مُلُوكِ الأَندَلُسِ وَانتَصَرَ فِيهَا المُسلِمُونَ.‏
The Battle of Al-Zallaqah (479 A.H./1086 A.D.) : In this year, Emir Yusuf bin Tashfin crossed the Mediterranean with a powerful army and set out for Andalusia to deter the advance of the Christian Restoration Movement. Yusuf defeated the Christian forces under the leadership of Alfonso VI at the Battle of Al-Zallaqah, and then returned to the Maghrib.
‏مَعرَكَةُ السَّوَاقِي (94 هـ/713 م)‏

‏تَقَدَّمَ مُوسَى بنُ نُصير بِجَيشٍ قَوَامُهُ ثَمَانِيَةَ عَشَرَ أَلفِ مُقَاتِلٍ وَفَتَحَ المُدُنَ الوَاقِعَةَ غَربَي الأَندَلُسِ مَثَلَ شذونة وإشبيلية حَتَّى لَحِقَ بِطَارِقٍ، وَالتَقَيَا مَعَ روذريق فِي مَعرَكَةٍ طَاحِنَةٍ تُعرَفُ بِمَعرَكَةِ السَّوَاقِي وَالَّتِي اِنتَهَت بِمَقتَلِ روذريق وَالِاستِيلَاءِ عَلَى طُلَيطِلَةَ وَالقَضَاءِ عَلَى دَولَةِ القُوط.‏
The Battle of Al-Sawaqi (94 A.H./713 A.D.) : Leading a huge fleet and over eighteen thousand warriors across the Mediterranean, Musa bin Nusair invaded Western Andalusia to complete Tariq bin Ziad's mission. They both fought against Roderick at the decisive Battle of Al-Sawaqi, where Roderick was killed and Andalusia became a Muslim state.
‏مَعرَكَةُ القَادِسِيَّةِ (14 هـ/635 م)‏

‏اِلتَقَى المُسلِمُونَ بِقِيَادَةِ سَعدِ بنِ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ مَعَ الفُرسِ فِي مَعرَكَةٍ ضَارِيَةٍ اِستَمَرَّت ثَلَاثَةَ أَيَّامٍ اِنتَهَت بِانتِصَارِ المُسلِمِينَ اِنتِصَارًا سَاحِقًا وَقَتلِ قَائِدِ الفُرسِ رُستُم.‏
The Battle of Al-Qadisiyah (14 A.H./635 A.D.) : Sa`d bin Abi Waqqas led the Muslim army to fight the Persians in Iraq. After three days of ferocious fight, the Muslims defeated the Persians, killed their commander, Rustum, and conquered Ctesiphon.
‏مَعرَكَةُ المَنصُورَةِ (647 هـ/1250 م)‏

‏فِي هَذِهِ المَعرَكَةِ هَزَمَ الجَيشُ المِصرِيُّ بِقِيَادَةِ تُورَان شَاه جُيُوشَ الحَملَةِ الصَّلِيبِيَّةِ السَّابِعَةِ فِي المَنصُورَةِ وَأَسَرَ قَائِدَهُم المَلِكَ لُوِيسَ التَّاسِعَ مَلِكَ فَرَنسَا فِي دَارِ اِبنِ لُقمَانَ.‏
The Battle of Al-Mansurah (647 A.H./1250 A.D.) : At this battle, the Egyptian army under Turan Shah defeated the armies of the Seventh Crusade commanded by Louis IX, King of France, who was taken captive and imprisoned in Dar bin Luqman in Mansurah.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏مَعرَكَةُ النَّهرِ (200 هـ/815 م)‏

‏شَهِدَت هَذِهِ المَعرَكَةُ اِنتِصَارَ المُسلِمِينَ بِقِيَادَةِ الحَكَمِ بنِ هُشَامٍ عَلَى جَيشِ الفِرِنجَةِ فِي جَزِيرَةِ سِردِينيَا بَعدَ اِجتِيَاحِ الأُسطُولِ الأَندَلُسِيِّ لِسَوَاحِلِ جُزُرِ البَليَارِ.‏
Battle of Al-Nahr (Sardinia) (200 A.H./815 A.D.) : After conquering many islands in the Mediterranean, the Muslim fleet conquered Sardinia under Al-Hakam bin Hisham, the Umayyad caliph in Andalusia.
‏مَعرَكَةُ النَّهرَوَانِ (38 هـ/658 م)‏

‏أَعلَنَ الخَوَارِجُ رَفضَهُم مُبَايَعَةَ عَلِيِّ بنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ خَلِيفَةً لِلمُسلِمِينَ فَلَاقَاهُم عَلِيٌّ فِي مَدِينَةِ النَّهرَوَانِ وَدَارَت بَينَهُمَا مَعرَكَةٌ حَاسِمَةٌ اِنتَصَرَ فِيهَا عَلِيٌّ وَقَطَعَ بِهَا دَابِرَ الخَوَارِجِ بَعدَ أَن قَتَلَ زَعِيمَهُم عَبدَ اللَّهِ الرَّاسِبِي.‏
The Battle of Nahrawan (38 A.H./658 A.D.) : Having failed to convince the Kharijites of his eligibility to the caliphate, `Ali bin Abi Talib fought them at the city of Nahrawan, killing their leader `Abdullah Al-Rasibi and leading to greatly weakening their power.
‏مَعرَكَةُ اليَرمُوكِ (15 هـ/636 م)‏

‏تَوَلَّى خَالِدُ بنُ الوَلِيدِ قِيَادَةَ الجَيشِ الإِسلَامِيِّ وَالتَقَى مَعَ الرُّومِ فِي اليَرمُوكِ وَانتَصَرَ عَلَيهِم اِنتِصَارًا حَاسِمًا مِمَّا جَعَلَ الإِمبِرَاطُورَ البِيزَنطِيَّ هِرَقلَ يَرحَلُ مِن الشَّامِ وَيَترُكُهَا لِلمُسلِمِينَ.‏
The Battle of Yarmuk (15 A.H./636 A.D.) : The Muslim army, under the command of Khalid bin Al-Walid, defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Yarmuk in Palestine. The Emperor Heraclius left Syria, which fell totally under the Muslim control.
‏مَعرَكَةُ بِئرِ الكَاهِنَةِ (82 هـ/702 م)‏

‏بَعدَ انتِصَارِ حَسَّانَ بنِ النُّعمَانِ عَلَى الكَاهِنَةِ فِي مَعرَكَةِ وَادِي العَذَارَى وَهُرُوبِهَا إِلَى جِبَالِ أُورَاس تَبِعَهَا حَسَّانُ وَجَرَت بَينَهُمَا مَعرَكَةٌ ضَارِيَةٌ فِي مَوضِعٍ يُعرَفُ بِاسمِ (بِئرِ الكَاهِنَةِ) وَفِيهَا يُضِيفُ حَسَّانُ اِنتِصَارًاً سَاحِقاً إِلَى اِنتِصَارَاتِهِ وَيَقتُلُ الكَاهِنَةَ.‏
The Battle of Bi'r Al-Kahinah (Well of Kahinah) (82 A.H./702 A.D.) : After his sweeping victory over Kahinah at the Battle of Wadi Al-`Adhara, Hassan bin Al-Nu`man chased her in Massif Aures. A fierce battle took place at Bi'r Al-Kahinah (Well of Kahinah), where Hassan completed his victory and Kahinah was killed.
‏مَعرَكَةُ بَلَاطِ الشُّهَدَاءِ (114 هـ/732 م)‏

‏تَقَدَّمَ المُسلِمُونَ نَحوَ جَنُوبِ فَرَنسَا فَعَبَرُوا جِبَالَ البَرَانِسِ وَاحتَلُّوا بوردو ثُمَّ دَارَت مَعرَكَةُ بَلَاطِ الشُّهَدَاءِ بَينَ عَبدِ الرَّحمَنِ الغَافِقِيِّ قَائِدِ الجَيشِ الإِسلَامِيِّ وَشَارلِ مَارتل قَائِدِ جَيشِ الفِرِنجَةِ بِالقُربِ مِن مَدِينَةِ (بواتيه) وَفِيهَا اِنتَصَرَ شَارل مَارتل وَقُتِلَ عَبدُ الرَّحمَنِ وَتَقَهقَرَ المُسلِمُونَ إِلَى جِبَالِ البَرَانِسِ، فَصُدَّ بِذَلِكَ الزَّحفُ الإِسلَامِيُّ عَلَى أُورُوبَّا.‏
The Battle of Tours (Balat Al-Shuhada') (114 A.H./732 A.D.) : Leading a 90,000-man Muslim army, `Abdul-Rahman Al-Ghafiqi crossed the Pyrenees, captured Bordeaux, and defeated an army under Eudo, Duke of Aquitaine. The Muslim army was then defeated by the Frankish leader Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) at the Battle of Tours near Poitiers. `Abdul-Rahman was killed, the Muslims retreated to the Pyrenees, and their advance into Europe was terminated.
‏مَعرَكَةُ حِطِّين (583 هـ/1187 م)‏

‏شَهِدَت أَعظَمَ اِنتِصَارَاتِ المُسلِمِينَ عَلَى الصَّلِيبِيِّينَ، فَبَعَدَ اِستِيلَائِهِ عَلَى طَبَرِيَّة وَعِندَ قَريَةِ حِطِّين بِالقُربِ مِن عَكَّا حَاصَرَ صَلَاحُ الدِّينِ جُيُوشَ الصَّلِيبِيِّينَ لَيلًا وَأَمطَرَهُم بِالسِّهَامِ نَهَارًا وَهَزَمَهُم شَرَّ هَزِيمَةٍ وَأَسَرَ أَرنَاطَ وَمَلِكَ بَيتِ المَقدِسِ.‏
The Battle of Hattin (583 A.H./1187 A.D.) : It was one of the greatest Muslim victories over the Crusaders. Willing to rid the Muslim world completely of the Crusaders, Saladin (Salah Al-Din Al-Ayyubi) besieged them in Hattin, to the west of Acre, at night and showered them with arrows during the daytime. He was sweepingly triumphant, and Arnat and the King of Jerusalem were taken captives.
‏مَعرَكَةُ ذَاتِ الصَّوَارِي (34 هـ/655 م)‏

‏تَغَلَّبَ الأُسطُولُ الإِسلَامِيُّ بِقِيَادَةِ سَعدِ بنِ أَبِي سَرحٍ عَلَى الأُسطُولِ الرُّومِيِّ بِقِيَادَةِ الإِمبِرَاطُورِ قُسطَنطِينِ الثَّالِثِ، بِهَذِهِ المَعرَكَةِ سَيطَرَ المُسلِمُونَ عَلَى شَرقِ البَحرِ المُتَوَسِّطِ.‏
The Battle of Dhat Al-Sawari (34 A.H./655 A.D.) : The Muslim Egyptian and Syrian fleets were unified under the commander `Abdullah bin Sa`d bin Abi Al-Sarh to meet the Byzantine fleet led by Emperor Constantius III. The Muslim fleet was victorious, spreading its control over the east of the Mediterranean.
‏مَعرَكَةُ صِفِّين (37 هـ/657 م)‏

‏تَكَرَّرَ رَفضُ مُعَاوِيَةَ بنِ أَبِي سُفيَانَ مُبَايَعَةَ عَلِيِّ بنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ بِالخِلَافَةِ، فَاتَّجَهَ عَلِيُّ بِقُوَّاتِهِ صَوبَ سُورِيَا بَينَمَا خَرَجَ مُعَاوِيَةُ قَاصِدًا الكُوفَةَ فَالتَقَى الجَيشَانِ فِي صِفِّين غَربَ الفُرَاتِ، وَكَادَ عَلِيٌّ أَن يَنتَصِرَ فَلَجَأَ مُعَاوِيَةُ لِحِيلَةِ التَّحكِيمِ.‏
The Battle of Siffin (37 A.H./657 A.D.) : `Ali summoned Mu`awiah once more to swear allegiance to him, but he refused. He marched to Syria with his forces while Mu`awiah's army proceeded towards Kufa. The two factions confronted each other at Siffin, to the west of the Euphrates. `Ali was about to win the battle when Mu`awiah made use of a stratagem worked out by `Amr bin Al-`As. A cavalry detachment rode out from the army of Mu`awiah with copies of the Qur'an tied to their lances, requested arbitration and cried, "Let the Word of Allah decide the matter among us."
‏مَعرَكَةُ عَمُورِيَّة (223 هـ/838 م)‏

‏بَعدَ أَن هَاجَمَ الإِمبِرَاطُورُ الرُّومَانِيُّ تيئوفيل عَدَدًا مِن المُدُنِ الإِسلَامِيَّةِ الوَاقِعَةِ عَلَى حُدُودِ إِمبِرَاطُورِيَّتِهِ وَعَاثَ فِيهَا فَسَادًا، قَادَ المُعتَصِمُ جَيشًا كَبِيرًا لِمُحَارَبَتِهِ وَالتَقَى الجَيشَانِ فِي أَنقَرَة فَحَطَّمَ المُعتَصِمُ جَيشَ تيئوفيل وَأَلحَقَ بِهِ خَسَائِرَ فَادِحَةً وَقَامَ بِغَزوِ عَمُورِيَّةَ مَسقَطِ رَأسِ الإِمبِرَاطُورِ ثُمَّ دَخَلَ مَعَ الأفشين قَائِدِ جُيُوشِهِ إِلَى عَمُورِيَّة العَاصِمَةِ وَفَتَحَ أَنقَرَةَ.‏
The Battle of Amoriah (223 A.H./838 A.D.) : Deciding to repel the Byzantine Emperor Teofel, who had attacked a number of Muslim cities bordering the Byzantine Empire, Caliph Al-Mu`tasim mobilized a large army under his own command. Al-Mu`tasim met the Byzantines at Ankara, where he had a sweeping victory and then advanced towards Amoriah, the Emperor's place of birth, to annex it along with Ankara to Muslim territories.
‏مَعرَكَةُ عَينِ جَالُوت (رَمَضَانَ 658 هـ/1260 م)‏

‏فَورَ عِلمِهِ بِاستِعدَادِ المَغُولِ لِغَزوِ مِصرَ جَهَّزَ السُّلطَانُ قُطُز جَيشًا مِن المَمَالِيكِ بِقِيَادَةِ بِيبَرس البندقداري وَالتَقَى الجَيشَانِ فِي مَوقِعٍ يُدعَى عَينَ جَالُوت قُربَ نَابلُس حَيثُ لَقِيَ الجَيشُ المَغُولِيُّ بِقِيَادَةِ كَتُبغَا هَزِيمَةً مُنكَرَةً وَنَجَحَ المُسلِمُونَ فِي وَقفِ الزَّحفِ المَغُولِيِّ.‏
The Battle of `Ain Jalut (the Spring of Goliath) (658 A.H./1260 A.D.) : The Battle of `Ain Jalut took place between the Egyptian army and the Mongols in Syria. The Egyptians defeated the Mongols and saved Egypt, Syria and Europe from the Mongol menace.
‏مَعرَكَةُ مانزكرت (464 هـ/1071 م)‏

‏عَلِمَ السُّلطَانُ السَّلجُوقِيُّ أَلب أَرسِلَان أَنَّ الإِمبِرَاطُورَ الرُّومَانِيَّ رُومَانُوس الرَّابِعَ قَد جَهَّزَ جَيشًا ضَخمًا لِغَزوِ أَذرَبِيجَانَ وَاجتِيَاحِ المُدُنِ الإِسلَامِيَّةِ فِي آسيَا، فَقَابَلَهُ بِجَيشٍ عَظِيمٍ بِالقُربِ مِن بُحَيرَةِ (وان) وَانتَصَرَ عَلَيهِ وَأَسَرَهُ بَعدَ أَن أَفنَى جَيشَ الرُّومِ عَن آخِرِهِ.‏
The Battle of Manzikart (464 A.H./1071 A.D.) : Hearing of the Byzantine intention to invade Muslim territories in Asia, Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan assembled a great army and met the Byzantine army under the command of Emperor Romanus Diogenes at Manzikart, north-west of Lake Van. Alp Arslan destroyed the Byzantine army, captured Romanus Diogenes and penetrated into the interior of Anatolia.
‏مَعرَكَةُ مَرجِ دَابِق (922 هـ/1516 م)‏

‏بَعدَ تَوَتُّرِ العَلَاقَاتِ بَينَ العُثمَانِيِّينَ وَالمَمَالِيكِ زَحَفَ السُّلطَانُ العُثمَانِيُّ سَلِيمُ الأَوَّلُ صَوبَ مِصرَ وَسُورِيَا لِلقَضَاءِ عَلَى دَولَةِ المَمَالِيكِ وَاصطَدَمَ بِالجَيشِ المَملُوكِيِّ بِقِيَادَةِ السُّلطَانِ قُنصُوه الغُورِيِّ فِي مَرجِ دَابِق بِسُورِيَا فَكَانَ اِنتِصَارُهُ فِي هَذِهِ المَعرَكَةِ إِشَارَةً إِلَى بَدءِ الفَتحِ العُثمَانِيِّ لِلمَشرِقِ العَرَبِيِّ حَيثُ اِستَولَى بَعدَ المَعرَكَةِ عَلَى حِمص وَحَمَاة وَدِمَشق.‏
The Battle of Marj Dabiq (922 A.H./1516 A.D.) : Due to deterioration in Ottoman-Mamluk relations, Sultan Selim I marched towards Syria and Egypt in order to eliminate the Mamluks. Sultan Selim I fought Qansawh Al-Ghuri, the Mamluk sultan, on the plain of Marj Dabiq, Syria in 1516 A.D. Sultan Al-Ghuri was killed during the battle. Consequently, the Ottoman sultan seized Homs, Hamat and Damascus.
‏مَعرَكَةُ نَهَاوَند (21 هـ/642 م)‏

‏اِنتَصَرَ المُسلِمُونَ بِقِيَادَةِ حُذَيفَةَ بنِ اليَمَانِ عَلَى الفُرسِ وَفَتَحُوا حِصنَ نَهَاوَند، وَقَد دُعِيَ هَذَا الفَتحُ بِفَتحِ الفُتُوحِ، وَبِهَذَا النَّصرِ قَضَى المُسلِمُونَ عَلَى الفُرسِ السَّاسَانِيِّينَ الَّذِينَ حَكَمُوا فَارِسَ أَربَعَةَ قُرُونٍ.‏
The Battle of Nehawand (21 A.H./642 A.D.) : The Muslim army, commanded by Hudhaifah bin Al-Yaman, met with the Persian troops and conquered the Fort of Nehawand. The Persian army was defeated and their king fled, enabling the Muslims to annex his country to the Muslim state. This battle was called "The Victory of Victories", for it gave the Muslims a final victory over the Persians and sealed the fate of the Sassanid dynasty that had ruled Persia for four centuries.
‏مَعرَكَةُ هِليُوبُولِيس (20 هـ/641 م)‏

‏اِنتَصَرَ جَيشُ المُسلِمِينَ بِقِيَادَةِ عَمرِو بنِ العَاصِ وَاستَسلَمَ الرُّومُ المَحصُورُونَ فِي حِصنِ بَابِلِيُون بِمِصرَ وَاضطَرَّ الحَاكِمُ البِيزَنطِيُّ كيروس (المُقَوقَسُ) إِلَى عَقدِ مَشرُوعِ مُعَاهَدَةِ بَابِليُون لِإِنهَاءِ الحَربِ.‏
The Battle of Heliopolis (20 A.H./641 A.D.) : The Muslim army, under the command of `Amr bin Al-`As, won victory over the Byzantines in Egypt, and the Byzantine forces besieged in the Fortress of Babylon [Babilyun] surrendered. Patriarch Cyrus, the Byzantine civil governor over Egypt, was obliged to sign the Babylon Treaty with the Muslims to end the war.
‏مَعرَكَةُ وَادِي العَذَارَى (80 هـ/699 م)‏

‏بَعدَ هَزِيمَتِهِ مِن الكَاهِنَةِ زَعِيمَةِ إِحدَى قَبَائِلِ البَربَرِ فِي الجَولَةِ الأُولَى فِي قَابِسٍ وَتَقَهقُرِهِ إِلَى بَرقَةَ (75 هـ) عَادَ حَسَّانُ بنُ النُّعمَانِ بِجَيشٍ ضَخمٍ أَمَدَّهُ بِهِ الخَلِيفَةُ عَبدُ المَلِكِ بنُ مَروَانَ وَالتَقَى الجَيشَانِ قُربَ قَابِسٍ وَكَانَت الغَلَبَةُ لِحَسَّان، فَهَرَبَت الكَاهِنَةُ إِلَى جِبَالِ أُورَاس.‏
The Battle of Wadi Al-`Adhara (Valley of the Virgins) (80 A.H/699 A.D.) : After his defeat and retreat to Barca in 75 A.H., Hassan bin Al-Nu`man returned to Gabes with a tremendous army to fight the Berber female chieftain Kahinah (Soothsayer). They met near Gabes, where Hassan won a sweeping victory, while Kahinah fled to Massif Aures.
‏مَعرَكَةُ وَادِي بَكَّةَ (92 هـ/711 م)‏

‏تَصمِيمًا عَلَى فَتحِ الأَندَلُسِ جَهَّزَ مُوسَى بنُ نُصير جَيشًا عِدَّتُهُ اِثنَا عَشَرَ أَلفِ مُقَاتِلٍ مِن العَرَبِ وَالبَربَرِ وَوَلَّى قِيَادَتَهُ طَارِقَ بنَ زِيَادٍ فَالتَقَى جَيشُ المُسلِمِينَ مَعَ جَيشِ القُوطِ بِقِيَادَةِ مَلِكِهِم روذريق فِي مَعرَكَةِ وَادِي بَكَّةَ وَالَّتِي اِستَمَرَّت ثَمَانِيَةَ أَيَّامٍ وَانتَهَت بِهَزِيمَةِ روذريق وَسَحقِ جَيشِهِ.‏
The Battle of Wadi Bakkah (92 A.H./711 A.D.) : Under the command of Tariq bin Ziad, a Muslim army composed of twelve thousand warriors invaded the Iberian Peninsula and defeated the Visigoth king Roderick at the Battle of Wadi Bakkah near Rio Barbate. Cordova and the capital at Toledo fell to Tariq, who took control over half the peninsula and moved on toward Seville.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

معاهدات



‏دُستُورُ المَدِينَةِ (1 هـ/622-623 م)‏

‏آخَى النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَينَ المُهَاجِرِينَ وَالأَنصَارِ وَكَتَبَ كِتَابًا يَضَعُ فِيهِ قَوَاعِدَ المُجتَمَعِ الإِسلَامِيِّ.‏
The Constitution of Medina (1 A.H./622-623 A.D.) : The Prophet (peace be upon him) declared Muslim Muhajirin [Immigrants] and Ansar [Helpers] as brothers. He wrote a pact laying down the rules for the Islamic Community.
‏صُلحُ الحُدَيبِيَةِ (6 هـ/628 م)‏

‏تَوَجَّهَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ و 1400 مِن أَصحَابِهِ إِلَى مَكَّةَ لِأَدَاءِ العُمرَةِ. فَأَجمَعَ كُفَّارُ مَكَّةَ أَمرَهُم عَلَى صَدِّ ذَلِكَ الجَمعِ المُسَالِمِ وَمَنعِهِ مِن أَدَاءِ الشَّعَائِرِ، وَصَلَ الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِلَى الحُدَيبِيَةِ (تَبعُدُ 9 أَميَالٍ عَن مَكَّةَ) وَأَرسَلَ عُثمَانَ بنَ عَفَّانَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنهُ إِلَى قُرَيشٍ لِيُؤَكِّدَ لَهُم أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ وَصَحبَهُ مَا أَتَوا إِلَّا مُسَالِمِينَ لِزِيَارَةِ الكَعبَةِ. إِلَّا أَنَّ حَبسَ قُرَيشٍ لِعُثمَانَ دَفَعَ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِإِعدَادِ العُدَّةِ لِقِتَالِهِم، وَانتَهَت الوَسَاطَةُ إِلَى إِبرَامِ صُلحِ الحُدَيبِيَةِ بَينَ قُرَيشٍ وَمُحَمَّدٍ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ، وَمِن بَينِ بُنُودِ صُلحِ الحُدَيبِيَةِ المُهَادَنَةُ لِمُدَّةِ 10 سَنَوَاتٍ وَأَن يَرجِعَ المُسلِمُونَ مِن عَامِهِم هَذَا عَلَى أَن يَعُودُوا لِلعُمرَةِ فِي العَامِ المُقبِلِ. وَمِن نَتَائِجِ صُلح ِ الحُدَيبِيَةِ أَنَّهُ أَعطَى الإِسلَامَ الفُرصَةَ لِلِازدِهَارِ دَاخِلَ الجَزِيرَةِ العَرَبِيَّةِ وَخَارِجَهَا.‏
The Hudaibiah Treaty (6 A.H./628 A.D.) : In 6 A.H./627 A.D., the Prophet (peace be upon him) and about 1400 of his followers headed for Mecca to perform `Umrah (Minor Pilgrimage). The polytheists of Mecca, however, prepared to block the peaceful party from performing `Umrah. The Prophet (peace be upon him) reached Hudaibiah (9 miles from Mecca), and sent `Uthman Ibn `Affan as his envoy to the Quraish. The Quraish's capture of `Uthman, however, led the Prophet (peace be upon him) to mobilize an army to fight the Quraish. Mediation efforts resulted in the Hudaibiah Treaty between the Quraish and Muhammad (peace be upon him). Among the articles of the Hudaibiah Treaty were an armistice between the two parties for ten years, and the Muslims' performance of `Umrah was to be postponed to the following year. The Hudaibiah Treaty gave Islam an opportunity to flourish inside and outside the Arabian Peninsula.
‏صُلحُ الرَّملَةِ (588 هـ/1192 م)‏

‏أَثنَاءَ الحَملَةِ الصَّلِيبِيَّةِ الثَّالِثَةِ مَاتَ الإِمبِرَاطُورُ فريدريك بارباروسا غَرَقًا فِي آسيَا الصُّغرَى وَهُوَ فِي طَرِيقِهِ إِلَى الشَّامِ. وَتَمَكَّنَ صَلَاحُ الدِّينِ الأَيُّوبِيُّ مِن هَزِيمَةِ الصَّلِيبِيِّينَ فِي مَوقِعَةِ حِطِّين وَنَشَبَت الخِلَافَاتُ بَينَ مَلِكَي فَرَنسَا وَإِنجِلتِرَا. فَلَم يَجِد رِيتشَارد قَلبُ الأَسَدِ مَلِكُ إِنجِلتِرَا بَدِيلًا عَن التَّفَاوُضِ. وَمِن ثَمَّ أَبرَمَ هُوَ وَصَلَاحُ الدِّينِ مُعَاهَدَةَ صُلحِ الرَّملَةِ فِي 588 هـ/1192 م، وَالَّتِي اِستَرَدَّ المُسلِمُونَ بِمُوجِبِهَا بَيتَ المَقدِسِ.‏
The Treaty of Al-Ramlah (588 A.H./1192 A.D.) : During the Third Crusade, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa had drowned in Asia Minor on his way to Syria. Salah Al-Din defeated the Crusading armies in the Battle of Hittin. Disputes between the kings of France and England erupted. So, Richard the Lion-Hearted, King of England, saw no alternative but negotiation. Thus, he concluded the treaty of Al-Ramlah with Salah Al-Din in 588 A.H./1192 A.D., by which the Muslims recaptured Jerusalem.
‏صُلحُ يَافَا (626 هـ/1228-1229 م)‏

‏جَرَت مُفَاوَضَاتٌ بَينَ المَلِكِ الكَامِلِ وَالمَلِكِ فردريك الثَّانِي قَائِدِ الحَملَة الصَّلِيبِيَّةِ السَّادِسَةِ اِنتَهَت بِاتِّفَاقٍ بَينَهُمَا عُرِفَ بِصُلحِ يَافَا تَحَدَّدَت مُدَّتُهُ بِعَشرِ سَنَوَاتٍ وَتَضَمَّنَ أَن يَأخُذَ الصَّلِيبِيُّونَ مَدِينَةَ القُدسِ عَلَى أَن يَبقَى الحَرَمُ القُدسِيُّ وَالمَسجِدُ الأَقصَى بِأَيدِي المُسلِمِينَ يَتَوَلَّاهُ رِجَالٌ مِنهُم وَيُقِيمُونَ فِيهِ شَعَائِرَ الإِسلَامِ.‏
The Treaty of Jaffa (626 A.H./1228-1229 A.D.) : Negotiations between King Al-Kamil and King Frederick II, who led the Sixth Crusade, concluded with an agreement called the Treaty of Jaffa that would be in effect for 10 years. It stipulated that Jerusalem was to be under the Crusaders' control, but Al-Aqsa Mosque and its sanctuary should remain in the hands of Muslims where they should be allowed to perform the rites of Islam.
‏كِتَابٌ بِعَدَمِ الِاعتِدَاءِ (1 هـ/622-623 م)‏

‏كَتَبَ الرَّسُولُ مَعَ اليَهُودِ عَهدًا يَقضِي بِعَدَمِ الِاعتِدَاءِ وَبِأَن يُقَدِّمُوا العَونَ فِي الدِّفَاعِ عَن المَدِينَةِ ضِدَّ أَيِّ خَطَرٍ خَارِجِيٍّ. وَلَكِنَّ اليَهُودَ نَقَضُوا العَهدَ.‏
A Non-Aggression Treaty with the Jews (1 A.H./622-623 A.D.) : A non-aggression pact was concluded between the Prophet and the Jews in order to guarantee their support in defending Medina against any external danger. Unfortunately, the Jews revoked their pledge.
‏مُعَاهَدَةُ أَيبَك ولويس التَّاسِعِ (648 هـ/1250-1251 م)‏

‏تَمَّ الصُّلحُ بَينَ المَلِكِ لُوِيسِ التَّاسِعِ مَلِكِ فَرَنسَا وَبَينَ المَلِكِ عِزِّ الدِّينِ أَيبَك وَأُبرِمَت اِتِّفَاقِيَّةٌ لِمُدَّةِ عَشرِ سِنِينَ تَضَمَّنَت إِطلَاقَ سَرَاحِ المَلِكِ لُوِيسِ الأَسِيرِ لِقَاءَ ثَلَاثِمِائَةِ أَلفِ دِينَارٍ وَالجَلَاءَ عَن دِميَاط، وَإِطلَاقَ سَرَاحِ الأَسرَى المُسلِمِينَ مُقَابِلَ إِطلَاقِ سَرَاحِ الأَسرَى الصَّلِيبِيِّينَ.‏
Aybag's Treaty with Louis IX (648 A.H./1250-1251 A.D.) : A compromise between King Louis IX of France and King `Izz Al-Din Aybag was reached to be in effect for 10 years. It stipulated releasing the captive king, Louis IX, in return for 300,000 dinars, the Crusaders' evacuation from Damietta, and the release of the Muslim captives in return for the release of the captive Crusaders.
‏مُعَاهَدَةُ إِبرِيل 1919 م‏

‏وَقَّعَ هَذِهِ المُعَاهَدَةَ كُلٌّ مِن إِيطَاليَا وَسُلَيمَانَ البَارُونِيِّ، رَئِيسِ الحَرَكَةِ اللِّيبِيَّةِ القَومِيَّةِ. أَقَرَّت إِيطَاليَا بِمُوجَبِ هَذِهِ المُعَاهَدَةِ بِاستِقلَالِ طَرَابُلس وَإِدَارَتِهَا لِشُئُونِهَا الدَّاخِلِيَّةِ.‏
The Treaty of April (1919 A.D.) : The Treaty of April (1919 A.D.) was signed by Italy and Sulaiman Al-Baruni, the head of the Libyan National Movement. In this treaty, Italy recognized the sovereignty of Tripoli over its internal affairs.
‏مُعَاهَدَةُ الإِسكَندَرِيَّةِ (21 هـ)‏

‏وَقَّعَ هَذِهِ المُعَاهَدَةَ كُلٌّ مِن القَائِدِ المُسلِمِ عَمرِو بنِ العَاصِ وَالمُقَوقِسِ حَاكِمِ مِصرَ. تَنُصُّ هَذِهِ المُعَاهَدَةُ عَلَى إِنذَارِ الجَيشِ البِيزَنطِيِّ مُدَّةَ عَامٍ لِإِخلَاءِ الإِسكَندَرِيَّةِ وَأَن تُكفَلَ حُرِّيَّةُ العَقِيدَةِ لِأَهَالِي الإِسكَندَرِيَّةِ عَلَى أَن يَقُومُوا بِدَفعِ جِزيَةٍ سَنَوِيَّةٍ.‏
The Treaty of Alexandria (21 A.H.) : The Treaty of Alexandria was signed by the Muslim commander `Amr Ibn Al-`As and Al-Muqauqas, the Byzantine governor of Egypt. This treaty stipulated an ultimatum of one year to evacuate the Byzantine army from Alexandria, and guaranteeing religious freedom to the people of Alexandria, provided that they pay an annual tribute.
‏مُعَاهَدَةُ المَلِكِ العَادِلِ وَعَمُورِي مَلِكِ القُدسِ (600هـ/1203-1204 م)‏

‏أَبرَمَ المَلِكُ العَادِلُ مَعَ عَمُورِي الثَّانِي مَلِكِ بَيتِ المَقدِسِ مُعَاهَدَةَ سِلمٍ لِمُدَّةِ سِتِّ سِنِينَ تَخَلَّى العَادِلُ بِمُوجِبِهَا عَن صِيدَا واللُّدِّ.‏
King Al-`Adil's Treaty with `Amuri II (600 A.H./1203-1204 A.D.) : King Al-`Adil concluded a six-year peace treaty with `Amuri II, king of Jerusalem. By the terms of this treaty Al-`Adil relinquished his claim to Sidon and Al-Ludd.
‏مُعَاهَدَةُ بَابِليُونَ الأُولَى (20 هـ/641 م)‏

‏بَعدَ مَوقِعَةِ هِليُوبُولِيس (عَينِ شَمسٍ) وَانتِصَارِ جَيشِ المُسلِمِينَ وَاستِسلَامِ الرُّومِ المَحصُورِينَ فِي حِصنِ بَابِليُونَ وَاضطِرَارِ الحَاكِمِ البِيزَنطِيِّ كيروس (المُقَوقِسِ) إِلَى عَقدِ مَشرُوعِ مُعَاهَدَةٍ تُنهِي الحَربَ، تَوَجَّهَ كيروس إِلَى القُسطَنطِينِيَّةِ لِعَرضِ مَشرُوعِ المُعَاهَدَةِ عَلَى الإِمبِرَاطُورِ هِرَقل، فَرَفَضَ هِرَقل المُعَاهَدَةَ وَاتَّهَمَ كيروس بِالخِيَانَةِ وَنَفَاهُ.‏
The Babylon Treaty I (20 A.H./641 A.D.) : After the Battle of Heliopolis (`Ain Shams) and the defeat and surrender of the Byzantines who had been under siege inside the fortress of Babylon, the Byzantine governor Kirus (Al-Muqauqas) was obliged to accept a draft treaty for ending the war. Kirus headed for Constantinople to present the draft to Emperor Heraclius who rejected it, accused Kirus of treachery, and eventually exiled him.
‏مُعَاهَدَةُ بَابِليُونَ الثَّانِيَةُ (20 هـ/641 م)‏

‏تَمَّت إِعَادَةُ كيروس إِلَى مَنصِبِهِ فِي مِصرَ بَعدَ وَفَاةِ هِرَقل لِيُفَاوِضَ المُسلِمِينَ فِي الصُّلحِ وَيَعقِدَ مَعَهُم (مُعَاهَدَةَ بَابِليُونَ الثَّانِيَةَ)، وَقَد تَضَمَّنَت المُعَاهَدَةُ فِي جُملَةِ بُنُودِهَا جَلَاءَ الرُّومِ عَن الإِسكَندَرِيَّةِ وَتَسلِيمِهَا إِلَى المُسلِمِينَ.‏
The Babylon Treaty II (20 A.H./641 A.D.) : Kirus was restored to his position in Egypt after the death of Heraclius in order to negotiate peace with the Muslims. He concluded the second Babylon Treaty with the Muslims. One of the articles of the treaty was the evacuation of the Romans from Alexandria and handing it over to the Muslims.
‏مُعَاهَدَةٌ بَينَ غِرنَاطَةَ وَأَرَاغُونَ (721 هـ/1321-1322 م)‏

‏عَقَدَ أَبُو الوَلِيدِ إِسمَاعِيلُ بنُ فَرَجِ بنِ نَصرٍ مَلِكُ غِرنَاطَةَ بِالأَندَلُسِ مُعَاهَدَةَ صَدَاقَةٍ وَتَعَاوُنٍ مَعَ خَايمِي الثَّانِي مَلِكِ أَرغُون لِمُدَّةِ خَمسِ سَنَوَاتٍ.‏
A Treaty between Granada and Argonne (721 A.H./1321-1322 A.D.) : The Andalusian King of Granada, Abu Al-Walid Isma`il Ibn Faraj Ibn Nasr, made a co-operation and friendship treaty with Khaimi II, king of Argonne, that remained in effect for five years.
‏مُعَاهَدَة تَافنا 1252 هـ/1837 م‏

‏وُقِّعَت هَذِهِ المُعَاهَدَةُ بَينَ الجَزَائِرِيِّينَ بِقِيَادَةِ عَبدِ القَادِرِ الجَزَائِرِيِّ وَالفِرِنسِيِّينَ. وَبِمُوجِبِ هَذِهِ المُعَاهَدَةِ اِعتَرَفَت فَرَنسَا بِسَيطَرَةِ عَبدِ القَادِرِ عَلَى غَربِ الجَزَائِرِ وَاعتَرَفَ عَبدُ القَادِرِ فِي المُقَابِلِ بِهَيمَنَةِ فَرَنسَا عَلَى المَنَاطِقِ الوَاقِعَةِ تَحتَ سَيطَرَتِهَا.‏
The Tafna Treaty (1252 A.H./1837 A.D.) : The Tafna Treaty was signed by Algerians led by `Abdul-Qadir Al-Jaza'iri and the French. According to this treaty, France recognized the sovereignty of `Abdul-Qadir over the west of Algeria, and `Abdul-Qadir, in return, recognized the sovereignty of France over the areas under its control.
‏مُعَاهَدَةُ سَان بُطرُس برج 1325 هـ‏

‏اِشتَدَّ عَزمُ الحَرَكَةِ القَومِيَّةِ الأَفغَانِيَّةِ ضِدَّ البِرِيطَانِيِّينَ أَثنَاءَ حُكمِ عَبدِ الرَّحمَنِ حَفِيدِ دوست مُحَمَّدٍ. وَتَدَخَّلَت رُوسيَا فِي الصِّرَاعِ وَالَّذِي اِنتَهَى بِمُعَاهَدَةِ سَان بُطرُس برج عَامّ 1325 هـ. وَقَد تَمَّ الِاعتِرَافُ بِاستِقلَالِ أَفغَانِستَانَ بِمُوجِبِ هَذِهِ المُعَاهَدَةِ.‏
The Treaty of St. Petersburg (1325 A.H.) : The Afghan nationalist movement against the British gained momentum during the reign of `Abdul-Rahman, the grandson of Dost Muhammad. Russia intervened in the conflict, which ended with the Treaty of St. Petersburg in 1325 A.H., with the recognition of Afghanistan's independence and sovereignty.
‏مُعَاهَدَةُ صَلَاحِ الدِّينِ وَإِمبِرَاطُورِ الرُّومِ (585هـ/1189-1190 م)‏

‏لَمَّا عَلِمَ صَلَاحُ الدِّينِ الأَيُّوبِيُّ بِالحَملَةِ الصَّلِيبِيَّةِ الثَّالِثَةِ قَامَ بِالتَّحَالُفِ مَعَ إِمبِرَاطُورِ الرُّومِ (إِسحَاقَ الثَّانِي أنجلوس). وَقَد تَضَمَّنَ هَذَا الحِلفُ أَن يُعِيدَ صَلَاحُ الدِّينِ إِلَى الدَّولَةِ البِيزَنطِيَّةِ 190 أَسِيرًا عَلَى أَن يَكفُلَ الإِمبِرَاطُورُ حِمَايَةَ الجَالِيَةِ الإِسلَامِيَّةِ بِالقُسطَنطِينِيَّةِ وَحِمَايَةَ الجَامِعِ القَدِيمِ بِهَا وَإِقَامَةَ الصَّلَاةِ فِيهِ.‏
Salah Al-Din's Treaty with the Roman Emperor (585 A.H./1189-1190 A.D.) : Upon being informed of the preparations for the third Crusade, Salah Al-Din Al-Ayyubi (Saladin) concluded a treaty with the Roman Emperor Isaac II Angeles. The treaty stipulated that Salah Al-Din should return 190 Byzantine captives in return for the Emperor's promise to offer protection to the Muslim community living in Constantinople and also to grant permission to Muslims to perform Prayers in the old mosque of Constantinople.
‏مُعَاهَدَةُ لوزان 1912 م‏

‏تَقَرَّرَ فِيهَا أَن تُعلِنَ الدَّولَةُ العُثمَانِيَّةُ وَإِيطَاليَا وَقفَ إِطلَاقِ النَّارِ فِي لِيبيَا وَأَن يَتَنَازَلَ السُّلطَانُ العُثمَانِيُّ عَن حُقُوقِهِ فِي لِيبيَا، وَأَن يَتِمَّ مَنحُ كُلٍّ مِن طَرَابُلس وَبَرقَة الِاستِقلَالَ الدَّاخِلِيَّ، بَينَمَا تَبقَى سُلطَةُ السُّلطَانِ صُورِيَّةً.‏
The Treaty of Lausanne (1912 A.D.) : It stipulated that the Ottoman State and Italy should declare a cease-fire in Libya, the Ottoman Sultan should relinquish his rights in Libya, and that Tripoli and Barca should be granted internal independence, while maintaining only a de facto sovereignty for the Sultan.
‏هُدنَةٌ مَعَ الرُّومِ (305 هـ/917-918 م)‏

‏قَدِمَ سَفِيرُ الإِمبِرَاطُورِ قُسطَنطِينِ السَّابِعِ إِلَى بَغدَادَ لِطَلَبِ الهُدنَةِ فَاستَقبَلَهُ الخَلِيفَةُ وَمَن مَعَهُ بِقَصرِ الخِلَافَةِ فِي اِحتِفَالٍ عَظِيمٍ أَنفَقَ فِيهِ كَثِيرًا مِن المَالِ.‏
A Truce with the Byzantines (305 A.H./917-918 A.D.) : The deputy of Emperor Constantine VII came to Baghdad seeking a truce. The Caliph Al-Muqtadir and his attendants received him with a very magnificent celebration at the Caliphate Palace.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

أماكن تاريخية

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏آبَ دَار‏

‏هُوَ (1)خَادِمٌ وَظِيفَتُهُ إِعدَادُ الشَّرَابِ. (2) أَو هُوَ مُوَظَّفٌ يُنَاوِلُ اَلأَمِيرَ اَلمَاءَ لِلشُّربِ أَو الِاغتِسَالِ.‏
Ab Dar : 1) A footman (servant) who prepares beverages 2) An official who hands over water to the emir for drinking or washing
‏آبَاد‏

‏صِفَةٌ فَارِسِيَّةٌ مَعنَاهَا: مَعمُورٌ - إِذَا تَكَلَّمنَا عَن بُقعَةٍ مِن اَلأَرضِ - وَمِن ثَمَّ: مَأهُولٌ وَمَزرُوعٌ وَهِيَ عَكسُ صَحرَاءَ وَقَد اُستُعمِلَت بَعدَ ذَلِكَ مَوصُوفًا فَأُدخِلَت فِي تَركِيبِ عَدَدٍ مِن اَلأَمكِنَةِ وَالمُدُنِ - وَخَاصَّةً فِي اَلهِندِ - مِثلَ "أَحمَد آباد" وَحَيدَر آبَاد . . . إِلَخ.‏
Abad : Inhabited. A Persian word used as a suffix for the names of cities and towns largely in India.
‏آجدَال‏

‏مُصطَلَحٌ مُستَعَارٌ مِن اَلبَربَرِيَّةِ فِي عَرَبِيَّةِ مُرَّاكُشَ وَتُونُسَ وَالجَزَائِرِ مَعَ اَلِاحتِفَاظِ بِمَدلُولِهِ فِي اللُّغَةِ، ومَعنَاهُ: "المَرعَى يُوقَفُ اِستِعمَالُهُ عَلَى اَلمَالِكِ دُونَ سِوَاهُ" عَلَى أَنَّ اَلكَلِمَةَ قَد اِكتَسَبَت فِي مُرَّاكُشَ مَعنًى خَاصًّا هُوَ: "أَرضٌ وَاسِعَةٌ مِن اَلمَرَاعِي تَلتَفُّ بِهَا أَسوَارٌ فِيمَا يَلِي قَصرَ السُّلطَانِ وَيُوقَفُ اِستِعمَالُهَا عَلَى خَيَّالَتِهِ وَدَوَابِّهِ" وَهَذِهِ اَلأَرَاضِي ذَاتُ اَلسِّيَاجِ تَقُومُ فِي اَلمُدُنِ السُّلطَانِيَّةِ: فَاسُ وَمِكنَاسُ وَالرِّبَاطُ وَمُرَّاكُشُ.‏
Ajdal : A word of "Berber" origin which means a pasture land encircled by walls, lying beside the sultan's palace, and used solely for his horses and cattle.
‏آخِرُ اَلنَّهرِ‏

‏اِسمُ اَلنَّجمِ 9 مِن اَلقَدرِ اَلأَوَّلِ فِي صُورَةِ أريدانوس وَسَمَّى اَلعَرَبُ وَالقُدَمَاءُ أَيضًا هَذِهِ الصُّورَةَ: "النَّهرُ"ُ وَلَمَّا كَانَ اَلنَّجمُ 9 فِي آخِرِ هَذِهِ المَجمُوعَةِ فَقَد سُمِّيَ "آخِرَ النَّهرِ" أَو "آخِرَ نَهرٍ" وَقَد حَرَّفَ اَلفِرِنجَةُ هَذَا الاِسمَ اَلشَّائِعَ عِندَهُم الآنَ.‏
Akhir Al-Nahr : The name of a star
‏آذِريُون‏

‏( وَبِالفَارِسِيَّةِ : " آذركون " أَي: لَونُ النَّارِ ) وَهُوَ اِسمُ نَبَاتٍ اِرتِفَاعُهُ مَا بَينَ قَدَمَينِ وَثَلَاثَةِ أَقدَامٍ تَقرِيبًا وَأَورَاقُهُ مُستَطِيلَةٌ طُولُهَا نَحوَ إِصبَعٍ وَأَزهَارُهُ اَلحَمرَاءُ اَلضَّارِبَةُ إِلَى اَلصُّفرَةِ ذَاتُ رَائِحَةٍ كَرِيهَةٍ وَبُذُورٍ سَودَاءَ وَيُعَدُّ الآذِريُونُ فِي اَلطِّبِّ اَلعَرَبِيِّ دَوَاءً مُقَوَّيًّا أَو تِريَاقًا وَغَيرَ ذَلِكَ كَمَا كَانَ يَعتَقِدُ أَنَّ رَائِحَتَهُ تُسَهِّلُ اَلوِلَادَةَ وَتَطرُدُ اَلذُّبَابَ وَالجُرذَانَ .‏
Adhiryun : Calendula in Arab medical writings during middle ages, calendula was considered a tunic and cure-all drug. In popular belief it was thought to have more wonderful powers.
‏آزَاد‏

‏كَلِمَةٌ فَارِسِيَّةٌ مَعنَاهَا: حُرٌّ وَلَهَا مَعنًى دِينِيٌّ هُوَ: اَلتَّقِيُّ أَو اَلمُتَجَرِّدُ عَن اَلشَّهَوَاتُ الدُّنيَوِيَّةِ وَلِهَذَا يُحِبُّ اَلنَّاسُ تَلقِيبَ أَنفُسِهِم بِهَا.‏
Azad : A pious and unworldly person
‏آفَرَّاكُ‏

‏كَلِمَةٌ بَربَرِيَّةٌ. تَعنِي: السِّيَاجَ. وَهُوَ مُصطَلَحٌ اِتُّخِذَ فِي مَرَاكِشَ مُنذُ عَهدِ دَولَةِ اَلمُوَحِّدِينَ لِلدَّلَالَةِ عَلَى سِيَاجٍ مِن اَلقُمَاشِ يَفصِلُ فُسطَاطَ اَلسُّلطَانِ وَحَاشِيَتِهِ عَن بَقِيَّةِ العَسكَرِ. وَهِيَ تَطَابِقُ اَلكَلِمَةَ الفَارِسِيَّةَ: سراجة أَو سرابرده.‏
Afrak : A Berber term meaning a cloth border that separates the sultan's tent from the soldier's tents
‏آفرِين‏

‏كَلِمَةٌ فَارِسِيَّةٌ مَعنَاهَا الحَرفِيُّ: اَلنِّعمَةُ أَو البَرَكَةُ وَتُستَعمَلُ اَلكَلِمَةُ عَامَّةً بِمَعنَى: مَرحَى (بِرَافُو). وَقَد اِستَعَارَتهَا اَللَّهجَةُ اَلعَرَبِيَّةُ اَلدَّارِجَةُ فِي مِصرَ فَقِيلَ: عَفَارِم. وَفِي الجَزَائِرِ: "أفرم".‏
Afrin : Bravo!
‏آكَادِيرُ‏

‏اَلرَّاجِحُ أَنَّ هَذِهِ اَلكَلِمَةَ تُرَدُّ إِلَى اَلكَلِمَةِ الفِينِيقِيَّةِ : "كادر" وَهِيَ بِالعِبرِيَّةِ " كادير" أَي: السُّوبَرُ وَهِيَ اِسمٌ مِن أَسمَاءِ اَلسِّيَاجِ عِندَ البَربَرِ حَيثُ تُخَصَّصُ اَلغُرَفُ لِشَتَّى عَائِلَاتِ اَلقَبِيلَةِ بِغَرَضِ تَخزِينِ الحُبُوبِ وَإِلَيهِ تَلجَأُ اَلقَبِيلَةُ فِي أَوقَاتِ الخَطَرِ .‏
Akadir : A Berber word meaning: a barricaded enclosure which was used for storing grains and as a refuge in emergencies
‏آمدجي‏

‏هُوَ مُوَظَّفٌ فِي الإِدَارَةِ المَركَزِيَّةِ لِلدَّولَةِ العُثمَانِيَّةِ كَانَ يَتبَعُ تَبَعِيَّةً مُبَاشِرَةً لِ "رَئِيسِ الكُتَّابِ" وَيَعمَلُ بِنَسخِ التَّقَارِيرِ فِي المَسَائِلِ الصُّغرَى وَكَانَ يُلَقَّبُ أَيضًا بِ "خَوَاجَه كَانلق" وَأَصلُ الكَلِمَةِ مُشتَقٌّ مِن الكَلِمَةِ الفَارِسِيَّةِ "آمد" بِمَعنَى : وَرَدَ أَو " قَد تَحَصَّلَ" وَكَانَ المَكتَبُ الَّذِي يَعمَلُ بِهِ هَذَا المُوَظَّفُ يُسَمَّى "آمدى كَاتِبِي" (أَي: سِكِرتَايَةُ الآمدي) وَ" آمدي قَلَمِي" (أَي: إِدَارَةُ الآمدي).‏
Amdji, Also Khawaja Kanlaq : An official employed in the Ottoman central administration to copy reports and make drafts of minor reports
‏أَبَازَه‏

‏بِتَفخِيمِ الأَلِفِ وَهُوَ : اِسمُ " الأَبخَازِ " فِي اَللُّغَةِ التُّركِيَّةِ ( انظُر مَادَّةَ : " أَبخَاز " ) وَقَد لُقِّبَ بِهِ عِدَّةُ أَشخَاصٍ فِي اَلتَّارِيخِ اَلعُثمَانِيِّ اِنحَدَرُوا مِن هَؤُلَاءِ القَومِ .‏
Abazah : Turkish word for "Abkhaz"
‏أَبخَازُ‏

‏وَرَدَت " أَبخَازُ " أَو " أَفخَازُ " فِي اَلمَصَادِرِ اَلإِسلَامِيَّةِ اَلأُولَى إِشَارَةً إِلَى بِلَادِ اَلكَرَجِ ( جُورجِيَا ) وَسُكَّانِهَا .‏
Abkhaz : Also: Afkhaz, a term referring to Karaj (present Georgia) or its inhabitants
‏أَبِن أَبن أَفِن‏

‏لُغَةٌ فِي "اِبنٍ" عِندَ عَرَبِ الأَندَلُسِ وَمِن ثَمَّ أَطلَقَ اَلفِرِنجَةُ "أَفِسنَا" عَلَى اِبنِ سِينَا وَ "أَبِنُ بَسكُوَالِس" عَلَى اِبنِ بَشكُوَال.‏
Abin, Abn And Aven : An Andalusian Arabic slang meaning: "son of"
‏أَبنَاءُ اَلدَّولَةِ‏

‏مُصطَلَحٌ أُطلِقَ فِي اَلقُرُونِ اَلأُولَى لِلخِلَافَةِ اَلعَبَّاسِيَّةِ عَلَى أَعضَاءِ اَلبَيتِ العَبَّاسِيِّ ثُمَّ تَوَسَّعَ فِي مَدلُولِهِ فَشَمِلَ اَلخُرَاسَانِيَّةَ - وَغَيرَهُم مِن اَلمَوَالِي - اَلَّذِينَ دَخَلُوا فِي خِدمَةِ هَذِهِ اَلدَّولَةِ وَأَصبَحُوا أَبنَاءَ مُتَبَنِّينَ لَهَا وَظَلُّوا جَمَاعَةً ذَاتَ نُفُوذٍ وَامتِيَازَاتٍ حَتَّى اَلقَرنِ اَلثَّالِثِ الهِجرِيِّ ثُمَّ خَمَلَ شَأنُهُم بِازدِيَادِ سُلطَانِ اَلجُنُودِ الأَترَاكِ.‏
Abna' Al-Daulah : A term by which members of the Abbasid dynasty were called in the early period of the Abbasid rule
‏أَبُو قَلَمُون‏

‏مَعنَاهُ فِي الأَصلِ: نَسِيجٌ مُعَيَّنٌ لَهُ بَرِيقٌ خَاصٌّ ثُمَّ حَجَرٌ كَرِيمٌ ثُمَّ طَائِرٌ ثَمَّ حَيَوَانٌ رِخوٌ وَأَصلُ اَلكَلِمَةِ غَيرُ مُحَقَّقٍ وَقَد يَدُلُّ إِجمَاعُ فُقَهَاءِ اَللُّغَةِ اَلعَرَبِ عَلَى أَنَّ "أَبَا قَلَمُون" هُوَ مِن مُنتَجَاتِ اَلرُّومِ (البِيزِنطِيِّينَ) - يَدُلُّ عَلَى اِشتِقَاقِ اَلكَلِمَةِ مِن اليُونَانِيَّةِ.‏
Abu Qalumun : 1) A textile of special brilliance 2) A kind of bird 3) A precious stone
‏أَبُو كَلبٍ‏

‏هُوَ الاِسمُ اَلعَرَبِيُّ لِعُملَةِ البُندُقِيَّةِ وَقَد اُعتُبِرَ اَلأَسَدُ اَلَّذِي عَلَيهَا كَلبًا.‏
Abu Kalb : The name given by the Arabs to a currency from venice
‏أَجنَادٌ (الحَلَقَةُ)‏

‏هِيَ الفِئَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ مِن الجُيُوشِ النِّظَامِيَّةِ مُنذُ اَلعَصرِ الأَيُّوبِيِّ وَتَتَكَوَّنُ مِن مُحتَرِفِي الجُندِيَّةِ مِن مَمَالِيكِ اَلسَّلَاطِينِ اَلسَّابِقِينَ وَأَولَادِهِم وَهِيَ أَقرَبُ اَلفِئَاتِ إِلَى نِظَامِ الجَيشِ اَلثَّابِتِ فِي عَصرِنَا وَمُرَتَّبَاتُهَا مِن دِيوَانِ الجَيشِ.‏
Ajnad (Al-Halaqah) : The second grade of the regular army. It was formed during the "Ayyubid" period of freeborn mercenaries and Mamluks of previous sultans
‏أَجنَادُ اَلحَلَقَةِ‏

‏هُم : عَدَدٌ كَبِيرٌ مِن اَلعَسكَرِ مِن غَيرِ المَمَالِيكِ وَرُبَّمَا دَخَلَ فِيهِم مَن لَيسَ مِن اَلجُندِ كَالمُتَعَمِّمِينَ . وَلِكُلِّ أَربَعِينَ مِنهُم مُقَدِّمٌ يَحكُمُ عَلَيهِم وَقتَ خُرُوجِ اَلعَسكَرِ فَقَط.‏
Ajnad Al-Halaqah : Non-Mamluk soldiers who were called to service only in time of war
‏أَحبَاسُ اَلسَّبِيلِ‏

‏هِيَ: اَلأَوقَافُ اَلَّتِي تُوقَفُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ .‏
Ahbas Al-Sabil : Charitable endowments
‏أَربَابُ اَلخَيَالِ‏

Arbab Al-Khayal : Chinese shadow players

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏أَربَابُ اَلضَّوءِ‏

‏الأَشخَاصُ اَلمُكَلَّفُونَ بِأَعمَالِ الإِضَاءَةِ وَيُقَالُ لَهُم "الضَّوِيَّةُ" "المَشَاعِلِيَّةُ" أَيضًا.‏
Arbab Al-Dau' : Lighting workers
‏أَربَاعُ اَلكَيل‏

‏نَوعٌ مِن اَلسُّفُنِ اَلنِّيلِيَّةِ اَلَّتِي اِستُعمِلَت فِي نَقلِ اَلأَخشَابِ لِعِمَارَةِ الأَسَاطِيلِ.‏
Arba` Al-Kil : Nile boats used to carry timber
‏أَسبَاسلَار‏

‏هَذَا اللَّفظُ فِي الأَصلِ اِسمٌ لِوَظِيفَةٍ مَعرُوفَةٍ فِي الأَنظِمَةِ الحُكُومِيَّةِ بِمِصرَ مُنذُ الدَّولَةِ الفَاطِمِيَّةِ وَكَانَ صَاحِبُهَا فِي عَهدِ تِلكَ الدَّولَةِ زِمَامَ كُلِّ زِمَامٍ وَإِلَيهِ أَمرُ الأَجنَادِ وَالتَّحَدُّثِ فِيهِم عَلَى أَنَّهُ قَد تُرِكَ اِستِخدَامُهُ فِي القَرنِ التَّاسِعِ الهِجرِيِّ.‏
Asbaslar : Army commander
‏أُستَادَار اَلعَالِيَةِ‏

‏وَيُطلَقُ عَلَى "أُستَادَار السُّلطَانِ" و" أُستَادَارِ اَلصُّحبَةِ الشَّرِيفَةِ" وَهُوَ : اَلمُتَحَدِّثُ عَلَى بُيُوتِ السُّلطَانِ كُلِّهَا.‏
Ustadar Al-`Aliah : Master of the sultan's household
‏أَسفَلُ اَلأَرضِ‏

‏اَلمَقصُودُ بِهِ : "الوَجهُ اَلبَحرِيُّ أَو دِلتَا اَلنِّيلِ فِي مِصرَ .‏
Asfal Al-Ard : The Egyptian delta
‏أَشكَرلَاط‏

‏نَوعٌ مِن القُمَاشِ كَانَ يَرِدُ مِن بِلَادِ أيِرلَندَا وَلَونُهُ قُرمُزِيٌّ.‏
Ashkarlat : (Cloth) scarlet
‏أَصحَابُ اَلأَربَاعُ‏

‏اَلأَربَاعُ جَمعُ: رَبعٍ ويَعنِي: أَقسَامَ اَلبَلدَةِ اَلآهِلَةِ بِالسُّكَّانَ وَالمَقصُودُ بِأَصحَابِ اَلأَربَاعِ خُفَرَاءُ اَللَّيلِ فِي تِلكَ الأَقسَامِ.‏
Ashab Al-Arba` : Night guards in a town's quarters
‏أَصحَابُ اَلقُضُبِ‏

‏هُم: أُمَرَاءُ يَركَبُونَ فِي مَوَاكِبِ اَلخَلِيفَةِ اَلفَاطِمِيِّ حَامِلِينَ فِي أَيدِيهِم "قُضُبَ الفِضَّةِ" - وَهِيَ: رِمَاحٌ فِضِّيَّةٌ يُخرِجُهَا لَهُم اَلخَلِيفَةُ مِن "خِزَانَةِ التَّجَمُّلِ" وَهَم بِمَثَابَةِ أُمَرَاءِ الطلبخاناه فِي عَصرِ سَلَاطِينِ المَمَالِيكِ.‏
Ashab Al-Qudub : Emirs who rode at official processions of the Fatimid caliphs carrying "Qudub Al-Fiddah" (silver lances)
‏أَفخَازُ‏

‏انظُر مَادَّةَ: " أَبخَاز " .‏
Afkhaz : See: "Abkhaz"
‏أُمَرَاءُ اَلعَشَرَاتُ‏

‏أُمَرَاءُ اَلعَشَرَاتِ كُلٌّ مِنهُم مُقدَّمٌ عَلَى عَشَرَةِ فُرسَانٍ وَرُبَّمَا يَكُونُ فِيهِم مَن لَهُ عِشرُونَ فَارِسًا وَمَعَ ذَلِكَ يُعَدُّ فِي أُمَرَاءِ العَشَرَاتِ. وَهَذِهِ اَلطَّبَقَةُ لَا ضَابِطَ لِعَدَدِ أُمَرَائِهَا بَل تَزِيدُ وَتَنقُصُ. وَمِنهَا يَكُونُ صِغَارُ اَلوُلَاةِ وَنَحوُهُم مِن أَربَابِ الوَظَائِفِ. وَهُم يُمَثِّلُونَ اَلطَّبَقَةَ اَلثَّالِثَةَ مِن طَبَقَاتِ اَلأُمَرَاءِ أَربَابِ السُّيُوفِ.‏
Umara' Al-`Asharat : An emir who owned ten Mamluk cavaliers. They were members of the third rank in the hierarchy of the Mamluk emirs.
‏أَمِيرُ آخُور‏

‏هُوَ مَن يُشرِفُ مُتَوَلِّيهَا عَلَى إِسطَبلِ السُّلطَانِ أَو اَلأَمِيرِ وَيَتَوَلَّى أَمرَ مَا فِيهِ مِن اَلخَيلِ وَالإِبِلِ وَغَيرِهَا مِمَّا هُوَ دَاخِلٌ فِي حُكمِ الإِسطَبلَاتِ وَ "أَمِيرُ آخُور" مُرَكَّبٌ مِن لَفظَينِ أَحَدُهُمَا عَرَبِيٌّ وَهُوَ: أَمِيرُ وَالثَّانِي فَارِسِيٌّ وَهُوَ: آخُور ومَعنَاهُ: المَعلَفُ فَيَكُونُ مَعنَاهُ: أَمِيرُ المَعلَفِ لِأَنَّهُ اَلمُتَوَلِّي لِأَمرِالدَّوَابِّ.‏
Amir Akhur : One who supervises the stables of a sultan or an emir
‏أَمِيرُ أَربَعِينَ أَو أَمِيرُ طَبلَخَانَاه‏

‏مَرتَبَةٌ حَربِيَّةٌ يَكُونُ فِي خِدمَةِ حَامِلِهَا أَربَعُونَ مَملُوكًا وَيُسَمَّى أَيضًا: أَمِير طَبلَخَانَاه لِأَحَقِّيَّتِهِ فِي دَقِّ الطُّبُولِ عَلَى بَابِهِ كَمَا يَفعَلُ السُّلطَانُ وَأُمَرَاءُ المِئَاتِ وَلَكِن عَلَى صُورَةٍ مُصَغَّرَةٍ.‏
Amir Arba`in Or Amir Tablakhanah : A military rank given to an emir who owned forty Mamluks. Its holder was known also as Amir Tablakhanah as he was permitted to have Tablakhanah beaten at his house's gates like the sultan and the emirs of a hundred Mamluks.
‏أَمِيرُ جَاندَار (السُّلطَان)‏

‏مَوضُوعُ وَظِيفَةِ أَمِيرِ جَاندَار السُّلطَانِ هُوَ أَنَّ صَاحِبَهَا يَستَأذِنُ فِي دُخُولِ الأُمَرَاءِ إِلَى الخِدمَةِ وَيَدخُلُ أَمَامَهُم إِلَى الدِّيوَانِ.‏
Amir Jandar : Chief court squire
‏أَمِيرُ خَمسَةٍ‏

‏مَرتَبَةٌ حَربِيَّةٌ يَكُونُ فِي خِدمَةِ حَامِلِهَا خَمسَةُ مَمَالِيكٍ وَكَانَ هَؤُلَاءِ قَلِيلِينَ وَأَكثَرُهُم مِن أَبنَاءِ اَلأُمَرَاءِ المُتَوَفِّينَ تُعطَى لِلوَاحِدِ مِنهُم هَذِهِ اَلرُّتبَةُ رِعَايَةً لِسَلَفِهِ وَكَانُوا يُعتَبَرُونَ مِن أَكَابِرِ الأَجنَادِ.‏
Amir Khamsah : A military rank conferred upon an emir who owned five Mamluks. This rank was given to the sons of emirs as a mark of respect to their fathers.
‏أَمِيرُ سِلَاح‏

‏هُوَ الَّذِي يَتَوَلَّى أَمرَ سِلَاحِ السُّلطَانِ أَو الأَمِيرِ وَهُوَ المُقَدَّمُ عَلَى "السِّلَاحِ دَارية" مِن اَلمَمَالِيكِ اَلسُّلطَانِيَّةِ وَمَصرِفِ "السَّلَاح خَانَاه" وَيُستَعمَلُ لَهَا وَيُقَدَّمُ إِلَيهَا وَلَا يَكُونُ إِلَّا وَاحِدًا مِن الأُمَرَاءِ المُقَدَّمِينَ .‏
Amir Silah : The emir in charge of the royal armory
‏أَمِير شِكَار‏

‏يَتَحَدَّثُ صَاحِبُ هَذِهِ الوَظِيفَةِ عَلَى الجَوَارِحِ السُّلطَانِيَّةِ مِن الطُّيُورِ وَغَيرِهَا وَعَلَى سَائِرِ أُمُورِ الصَّيدِ وَ(شِكَار) لَفظٌ فَارِسِيٌّ مَعنَاهُ الصَّيدُ فَيَكُونُ المُرَادُ أَمِيرَ الصَّيدِ وَهُنَاكَ وَظِيفَةٌ أُخرَى مُتَعَلِّقَةٌ بِالصَّيدِ وَهِيَ حِرَاسَةُ الطَّيرِ وَمَوضُوعُهَا أَن يَكُونَ صَاحِبُهَا مُتَحَدِّثًا عَلَى حِرَاسَةِ الطُّيُورِ فِي اَلأَمَاكِنِ وَالمَزَارِعِ الَّتِي يَنزِلُ بِهَا السُّلطَانُ لِلصَّيدِ.‏
Amir-Shikar : Prince of game-keepers
‏أَمِيرُ طَبَرَ‏

‏هُوَ الَّذِي يُشرِفُ وَيَرأَسُ الطَّبَردَارِيَّةَ الَّذِينَ يَحمِلُونَ الأَطبَارَ.‏
Amir Tabr : Emir of battle-ax holders
‏أَمِيرُ عَشَرَةٍ‏

‏مَرتَبَةٌ حَربِيَّةٌ يَعمَلُ فِي خِدمَةِ حَامِلِهَا عَشَرَةُ مَمَالِيكُ وَمِن هَذِهِ اَلطَّبَقَةِ صِغَارُ اَلوُلَاةِ وَنَحوُهُم مِثلَ: وَالِي الفُسطَاطِ وَشَادُّ الدَّوَاوِينِ وَوَالِي القَرَافَةِ.‏
Amir `Ashrah : A military rank given to an emir who owned ten Mamluks. Many holders of that title were governors of small districts and other minor officials.
‏أَمِير عِلم‏

‏هُوَ: رَئِيسُ الطَّبلَخَانَاه اَلسُّلطَانِيَّةِ اَلَّذِي يَتَوَلَّى أَمرَهَا وَيَقِفُ عَلَيهَا عِندَ ضَربِهَا بِالقَلعَةِ وَعِندَ أَسفَارِ السُّلطَانِ.‏
Amir `Alam : Chief of the royal Tablakhanah
‏أَمِيرُ مِائَةٍ‏

‏مَرَتَبَةٌ حَربِيَّةٌ خَاصَّةٌ بِأَربَابِ السُّيُوفِ وَتُقرَنُ عَادَةً بِلَقَبِ "مُقَدِّمُ أَلفٍ" فَيُقَالُ: أَمِيرُ مِائَةٍ وَمُقَدِّمُ أَلفٍ وَالمَقصُودُ بِتِلكَ اَلتَّسمِيَةِ المُرَكَّبَةِ وَظِيفَةٌ وَاحِدَةٌ فَيَكُونُ فِي خِدمَةِ حَامِلِهَا مِائَةُ مَملُوكٍ وَهُوَ فِي نَفسِ اَلوَقتِ مُقَدِّمٌ فِي اَلحُرُوبِ عَلَى أَلفِ جُندِيٍّ مِن أَجنَادِ الحَلقَةِ وَكَانَ أَصحَابُ هَذِهِ اَلمَرتَبَةِ أَعلَى مَرَاتِبِ اَلأُمَرَاءِ مِن عَهدِ اَلسَّلَاجِقَةِ بِالشَّرقِ إِلَى عَهدِ سَلَاطِينِ اَلمَمَالِيكِ بِمِصرَ.‏
Amir Mi'ah : A supreme military rank from the Seljuk period up to and including the Mamluk period. It was given to any emir who owned one hundred Mamluks, also known as a Muqaddim Alf [Commander of One Thousand], as he also commanded one thousand soldiers of the Halaqah.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏أَمِيرُ مَجلِس‏

‏هُوَ الَّذِي يَتَحَدَّثُ عَلَى الأَطِبَّاءِ وَالكَحَّالِينَ وَمَن شَاكَلَهُم، وَلَا يَكُونُ إِلَّا وَاحِداً أَيضًا يُعرَفُ بأَنَّهُ هُوَ الَّذِي يَتَوَلَّى أَمرَ مَجلِسِ اَلسُّلطَانِ أَو اَلأَمِيرِ فِي اَلتَّرتِيبِ وَغَيرِهِ. وَيَظهَرُ مِن هَذَينِ اَلتَّعرِيفَينِ أَنَّ تِلكَ اَلوَظِيفَةَ كَانَت تَشمَلُ النَّاحِيَتَينِ المَذكُورَتَينِ.‏
Amir Majlis : 1) Emir in charge of discipline and protocol of the sultan's council 2) Also supervising medical workers
‏أَمِينُ اَلمَلِكِ‏

‏اُنظُر مَادَّةَ: "صَاحِبُ المَجلِسِ".‏
Amin Al-Mulk : See: "Sahib Al-Majlis"
‏أَهلُ فَرش‏

‏الفَرشُ هُوَ الفَضَاءُ الوَاسِعُ مِن الأَرضِ وَأَهلُ فَرش هُم أُولَئِكَ الَّذِينَ لَا يَقدِرُونَ عَلَى حِمَايَةِ أَنفُسِهِم .‏
Ahl Farsh : Inhabitants of a large area who are incapable of protecting themselves against dangers
‏أَيبَك (المَلِكُ المُعِزُّ)‏

‏هَذَا الِاسمُ مُرَكَّبٌ مِن لَفظَينِ تُركِيَّينِ هُمَا (آي وَبَك) وَمَعنَى أَوَّلِهِمَا القَمَرُ وَمُرَادِفُ ثَانِيهِمَا فِي العَرَبِيَّةِ لَفظُ الأَمِيرِ.‏
Aibak : Aybeg
‏إِقطَاعُ اَلحَلقَةِ‏

‏أَي: مَا يُقطَعُ لِجُندِيٍّ مِن جُنُودِ الحَلقَةِ وَهُم دُونَ اَلمَمَالِيكِ اَلسُّلطَانِيَّةِ وَإِقطَاعِيَّاتُهُم أَقَلُّ.‏
Iqta` Al-Halaqah : The fiefs of the soldiers of the Halaqah
‏إِقطَاعَاتُ اَلحَلَقَةِ‏

‏كَانَت "إِقطَاعَاتُ الحَلَقَةِ" الَّتِي تَخرُجُ بِهَا المَنَاشِيرُ مِن دِيوَانِ اَلجَيشِ وَقفًا عَلَى أَجنَادِ اَلحَلَقَةِ دُونَ غَيرِهِم مِن فِئَاتِ الجَيشِ المَملُوكِيِّ كَالمَمَالِيكِ اَلسُّلطَانِيَّةِ اَلَّذِينَ يُعطَونَ اَلرَّوَاتِبَ المُنتَظِمَةَ وَمَمَالِيكِ اَلأُمَرَاءِ اَلَّذِينَ يَعِيشُونَ فِي كَنَفِ أَسَاتِذَتِهِم .‏
Iqta`at Al-Halaqah : The fiefs of the Halaqah
‏إِكَافٌ ( الحِمَارُ )‏

‏وَهِيَ بَرذَعَةُ الحِمَارِ جَمعُهَا: "أُكُفٍ " .‏
Ikaf (Al-Himar) : (Pl. Ukuf) donkey's saddle
‏اَلآثَارُ اَلعُلوِيَّةُ‏

‏هُوَ: اَلعُنوَانُ اَلَّذِي اِتَّخَذَهُ اَلعَرَبُ لِكِتَابِ أَرِسطُو اَلَّذِي يَتَنَاوَلُ اَلرَّصدَ الجَوِّيَّ.‏
Al-Athar Al-`Ulwiyah : The title given by the Arabs to the Arabic translation of Aristotle's work on meteorology
‏اَلآلَةُ‏

‏هِيَ الوَاسِطَةُ وَتُرَادِفُ " أَدَاةً " وَجَمعُهَا أَدَوَاتٌ وَفِي اِصطِلَاحِ النُّحَاةِ تَرِدُ آلَةٌ وَآدَاةٌ فِي تَعبِيرَاتٍ مِنهَا : آلَةُ اَلتَّعرِيفِ ( الحَرفُ : ال ) وَآلَةُ اَلتَّشبِيهِ ( الحَرفُ : ك ). . . . إِلَخ . أَمَّا فِي تَصنِيفِ اَلعُلُومِ فَإِنَّ " الآلَةَ " اِسمٌ لِمَا يَحصُلُ لَا لِذَاتِهِ بَل لِمَا يَكُونُ وَاسِطَةً لِغَيرِهِ , مِثَالُ ذَلِكَ : اَلعُلُومُ اَللُّغَوِيَّةُ وَعِلمُ المَنطِقِ إِذ أَنَّهَا دِرَاسَاتٌ مُسَاعِدَةٌ لِلعُلُومِ الدِّينِيَّةِ .‏
Al-Alah, Also Al-Adah : Auxiliary sciences needed for religious studies
‏اَلآمِدُ‏

‏أَو الآمِدَةُ وَهِيَ اَلسَّفِينَةُ المَشحُونَةُ.‏
Al-Amid : A cargo loaded ship
‏الأَبَازِرَةُ‏

‏اَلرَّاجِحُ أَنَّ اَلمَقصُودَ بِهَذَا اللَّفظِ : تُجَّارُ اَلبُذُورِ اَلمُخَصَّصَةِ لِلتَّقَاوِي وَهُم يُسَمَّونَ إِلَى اَلآن بِهَذَا الاِسمِ فِي مِصرَ .‏
Al-Abazirah : Seed merchants
‏اَلأَتَابِكُ‏

‏أَو: الأَطَابِكُ وَهُوَ أَكبَرُ اَلأُمَرَاءِ اَلمُقدَّمِينَ بَعدَ اَلنَّائِبِ الكَافِلِ.‏
Al-Atabik : Tutor, regent, the major senior Mamluk emir
‏الأَتبَانُ (مُقَرَّر)‏

‏كَانَ جَمِيعُ تبن أَرضِ مِصرَ عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ أَقسَامٍ : قِسمٌ لِلدِّيوَانِ وَقِسمٌ لِلمُقطَعِ وَقِسمٌ لِلعِلَاجِ فَيُجبِي التّبن عَن كُلِّ مِائَةِ حِملٍ : أَربَعَةَ دَنَانِيرَ وَسُدُسُ الدِّينَارِ فَيَحصُلُ مِن ذَلِكَ مَالٌ كَثِيرٌ وَقَد بَطَلَ هَذَا أَيضًا مِن الدِّيوَانِ .‏
Al-Atban (Muqarrar) : A tax imposed on fodder harvest
‏اَلأَجلَابُ‏

‏أَو : الجُلبَانُ أَو: اَلمُشتَرَيَاتُ أَو: المُشتَرَوَاتُ . هُم : فَرِيقٌ مِن اَلمَمَالِيكِ اِشتَرَاهُم السُّلطَانُ أَو اَلأَمِيرُ المَملُوكِيُّ بِقَدرِ مَا تَسمَحُ بِهِ رُتبَتُهُ فِي اَلإِمرَةِ وَإِقطَاعُهُ اَلمُخَصَّصُ لِهَذِهِ الرُّتبَةِ وَهُم عِندَ السُّلطَانِ : جُزءٌ مِن المَمَالِيكِ السُّلطَانِيَّةِ وَعِندَ غَيرِهِ مِن الأُمَرَاءِ : فَرِيقٌ مِن أَجنَادِهِ أَو مَمَالِيكِهِ وَكَانَ هَؤُلَاءِ اَلأَجلَابُ مَوضِعَ إِيثَارٍ عِندَ أُستَاذِهِم دَائِمًا .‏
Al-Ajlab : The Mamluk slaves bought by the sultan or emirs
‏اَلأَحبَاسُ‏

‏وَيُقَالُ أَيضًا: الأَحبَاسِيَّةُ وَمَعنَاهَا: حَبسُ "أَرَاضِى الرِّزقِ" أَو غَيرِهَا أَو وَقفُ رِيعِهَا عَلَى جِهَاتٍ مَعلُومَةٍ وَمَحدُودَةٍ عَلَى أَنَّ مِنهَا مَا لَيسَ مَوقُوفًا فَيُصرَفُ ريعُهُ لِلمُستَحَقِّينَ مِن أَصحَابِهَا وَ"الرِّزقُ" اَلَّتِي مِن اَلنَّوعِ اَلأَخِيرِ تَنحَلُّ بِانقِرَاضِ أَصحَابِهَا.‏
Al-Ahbas : Allotments dedicated to certain purposes
‏اَلأَحدَاثُ (المَمَالِيكُ)‏

‏هَذَا اَللَّفظ يَحتَمِلُ مَعنَيَينِ أَحَدُهُمَا: حَدِيثُ اَلعُمرِ أَو اَلعَهدِ بِالخِدمَةِ وَالآخَرُ: اَلأَرَاذِلُ وَالسَّفَلَةُ.‏
Al-Ahdath : Cheap, low, bastard
‏اَلأَحكَارُ‏

‏مُفرَدُهَا: حِكرٌ.‏
Al-Ahkar : Enclosures
‏اَلأَحوَاشُ‏

‏لَعَلَّهَا جَمعُ كَلِمَة "حَوشٍ" وتَعنِي: أَرَاذِلُ النَّاسِ.‏
Al-Ahwash : Probably this is the plural of "Hawash", which means the base people
‏اَلأَدَاةُ‏

‏انظُر مَادَّةَ : " الآلَةِ " .‏
Al-Adah : See: Al-Alah
‏الأُردُو‏

‏لَفظٌ مَغُولِيٌّ مَعنَاهُ: المُعَسكَرُ وَقَد استُعمِلَ فِي اَلمَرَاجِعِ اَلعَرَبِيَّةِ وَالفَارِسِيَّةِ فِي العَصرِ اَلمَملُوكِيِّ لِلدَّلَالَةِ عَلَى مُعَسكَرِ "ايلخان" الدَّولَةِ اَلمَغُولِيَّةِ بِفَارِسَ.‏
Al-Urdu : A royal Mongol camp

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏اَلأَزوَارُ‏

‏جَمعُ: زَارَةٍ وَهِيَ: اَلأَرضُ ذَاتُ اَلمَاءِ وَالحَلفَاءِ وَالقَصَبُ.‏
Al-Azwar : Swamp; marsh
‏اَلأَسبَابُ‏

‏جَمعُ: سَبَبٍ وَمَعنَاهَا فِي مُصطَلَحِ اَلدَّولَةِ المَملُوكِيَّةِ: اَلخُلَصَاءُ وَالأَصدِقَاءُ اَلمُحِيطِينَ بِشَخصٍ مِن النَّاسِ.‏
Al-Asbab : Intimate friends and supporters (during the Mamluk period)
‏الأُستَادَار‏

‏هِيَ: إِحدَى اَلوَظَائِفِ اَلمَملُوكِيَّةِ الكُبرَى. وَعَمَلُهُ: تَوزِيعُ الجَوَامِكِ وَالعَلِيقِ وَالكُسوَةِ وَغَيرِهَا مِن اَلرَّوَاتِبِ اَلسُّلطَانِيَّةِ اَلشَّهرِيَّةِ عَلَى مُستَحِقِّيهَا مِن اَلمَمَالِيكِ السُّلطَانِيَّةِ.‏
Al-Ustadar : An emir of high ranking post, in charge of the distribution of the monthly allowances (of horse-fodder, clothes . . . etc.) to the sultan's Mamluks
‏اَلأُستَاذَينِ‏

‏كَانَ يُوجِدُ فِي اَلبَلَاطِ اَلفَاطِمِيِّ فِرقَةٌ مِن اَلعَبِيدِ اَلبَيضِ وَالسُّودِ عَلَى السَّوَاءِ خِصيَانٌ وَغَيرُ خِصيَانٍ أَغلَبُهَا مِن أَصلٍ أَجنَبِيٍّ مِن "الصَّقَالِبَةِ" لَهَا نُفُوذٌ كَبِيرٌ تَحمِلُ هَذَا اللَّقَبَ وَنَستَطِيعُ أَن نُمَيِّزَ فِي هَذِهِ اَلفِرقَةِ طَبَقَتَينِ: (1) فَكَانَ أَعلَاهُم دَرَجَةً يُعرَفُونَ بِ "الأُستَاذَيِن المُحَنَّكِينَ" وَذَلِكَ بِسَبَبِ زِيِّهِم اَلمَعرُوفِ بِاسمِ: "الحَنَكِ" وَهُوَ أَن يَمُرَّ طَرَفُ اَلعِمَامَةِ تَحتَ الحَنَكِ لِيَصعَدَ مِن اَلجِهَةِ اَلمُقَابِلَةِ وَيُلتَفُّ مِن جَدِيدٍ حَولَ الرَّأسِ وَهَؤُلَاءِ يَكُونُونَ حَاشِيَةَ اَلقَصرِ الخَاصَّةَ وَلَهُم حَقُّ اَلتَّلَقُّبِ بِلَقَبِ "أَمِيرٍ". (2) أَمَّا غَيرُ اَلمُحَنَّكِينَ مِن اَلأُستَاذَينِ فَيُعرَفُونَ فَقَط بِ "الأُستَاذَينِ" وَهُم أَقَلُّ دَرَجَةً مِن "المُحَنَّكِينَ" وَيَعمَلُونَ فِي كُلِّ وَظَائِفِ البَلَاطِ كَمَا يُوجَدُ مِنهُم طَبَقَةٌ أُخرَى دُنيَا - عَدَدُهَا كَبِيرٌ - تَقُومُ بِأَعمَالِ ا َلخِدمَةِ العَادِيَّةِ.‏
Al-Ustadhin : At the Fatimid court, there was a group of slaves, both white and black, who enjoyed tremendous power and influence. Their majority were "Saqalibah". They were of two ranks: those of the higher rank were called "Al-Ustadhin Al-Muhannakin", who for med an inner and exclusive circle and had the right to bear the title of emir. They were so called because of the turban they wore, i.e. "Al-Hanak", which they wrapped under their lower jaw. Those of the lower rank were called: "Al-Ustadhin", and hel d less important jobs.
‏الأُسطُوَانَةُ‏

‏الجَمعُ: أَسَاطِينُ وَهِيَ الأَعمِدَةُ.‏
Al-Ustuwanah : (Pl. Asatin), pillar or column
‏الأُسطُولُ‏

‏لَفظٌ يُونَانِيُّ الأَصلِ يُطلَقُ فِي العَرَبِيَّةِ أَحيَانًا عَلَى المَرَاكِبِ الحَربِيَّةِ المُجتَمِعَةِ وَأَحيَانًا أُخرَى يُطلَقُ عَلَى مَركَبٍ حَربِيٍّ وَاحِدٍ فَقَط وَالأُسطُولُ كَذَلِكَ هُوَ العَسكَرِيُّ الَّذِي يَعمَلُ بِالبَحرِ أَمَّا الَّذِي يَنتَظِمُ فِي سِلكِ الجُيُوشِ البَرِّيَّةِ فَهُوَ الجُندِيُّ .‏
Al-Ustul : Fleet; marine
‏اَلأَسهُمُ الخَطَّائِيَّةُ‏

‏هِيَ: سِهَامٌ عِظَامٌ يُرمَى بِهَا عَن قِسِيِّ عِظَامٍ تُوتَرُ بِلَولَبٍ يُجَرُّ بِهَا وَيُرمَى عَنهَا فَتَكَادُ تَخرِقُ الحَجَرَ وَلَعَلَّ نِسبَتِهَا إِلَى أُمَّةِ الخَطَا أَي: الصِّينُ.‏
Al-Ashum Al-Khatta'iyah : Bone arrows shot from bone bows
‏الأَشكَرِي‏

‏يُطلِقُ المُتَأَخِّرُونَ مِن اَلمُؤَرِّخِينَ اَلمُسلِمِينَ هَذَا الِاسمَ عَلَى أَبَاطِرَةِ الدَّولَةِ البِيزَنطِيَّةِ مُنذُ أَوَائِلِ اَلقَرنِ اَلسَّابِعِ الهِجرِيِّ.‏
Al-Ashkari : Title for the Byzantine emperor, used by Muslim historians from the 7th century A.H. onwards (perhaps from "Lascaris", the name of a family which controlled the Byzantine Empire of Nicea from 1204 to 1261)
‏الأَشكُرِيُّ (بِلَاد)‏

‏اَلمَقصُودُ بِهَذَا اللَّفظِ : الإِمبِرَاطُورِيَّةُ اَلبِيزَنطِيَّةُ فِينِيقِيَّة.‏
Al-Ashkuri (Bilad) : The Byzantine Empire
‏الأَشكِيفُ‏

‏الجَمعُ : أَشاكِيفُ وَهُوَ : نَوعٌ مِن اَلسُّفُنِ اَلحَربِيَّةِ اَلصَّغِيرَةِ اَلخَفِيفَةِ اَلمُلحِقَةِ بِالأَسَاطِيلِ البِيزَنطِيَّةِ أَو هُوَ : زَورَقٌ خَفِيفٌ مُسَلَّحٌ مِن تَوَابِعِ اَلأُسطُولِ البِيزَنطِيِّ ثُمَّ عُرِفَ - فِيمَا بَعدُ - بِمِصرَ حَيثُ اِستُعمِلَ فِي نَقلِ اَلبَضَائِعِ مِن اَلسُّفُنِ اَلكَبِيرَةِ إِلَى الشَّاطِئِ .‏
Al-Ashkif : Armed skiff
‏الأَصبَهبُذ‏

‏هُوَ: لَقَبُ مُلُوكِ طَبَرِستَانَ.‏
Al-Asbahbudh : The title of the kings of Tabaristan
‏الأَطلَابُ‏

‏جَمعُ طَلَبٍ وَهُوَ لَفظٌ كُردِيٌّ يَعنِي الأَمِيرَ الَّذِي يَقُودُ مِائَتَي فَارِسٍ فِي القِتَالِ وَكَانَ أَوَّلُ اِستِخدَامٍ لِهَذَا اللَّفظِ فِي مِصرَ وَالشَّامِ أَيَّامَ السُّلطَانِ صَلَاحِ الدِّينِ الأَيُّوبِيِّ ثُمَّ عُدِّلَ مَدلُولُهُ فَأَصبَحَ يُطلَقُ عَلَى الكَتِيبَةِ مِن الجَيشِ.‏
Al-Atlab : Commander; regiment
‏اَلأَعلَامُ اَلثَّلَاثَةُ‏

‏الأَعلَامُ هِيَ عِدَّةُ رَايَاتٍ مِنهَا رَايَةٌ عَظِيمَةٌ مِن حَرِيرٍ أَصفَرَ مُطَرَّزَةٌ بِالذَّهَبِ عَلَيهَا أَلقَابُ اَلسُّلطَانِ وَاسمُهُ وَتُسَمَّى : العِصَابَةُ وَرَايَةٌ عَظِيمَةٌ فِي رَأسِهَا خُصلَةٌ مِن اَلشَّعرِ تُسَمَّى : الجَالِيش وَرَايَاتٌ صُفرٌ صِغَارٌ تُسَمَّى : "السَّنَاجِقَ" عَلَى أَنَّهُ وَرَدَ أَنَّ اَلأَعلَامَ ثَلَاثَةٌ : مِنهَا وَاحِدٌ خَلِيفَتِيٌّ أَسوَدُ وَاثنَانِ سُلطَانِيَّانِ أَصفَرَانِ .‏
Al- A`lam Al-Thalathah : The royal flags
‏الأفرنتى (الدِّينَارُ)‏

‏أَو "الدِّينَارُ الصُّورِيُّ"ُ هُوَ اَلدِّينَارُ الإِفرِنجِيُّ وَيَفتَرِقُ عَن اَلدِّينَارِ اَلمِصرِيِّ اَلإِسلَامِيِّ فِي اَلعُصُورِ اَلوُسطَى فِي أَنَّ "الإفرنتي" كَانَ يُنقَشُ عَلَى وَجهِهِ صُورَةُ اَلمَلِكِ اَلَّذِي صَدَرَ فِي عَهدِهِ.‏
Al-Afranti (Al-Dinar) : Frankish coin, also called Al-Dinar Al-Suri because it bears the image of the ruler who issued it
‏الأَفرُوطَةُ‏

‏هَذَا اَللَّفظُ اِستُعمِلَ لِلدَّلَالَةِ عَلَى الأُسطُولِ النَصرَانِيِّ فَقَط. وَقَد اِستُعمِلَ بِكَثرَةٍ فِي عَدَدٍ مِن اَلمَصَادِرِ العَرَبِيَّةِ .‏
Al-Afrutah : Christian fleet
‏اَلأَفشَينُ‏

‏هُوَ: لَقَبُ مُلُوكِ "أُشرُوسَنَةَ".‏
Al-Afshin : The title of the kings of Ashrusinah
‏الأَقبَاعُ‏

‏جَمعُ: قبع وَمِن مَعَانِيهِ: مَا يُغَطِّي اَلرَّأسَ مِن الثَّوبِ كقبع "البُرنُس" مَثَلًا.‏
Al-Aqba` : Hood
‏اَلأَقطَعُ‏

‏هُوَ: اَلمَقطُوعُ اليَدِ وجَمعُهُ: قُطعٌ وَقُطعَانٌ وَالأَقطَعُ هُوَ الأَصَمُّ أَيضًا.‏
Al-Aqta` : One whose hand has been amputated or a deaf man
‏الأَكَادِيش‏

‏جَمعُ: أَكدِيش , وَهُوَ لَفظٌ فَارِسِيُّ الأَصلِ مَعنَاهُ الإِنسَانُ أَو الحَيَوَانُ الَّذِي يَكُونُ أَبُوهُ مِن جِنسٍ وَأُمُّهُ مِن جِنسٍ آخَرَ , وَقَد اِستَعمَلَهُ المُؤَرِّخُونَ بِالعَرَبِيَّةِ لِلدِّلَالَةِ عَلَى الرَّجُلِ الَّذِي لَا يَنتَسِبُ إِلَى أَصلٍ وَاحِدٍ , وَعَلَى الحِصَانِ غَيرِ الأَصِيلِ المُستَخدَمِ غَالِبًا فِي حَملِ الأَثقَالِ‏
Al-Akadish : Hybrid
‏اَلأُكرَةُ‏

‏هُم : عُمَّالُ اَلأَرضِ مِن الفَلَّاحِينَ.‏
Al-Ukrah : Peasants

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏اَلأَكوَارُ‏

‏مُفرَدُهُ : كُور وَهُوَ الرَّحلُ يُوضَعُ عَلَى ظَهرِ اَلخَيلِ أَو الإِبِلِ .‏
Al-Akwar : A chest or sack put on the back of a horse or dromedary
‏الأَمَايِر‏

‏جَمعُ أَمَارَةٍ بِفَتحِ الهَمزَةِ, ومَعنَاهَا العَلَامَةُ المَكتُوبَةُ أَو الشَّفرِيَّةُ الَّتِي تَتَّخِذُهَا بِمَثَابَةِ عَلَامَةٍ سِرِّيَّةٍ مُتَّفَقٍ عَلَيهَا , لِلِاطمِئنَانِ عَلَى صِحَّةِ مَا يُتَبَادَلُ مِن مُرَاسَلَاتٍ أَو مُشَافَهَاتٍ بَينَ طَرَفَينِ.‏
Al-Amayir : Code
‏الأَمحَرِيُّ‏

‏المَقصُودُ بِهَذَا اللَّقَبِ هُوَ: مَلِكُ اَلحَبَشَةِ اَلمَسِيحِيَّةِ فِي اَلقُرُونُ الوُسطَى وَهُوَ اَلمَعرُوفُ أَيضًا فِي كُتُبِ اَلمُؤَرِّخِينَ اَلمُسلِمِينَ بِلَقَبِ "الحَطِّيِّ" وَكَانَ قَبلَ أَن يُعرَفَ بِاسمِ: "النَّجَاشِيِّ.‏
Al-Amhari : A title for the king of Abyssinia in medieval times
‏اَلأُمَرَاءُ (البَرَّانِيَّةُ)‏

‏يُطلَقُ هَذَا اللَّفظُ عَلَى اَلمَمَالِيكِ وَالأُمَرَاءِ اَلَّذِينَ لَيسُوا مِن الخَاصكِيَّةِ يُقَالُ لَهُم: " الخَرجِيَّةُ" أَيضًا‏
Al-Umara' Al-Barraniyah : The emirs who do not belong to the Khaskiyah
‏اَلأُمَرَاءُ اَلمُطَوَّقُونُ‏

‏انظُر مَادَّةَ: " الطَّوقِ " وَيُضَافُ إِلَى مَا وَرَدَ بِهَا أَنَّ هَؤُلَاءِ اَلأُمَرَاءِ كَانُوا بِمَثَابَةِ : " الأُمَرَاءِ المُقَدَّمِينَ " فِي اَلعَهدِ المَملُوكِيِّ وَيَقُودُ كُلٌّ مِنهُم أَلفَ جُندِيٍّ .‏
Al-Umara' Al-Mutawwaqun : See: Al-Tauq
‏الأَمِير اَلبَطَّالُ‏

‏لَفظٌ جَرَى فِي مُصطَلَحِ دَولَةِ اَلمَمَالِيكِ لِلدَّلَالَةِ عَلَى اَلأَمِيرِ اَلَّذِي يَزُولُ عَنهُ إِقطَاعُهُ بِعَزلِهِ عَن وَظِيفَتِهِ وَنَفيِهِ.‏
Al-Amir Al-Battal : An emir whose fief was confiscated
‏الأَنبِرُور‏

‏هُوَ الصِّيغَةُ الغَالِبَةُ فِي كُتُبِ المُؤَرِّخِينَ المُسلِمِينَ لِلَفظِ الإِمبَرَاطُورِ.‏
Al-Anbirur : Emperor
‏الأَنجَرُ‏

‏يُطلَقُ هَذَا اَللَّفظُ عَلَى اَلسَّفِينَةِ بِعَامَّةٍ وَهُوَ يُعنَى أَيضًا: مِرسَاةُ السَّفِينَةِ .‏
Al-Anjar : 1) An anchor 2) A ship
‏اَلأَندَابُ‏

‏جَمعُ: نَدبٍ - وَهُوَ: كِيسٌ صِغِيرٌ.‏
Al-Andab : A sack or a small bag
‏اَلأَنِيَّاتُ‏

‏مُفرَدُهُ: "أَنِيٌّ " وَلَا يُوجَدُ تَعرِيفٌ بِهَذَا اَلمُصطَلَحُ فِي اَلمَرَاجِعِ المُتَيَسِّرَةِ وَلَكِن يُفهَمُ مِن اَلسِّيَاقِ أَنَّهُ: اَلمَملُوكُ اَلصَّغِيرُ اَلَّذِي يَنشَأُ مَعَ زُمَلَاءٍ كِبَارٍ فِي خِدمَةِ سُلطَانٍ أَو أَمِيرٍ.‏
Al-Anayat : Young Mamluks who were brought up with older Mamluks in the service of the same sultan or emir
‏اَلأَهرَاءُ‏

‏مُفرَدُهَا : هري وَهُوَ : بَيتٌ كَبِيرٌ يُجمَعُ فِيهِ طَعَامُ السُّلطَانِ وَاَلَّذِي جَرَى عَلَيهِ مُصطَلَحُ اَلدُّوَلِ اَلإِسلَامِيَّةِ فِي اَلعُصُورِ اَلوُسطَى أَنَّ اَلأَهرَاءَ هِيَ : اَلأَمَاكِنُ الَّتِي تُخَزَّنُ بِهَا الغِلَالُ وَالأَتبَانُ اَلخَاصَّةُ بِالخَلِيفَةِ وَالسُّلطَانِ اِحتِيَاطًا لِلطَّوَارِئِ وَكَانَت لَا تُفتَحُ إِلَّا عِندَ الضَّرُورَةِ وَهِيَ لِهَذَا المَعنَى تَختَلِفُ عَن "الشُّوَنِ" وَهِيَ : اَلَّتِي كَانَ يُخَزَّنُ بِهَا مَا يُستَهلَكُ طُولَ اَلسَّنَةِ مِن غِلَالٍ وَأَحطَابٍ وَأَتبَانٍ .‏
Al-Ahra' : Emergency storage barns
‏اَلأَهرَاءُ (السُّلطَانِيَّةُ )‏

‏اَلأَهرَاءُ اَلسُّلطَانِيَّةُ هِيَ: اَلأَمَاكِنُ اَلَّتِي تُخَزَّنُ بِهَا اَلغِلَالُ وَالأَتبَانُ اَلخَاصَّةُ بِالسُّلطَانِ اِحتِيَاطًا لِلطَّوَارِئِ الِاقتِصَادِيَّةِ وَكَانَت لَا تُفتَحُ إِلَّا عِندَ الضَّرُورَةِ وَكَانَ لِخَاصِّ السُّلطَانِ أَيضًا " شون " وَهَذِهِ يُوضَعُ بِهَا مَا يُستَهلَكُ طُوَالَ اَلسَّنَةِ مِن اَلغِلَالِ وَالأَحطَابِ وَالأَتبَانِ وَمَا أَشبَهَ ذَلِكَ .‏
Al-Ahra' (Al-Sultaniyah) : These were silos where the sultan's grain was stored for emergencies
‏اَلأَورَاق‏

‏مُفرَدُهَا: وَرَقَةٌ وَتَعنِي (1) مَا يَكتُبُهُ شَخصٌ عَلَى نَفسِهِ كَمَدِينٍ أَو حَارِسٍ عَلَى مَالٍ أَو عَقَارٍ. وَكَذَلِكَ (2) اَلإِعلَانُ اَلَّذِي يُنشَرُ لِإِخبَارِ اَلعُمُومِ بِأَمرٍ مِن الأُمُورِ.‏
Al-Auraq : 1) Promissory note 2) Public announcement
‏الأَوشَاقِيُّ‏

‏وَيُقَالُ: الأَوجَاقِيُّ أَيضًا وَجَمعُهَا : أَوشَاقِيَةُ وَأَوجَاقِيَّةُ وَهُم: فِرقَةٌ مِن خَدَمِ السُّلطَانِ عَمَلُهَا رُكُوبُ اَلخَيلِ لِلتَّسيِيرِ وَالرِّيَاضَةِ وَقَد ذُكِرَ أَنَّ "أَوشَاق" لَفظٌ فَارِسِيٌّ مَعنَاهُ: اَلغُلَامُ.‏
Al-Ushaqi : A stable boy charged with horse training
‏الأُوشَاقِيَّةُ‏

‏مُفرَدُهَا: أُوشَاقِىّ - أَو أُوجَاقِىّ أَيضًا - وَهُوَ اَلَّذِي يَتَوَلَّى رُكُوبَ اَلخَيلِ لِلتَّسيِيرِ وَالرِّيَاضَةِ.‏
Al-Ushaqiyah : (Sing. Ushaqi), also Ujaqi, groom
‏الأَوشَرِيَّةُ (التُّركُمَانُ)‏

‏هُم إِحدَى بُطُونِ اَلتُّركُمَانِ الإِثنَى عَشَرَ.‏
Al-Ushariyah : One of the twelve Turcoman tribes
‏الأَوطِيَةُ‏

‏مُفرَدُهَا: وِطَاءٌ وَهُوَ الحِذَاءُ.‏
Al-Autiah : The sandals
‏اَلإِبرِيقُ‏

‏اِستُعمِلَ هَذَا اَلمُصطَلَحُ فِي اَلقَرنِ اَلتَّاسِعَ عَشَرَ اَلمِيلَادِيِّ لِلدَّلَالَةِ عَلَى نَوعٍ مِن اَلسُّفُنِ اَلحَربِيَّةِ اَلخَفِيفَةِ اَلعَامِلَةِ فِي اَلبَحرِ اَلأَبيَضِ المُتَوَسَّطِ وَإِن كَانَت اَلدَّلَائِلُ تُشِيرُ إِلَى أَنَّ اَلعُثمَانِيِّينَ عَرَفُوا هَذَا اَلنَّوعَ مِن اَلسُّفُنِ مُنذُ أَوَائِلِ اَلقَرنِ اَلثَّامِنَ عَشَرَ المِيلَادِيِّ .‏
Al-Ibriq : Brig
‏الإِخرَاقُ‏

‏أَي العِقَابُ بِالضَّربِ أَو غَيرِهِ، فَيُقَالُ مَثَلًا " كَانَ قَصدُ الوَزِيرِ الإِخرَاقَ بِهِ بِالضَّربِ".‏
Al-Ikhraq : Punishment; chastisement
‏اَلإِخشِيدُ‏

‏هُوَ - بِلِسَانِ الفِرغَانَةِ: مَلِكُ المُلُوكِ. وَهُوَ لَقَبُ مُلُوكِ فَرغَانَةَ.‏
Al-Ikhshid : The title of the kings of Farghanah, (king of kings

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏اَلإِخوَانُ‏

‏لُغَةٌ فِي لَفظِ : الخُوَان وَهُوَ لَفظٌ فَارِسِيٌّ مُعَرَّبٌ جَمعُهُ : أَخوِنَةٌ وَخُون ومَعنَاهُ : مَا يُوضَعُ عَلَيهِ الطَّعَامُ لِيُؤكَلَ .‏
Al-Ikhwan : A table or tray or board or plate
‏الإِدَوَاةُ‏

‏هِيَ: وِعَاءٌ مِن جِلدٍ يُستَعمَلُ لِلمَاءِ.‏
Al-Idwah : Water skin
‏الإِسبِتَارِيَّةُ‏

‏أَطلَقَ المُؤَرِّخُونَ المُسلِمُونَ هَذَا الِاسمَ عَلَى جَمعِيَّةِ فُرسَانِ الهُسبِتَالِيِّينَ وَقَد تَأَسَّسَت هَذِهِ الجَمعِيَّةُ عَامَ 1099م بَعدَ اِستِيلَاءِ الصَّلِيبِيِّينَ عَلَى بَيتِ المَقدِسِ وَكَانَت دَارُهَا بِهِ قَبلَ ذَلِكَ بِزَمَنٍ طَوِيلٍ مَأوَى الحُجَّاجِ وَالمَرضَى مِن المَسِيحِيِّينَ ثُمَّ تَحَوَّلَت الجَمعِيَّةُ إِلَى هَيئَةٍ حَربِيَّةٍ دِينِيَّةٍ.‏
Al-Isbitariyah : Hospitaller Knights
‏الإِطلَاقَاتُ‏

‏جَمعُ: إِطلَاقٍ وَهِيَ وَفقًا لِ "كاترمير": "إِمَّا تَقرِيرُ عَدلٍ لِمَا قَرَّرَهُ أَحَدُ اَلمُلُوكِ السَّالِفَةِ أَو اِبتِدَاءٌ فِي مَعرُوفٍ أَو زِيَادَةٍ فِي إِحسَانٍ عَلَى مَا كَانَ مُقَرَّرًا" وَمِن مَعَانِيهِ أَيضًا: قِطعَةُ أَرضٍ تُمنَحُ وَتُعفَى مِن جَمِيعِ أَنوَاعِ الضَّرَائِبِ.‏
Al-Itlaqat : Land exempted from taxes
‏اَلإِعَادَةُ‏

‏اَلإِعَادَةُ هِيَ: وَظِيفَةُ المُعِيدِ وَهُوَ ثَانِي رُتبَةِ المُدَرِّسِ وَكَانَ عَمَلُهُ أَنَّهُ إِذَا أَلقَى اَلمُدَرِّسُ اَلدَّرسَ وَانصَرَفَ أَعَادَ لِلطَّلَبَةِ مَا أَلقَاهُ اَلمُدَرِّسُ إِلَيهِم لِيَفهَمُوهُ وَيُحسِنُوهُ وَالمُدَرِّسُ هُوَ "الَّذِي يَتَصَدَّى لِتَدرِيسِ اَلعُلُومِ اَلشَّرعِيَّةِ مِن اَلتَّفسِيرِ وَالحَدِيثِ وَالفِقهِ وَالنَّحوِ وَالتَّصرِيفِ وَنَحوِ ذَلِكَ.‏
Al-I`adah : Reader: a university teacher, especially one ranking next below a professor
‏الإِفرَنتِيُّ‏

‏هُوَ: اَلدِّينَارُ اَلإِفرِنجِيُّ أَو المُشَخَّصُ وَهُوَ عُملَةٌ ذَهَبِيَّةٌ.‏
Al-Ifrinti : A Frankish gold coin
‏الإِقَامَاتُ‏

‏جَمعُ إِقَامَةٍ، وَهُوَ مَا يَلزَمُ العَسَاكِرَ مِن المَئُونَةِ وَالعَلَفِ.‏
Al-Iqamat : Army provisions
‏اَلإِقطَاعُ‏

‏هُوَ: مَا يَقطَعُهُ وَلِيُّ اَلأَمرِ لِنَفسِهِ - أَو يَمنَحُهُ لِغَيرَهِ - مِن أَرضٍ أَو أَيِّ نَوعٍ مِن اَلمَالِ اَلثَّابِتِ أَو المَنقُولِ وَتُسَمَّى اَلأَرضُ اَلمُقَطَّعَةُ بِ "القَطِيعَةِ" (وَجَمعُهَا: قَطَائِعُ) أَو إِقطَاعًا (وجَمعُهَا: إِقطَاعَاتُ) كَمَا تُطلَقُ "القَطِيعَةُ" أَحيَانًا عَلَى الضَّرِيبَةِ كَمَا حَدَثَ فِي اَلعَهدِ الأَيُّوبِيِّ وَأُطلِقَ لَفظُ "المُقَاطَعَةِ" أَحيَانًا عَلَى كِتَابِ اَلإِقطَاعِ فِي اَلعَهدِ العَبَّاسِيُّ وَتُطلَقُ كَلِمَةُ "الإِقطَاعِيَّةُ" عَلَى اَلجُنُودِ المُقَطَّعِينَ وَذَلِكَ حِينَ عُمِّمَت الإِقطَاعَاتُ العَسكَرِيَّةُ.‏
Al-Iqta` : The fief
‏اَلإِلجَاءُ‏

‏هِيَ: أَن يُلجِئَ اَلضَّعِيفُ ضَيعَتَهُ - أَو أَهلَ اَلقُرَى قُرَاهُم - لِجَارٍ قَوِيٍّ ذِي جَاهٍ أَو سُلطَانٍ نَظِيرَ حِمَايَتِهِ لَهُم ثُمَّ يَستَرِدُّونَهَا ثَانِيَةً إِقطَاعًا عَلَى أَن يَكُونُوا مُزَارِعِينَ لَهُ وَغَالِبًا مَا يَحدُثُ ذَلِكَ حِينَ اِختِلَالِ الأَمنِ.‏
Al-Ilja' : Provisional transference of land owned by villagers to a powerful neighbor in return for protection
‏الإِمَامُ‏

‏كَانَ لَفظُ الإِمَامِ مِن أَلقَابِ الخُلَفَاءِ عَلَى أَنَّهُ كَانَ يَقَعُ أَيضًا فِي أَلقَابِ أَكَابِرِ العُلَمَاءِ وَقَد تُضَافُ إِلَيهِ يَاءُ النِّسبَةِ أَحيَانًا لِلمُبَالَغَةِ .‏
Al-Imam : Imam: a title of the caliph, also given to scholars
‏الإِنيَاتُ‏

‏مُفرَدُهَا: "أنى" أَو "انيا" ومَعنَاهَا: اَلزَّمِيلُ أَو "الخُجدَاشُ" أَو "الخُشدَاشُ". انظُر:مَادَّةَ "خُشدَاشُ".‏
Al-Inyat : See: Khushdash
‏اَلإِيغَارُ‏

‏وَهُوَ: أَن يَدفَعُ صَاحِبُ اَلأَرضِ عَنهَا قَدرًا مِن اَلمَالِ مَرَّةً وَاحِدَةً فَيُعفَى مِن الخَرَاجِ وَيَعنِي أَيضًا تَأدِيَةَ اَلخَرَاجِ مُبَاشِرَةً إِلَى السُّلطَانِ تَجَنُّبًا لِتَعَسُّفِ الجُبَاةِ وَقَد يُسَمَّى " ضَمَانَ الخَرَاجِ " أَحيَانًا إِيغَارًا.‏
Al-Ighar : 1) Paying a sum of money in one installment by the landowner, and thus be exempted from taxation 2) Paying taxes directly to the sultan, thus avoiding rapaciousness of the tax collectors. It is also called "Daman Al-Kharaj".
‏الإِيلِجِيَّة‏

‏وَيُقَالُ: الإِلِجِيَّةُ وَاللَالَاجِيُّ أَيضًا مُفرَدُهُ: الجي وايلجي والشي وَهُوَ لَفظٌ تُركِيُّ الأَصلِ مَعنَاهُ: اَلسَّفِيرُ أَو المَبعُوثُ.‏
Al-Iljiyah : Ambassadors
‏اَلِارتِفَاعُ‏

‏مَعنَاهُ: اَلخَرَاجُ أَو مَا يُجبَى مِن بَلَدٍ مِن البُلدَانِ .‏
Al-Irtifa` : Kharaj [taxes]
‏اَلِاستِيفَاءُ‏

‏هُوَ اَلعَمَلُ اَلَّذِي يَقُومُ بِهِ " المُستَوفِي " فِي اَلدِّيوَانِ اَلتَّابِعِ لَهُ .‏
Al-Istifa' : The work done by Al-Mustaufi
‏الاسفهسلار‏

‏اُنظُر مَادَّةَ: "زَمُّ اَلرِّجَالِ وَالطَّوَائِفِ".‏
Al-Isfihsilar : Commander-in-chief of the Fatimid army
‏اَلِالتِزَامُ‏

‏مِن اَلنُّظُمِ اَلَّتِي وُجِدَت فِي مِصرَ قَبلَ اَلفَتحِ العَرَبِيِّ وَأَخَذَ بِهَا العَرَبُ: نِظَامُ اَلِالتِزَامَاتِ اَلمَعرُوفِ فِي اَلعَالَمِ اَلكِلَاسِيكِيِّ بِمَعنَى: اِلتِزَامُ اَلشَّخصِ أَو اَلجَمَاعَةِ بِبَعضِ اَلخِدمَاتِ لِلدَّولَةِ وَلَكِنَّ هَذَا اَلنِّظَامَ لَم يَكُن فِي اَلعَصرِ اَلإِسلَامِيِّ عَامًّا كَمَا كَانَ عِندَ الإِغرِيقِ بِمَعنَى أَنَّهُ كَانَ قَاصِرًا عَلَى اَلضَّرَائِبِ وَمَا يَتَّصِلُ بِهَا فَكَانَت "الكَورَةُ" تُلزَمُ بِأَدَاءِ نَوعِ مِن اَلخِدمَةِ لِلدَّولَةِ أَو بِدَفعِ مَبلَغٍ فِي مُقَابِلِ إِعفَائِهَا مِن ذَلِكَ وَفِي بَعضِ اَلأَحيَانِ كَانَ اَلوَالِي يُوصِي عُمَّالَهُ عَلَى اَلكَورَاتِ بِجَمعِ اَلأَشخَاصِ أَو اَلمَوَادِّ اَللَّازِمَةِ لِهَذِهِ اَلخِدمَاتِ وَبِعَدَمِ قَبُولِ اَلمَالِ مُقَابِلَ اَلإِعفَاءِ مِن أَدَائِهَا وَمِن أَنوَاعِ هَذَا الِالتِزَامِ: (1) تَقدِيمُ اَلعُمَّالِ وَالأَدَوَاتِ اَللَّازِمَةِ لِتَشيِيدِ اَلطُّرُقَاتِ وَحَفرِ التُّرَعِ. (2) إِيوَاءُ اَلجُندِ و َضِيَافَتُهُم (3) تَقدِيمُ اَلمَوَادِّ وَالأَيدِي اَلعَامِلَةِ اَللَّازِمَةِ لِتَشيِيدِ اَلمَبَانِي اَلعَامَّةِ (4) تَقدِيمُ اَلبَحَّارَةِ وَمَوَادِّ بِنَاءِ اَلسُّفُنِ (5) تَقدِيمُ مَوَادَّ غِذَائِيَّةٍ مُختَلِفَةٍ مِمَّا تَشتَهِرُ بِإِنتَاجِهِ اَلكَورَاتُ .‏
Al-Iltizam : Compulsory service
‏الانكِتَارُ (مَلِكٌ)‏

‏أَطلَقَ المُؤَرِّخُونَ المُسلِمُونَ هَذَا الِاسمَ عَلَى مَلِكِ إِنجِلتِرَا فِي العُصُورِ الوُسطَى .‏
Al-Inkitar : The king of England
‏البَابِيَّةُ‏

‏جَمعُ بَابَا وَهُوَ لَقَبٌ عَامٌّ لِجَمِيعِ رِجَالِ الطَّست خَانَاه مِمَّن يَتَعَاطَى الغَسلَ وَالصَّقلَ وَغَيرَ ذَلِكَ، وَهُوَ لَفظٌ رُومِيٌّ ومَعنَاهُ أَبُو الآبَاءِ وَكَأَنَّهُ لُقِّبَ بِذَلِكَ لِأَنَّهُ لَمَّا تَعَاطَى مَا فِيهِ تَرفِيهُ مَخدُومِهِ مِن تَنظِيفِ قُمَاشِهِ وَتَحسِينِ هَيئَتِهِ أَشبَهَ الأَبَ الشَّفِيقَ فَلُقِّبَ بِذَلِكَ.‏
Al-Babiyah : Babes
‏البادزهر‏

‏حَجَرٌ خَفِيفٌ هَشٌّ يُنسَبُ إِلَيهِ قُوًى غَرِيبَةٌ فِي مُقَاوَمَةِ السُّمُومِ وَهُوَ لَفظٌ فَارِسِيٌّ مُرَكَّبٌ مِن كَلِمَتَينِ: اَلأُولَى "بارد" ومَعنَاهَا: طَارِدٌ وَالثَّانِيَةُ "زهر" ومَعنَاهَا: سُمٌّ.‏
Al-Badzahr : Stone which is supposed to possess the property of neutralizing poisons

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏البَادهَنجُ‏

‏أَو: البَادَنجُ وَهُوَ مَنفَذٌ لِلتَّهوِيَةِ فِي اَلبُيُوتُ وَرُبَّمَا كَانَ مُرَادِفُهُ لَفظُ "مَنوَرٍ" فِي اَلعِمَارَةِ اَلحَالِيَّةِ فِي مِصرَ.‏
Al-Badhanj : Skylight: a chimney-like tube used for ventilation
‏البَارُوبِيَّةُ (الأَرَاضِي)‏

‏أَو "البرايب" وَهِيَ اَلأَرَاضِي اَلَّتِي سَبَقَ زِرَاعَتُهَا بِالقَمحِ وَالشَّعِيرِ فَضَعُفَت فَلَا تَصلُحُ بَعدَ ذَلِكَ هَذَينِ اَلصِّنفَينِ إِلَّا لِزِرَاعَةِ "القرط" و "المَقَاتِي" اَلأَمرُ اَلَّذِي يَقوِي اَلأَرضَ فَتُصبِحُ بَعدَهَا أَرضَ "باق".‏
Al-Barubiyah : Land previously sown with wheat and barley
‏البَازَدَار‏

‏هُوَ اَلَّذِي يَحمِلُ اَلطُّيُورَ اَلجَوَارِحَ اَلمُعَدَّةَ لِلصَّيدِ عَلَى يَدِهِ.‏
Al-Bazdar : Falconer
‏البَاسِلِيقَات‏

‏وَهِيَ: رُمَّانَةٌ مِن اَلحَدِيدِ بِعَصًى مِن حَدِيدٍ وَتُربَطُ فِي اَلمَركَبِ بِسَلَاسِلَ وَتُستَخدَمُ فِي مُحَاوَلَةِ إِخرَاقِ مَركَبِ اَلعَدُوِّ عَن طَرِيقِ قَذفِهَا عَلَى مَركَبِ اَلعَدُوِّ عِدَّةَ مَرَّاتٍ حَتَّى يَتَحَقَّقَ الغَرَضُ .‏
Al-Basiliqat : Large iron balls attached to warships by a chain. They were swung at enemy ships.
‏البَاشِه‏

‏هِيَ قَيدٌ يُوضَعُ فِي اَلعُنُقِ أَو الرِّجلَينِ .‏
Al-Bashih : Shackles placed around one's neck or his ankles
‏البَاشُورَةُ‏

‏هِيَ سَدٌّ مِن التُّرَابِ لِمَنعِ وَصُولِ الخَيَّالَةِ وَالرَّجَّالَةِ وَالسِّهَامِ إِلَى مَوَاضِعِ المُحَارِبِينَ وَجَمعُهَا بَوَاشِيرُ.‏
Al-Bashurah : Bastion, bulwark
‏اَلبَاقُّ‏

‏أَعلَى أَنوَاعِ اَلأَرَاضِي رُتبَةً مِن حَيثُ الجَودَةُ وَلِذَلِكَ فَهِيَ أَكثَرُ تَقدِيرًا فِي قِيمَةِ اَلضَّرِيبَةِ اَلمُقَرَّرَةِ عَمَّا عَدَاهَا كَمَا تُعرَفُ بِأَنَّهَا اَلأَرضُ اَلَّتِي سَبَقَت زِرَاعَتُهَا بِالمَحَاصِيلِ البَقلِيَّةِ.‏
Al-Baq : A fertile land previously sown with leguminous crops
‏البَايِزَةُ‏

‏لَفظٌ مَغُولِيٌّ وَهِيَ: لَوحٌ صَغِيرٌ مِن ذَهَبٍ مَرسُومٌ عَلَى أَحَدِ وَجهَيهِ رَأسُ أَسَدٍ وَكَانَت تُمنَحُ لِكِبَارِ رِجَالِ اَلدَّولَةِ عِندَ المَغُولِ وَلِلمُكَلَّفِينَ بِحَملِ اَلرَّسَائِلِ الحُكُومِيَّةِ.‏
Al-Baizah : A Mongol term for a small gold tablet with inscription of a lion's head granted to high ranking Mongol officials or carriers of state messages
‏البُخَاتِيُّ‏

‏مُفرَدُهَا بُختِيٌّ وَهُوَ الوَاحِدُ مِن الإِبِلِ الخُرَاسَانِيَّةِ وَهِيَ جِمَالٌ ضَخمَةٌ ذَاتُ سِنَامَينِ وَوَبَرٍ أَسوَدَ تُستَعمَلُ فِي أَسفَارِ الشِّتَاءِ .‏
Al-Bukhati : Bactrian camel
‏اَلبَخَاتِيُّ (الجَمَلُ)‏

‏هُوَ جَمَلٌ ضَخمٌ لَهُ وَبَرٌ أَسوَدُ وَيَعلُو ظَهَرَهُ سِنَامَينِ يُنسَبُ إِلَى "خُرَاسَانَ" وَيُستَخدَمُ فِي أَسفَارِ الشِّتَاءِ.‏
Al-Bakhati (Al-Jamal) : Bactrian camel
‏البَخشِيَّةُ‏

‏لَفظٌ مَغُولِيٌّ مِن أَصلٍ "سَانكِرِيتِي" وَمَعنَاهُ: الكَهَنَةُ البُوذِيُّونَ وَكَانَ بَعضُ قَادَةِ المَغُولِ وَمُلُوكِهِم يَدِينُونَ بِالبُوذِيَّةِ .‏
Al-Bakhshiyah : Buddhist monks
‏اَلبُدَنَةُ‏

‏ثَوبٌ كَانَ يُصنَعُ لِلخُلَفَاءِ مِن نَسِيجِ بَلدَةِ "تنيس" فِي مِصرَ وَكَانَ لَا يَدخُلُ مِن اَلغَزلِ - "سداة" و(لحمة) - غَيرُ أُوقِيَّتَينِ وَيُنسَجُ بَاقِيهِ بِالذَّهَبِ بِصِنَاعَةٍ مُحكَمَةٍ لَا تَحتَاجُ إِلَى تَفصِيلٍ وَلَا خِيَاطَةٍ. وَتَبلُغُ قِيمَةُ هَذَا اَلثَّوبِ أَلفَ دِينَارٍ.‏
Al-Budanah : A wrapper (or coveralls) woven in Egypt from gold threads, that needed no tailoring. It was mainly made for the caliph.
‏اَلبَذلَاتُ اَلمَينَةُ‏

‏هِيَ اَلمُحَلَّاة بِالمَينَةِ وَالمَينَةُ هِيَ: جَوهَرُ اَلزُّجَاجِ المُلَوَّنِ أَو اَلطِّلَاءُ بِذَائِبِ اَلرَّصَاصِ وَالأَكَاسِيدِ اَلمَعدِنِيَّةِ المُلَوَّنَةِ كَالأَخضَرِ مِن أُكسِيدِ النُّحَاسِ وَالأَحمَرِ مِن أُكسِيدِ القَصدِيرِ وَالأَزرَقِ مِن مَسحُوقِ اللازورد مَعَ زُجَاجٍ لَا لَونَ لَهُ.‏
Al-Badhlat Al-Minah : Clothes ornamented with colored glazed glass
‏اَلبَرَاءَةُ‏

‏كَانَ الأَهَالِي الَّذِينَ يَقُومُونَ بِدَفعِ مَا عَلَيهِم مِن اَلضَّرَائِبِ يَتَسَلَّمُونَ إِيصَالَاتٍ عُرِفَت فِي أَورَاقِ اَلبَردِي العَرَبِيَّةِ بِهَذَا الاِسمِ المُصطَلَح.‏
Al-Bara'ah : Receipt given to those who have paid their taxes
‏البَرَاسِمُ اَلبَحرِيَّةُ‏

‏أَي: اَلسُّرُوجُ الحَربِيَّةُ.‏
Al-Barasim Al-Bahariyah : Marine equipment
‏البَرَالِغُ‏

‏مُفرَدُهُ: بَرلَغٌ وَهِيَ اَلنَّوعُ اَلثَّالِثُ مِن "المُطلَقَاتِ" وَكَانَ هَذَا اَلنَّوعُ مِن اَلمُكَاتَبَاتِ اَلسُّلطَانِيَّةِ يَصدُرُ إِذَا كَانَ اَلأَمرُ مُتَعَلِّقًا بِمَا يَجِبُ عَمَلُهُ نَحوَ قَادِمٍ عَظِيمٍ مِن اَلبِلَادِ اَلإِسلَامِيَّةِ المُجَاوِرَةِ.‏
Al-Baraligh : Royal dispatches concerning high ranking state guests
‏اَلبُرجَاسُ‏

‏لَفظٌ مُعَرَّبٌ وَهُوَ: هَدَفٌ يَنصَبُّ عَلَى رُمحٍ أَو سَارِيَةٍ وَمَعنَاهُ - فِي لُغَةِ أَهلِ مِصرَ: رُمحٌ أَو سَارِيَةٌ فِي أَعلَاهُ كُرَةٌ مِن ذَهَبٍ أَو فِضَّةٍ يَرمِيهَا اَلحُذَّاقُ وَهُم عَلَى الجِيَادِ.‏
Al-Birjas : A target on the top of a pole
‏البُرجِيَّةُ ( المَمَالِيكُ)‏

‏أَفرَدَ اَلسُّلطَانُ اَلمَنصُورُ قَلَاوُونُ مِن مُشتَرَيَاتِهِ مِن اَلمَمَالِيكِ ثَلَاثَةَ آلَافٍ وَسَبعَمِائَةٍ مِن "الآصِّ وَالجَركَسِ" جَعَلَهُم فِي أَبرَاجِ القَلعَةِ وَسَمَّاهُم: "البُرجِيَّةَ".‏
Al-Burjiyah : Mamluks quartered at the various towers of Cairo citadel
‏البُردِدَارِيَّة‏

‏البُردِدَار هُوَ الَّذِي يَكُونُ فِي خِدمَةِ مُبَاشِرِي الدِّيوَانِ فِي الجُملَةِ مُتَحَدِّثًا عَلَى أَعوَانِهِ وَالمُتَصَرِّفِينَ فِيهِ وَأَصلُهُ فَردَادَار وَهُوَ مُرَكَّبٌ مِن لَفظَينِ فَارِسِيَّينِ أَحَدُهُمَا فَردَا ومَعنَاهُ مُمسِكٌ وَالمُرَادُ مُمسِكُ السِّتَارِ وَكَأَنَّهُ فِي أَوَّلِ الوَضعِ كَانَ يَقِفُ بِبَابِ السِّتَارَةِ ثُمَّ نُقِلَ إِلَى الدِّيوَانِ .‏
Al-Burdidariyah : Usher
‏اَلبِرذَونُ‏

‏جَمعُهَا: بَرَاذِينُ وَهُوَ ضَربٌ مِن اَلدَّوَابِّ دُونَ اَلخَيلِ وَأَقدَرُ مِن الحَمِيرِ أَو هُوَ: اَلتُّركِيُّ مِن الخَيلِ.‏
Al-Bardhun : Mule, Turkish horse

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏البُرشُومُ‏

‏جَمعُهُ : بَرَاشِمُ وَهُوَ البُرقُعُ .‏
Al-Burshum : Veil
‏اَلبِرطِيلُ‏

‏جَمعُهَا: بَرَاطِيلُ وَهِيَ: الرِّشوَةُ وَيُقَالُ: بَرطَلَ فُلَانًا أَي: رَشَاهُ وَتَبَرطَلَ فُلَانٌ أَي: ارتَشَى.‏
Al-Bartil : Bribe
‏اَلبَرَكُ‏

‏أَو: البَرَقُ. وَهُوَ: أَمتِعَةُ المُسَافِرِ وَمَهَمَّاتُ الجُيُوشِ.‏
Al-Barak : 1) Traveler's luggage 2) Army's provision
‏البِركِستِوَان‏

‏لَفظٌ فَارِسِيٌّ مُعَرَّبٌ ومَعنَاهُ حَارِسُ البَدَنِ وَهُوَ مَا يُوضَعُ حَولَ أَبدَانِ الخُيُولِ كَالدُّرُوعِ وَيَكُونُ لِلفِيَلَةِ كَذَلِكَ .‏
Al-Birkistiwan : Caparison
‏البَركِيلُ‏

‏لَعَلَّ المَقصُودَ بِهَذَا اللَّفظِ مُرتَادُ البِحَارِ مِن التُّجَّارِ وَالمُغَامِرِينَ .‏
Al-Barkil : 1) Marine trader, marine adventurer 2) A barque
‏اَلبُرنُسُ‏

‏هُوَ: قَلَنسُوَةٌ طَوِيلَةٌ كَانَت تُلبَسُ فِي صَدرِ الإِسلَامِ وَكُلُّ ثَوبٍ مِنهَا يَكُونُ غِطَاءُ اَلرَّأسِ فِيهِ جُزءًا مِنهُ مُتَّصِلًا بِهِ .‏
Al-Burnus : Tall cap worn in the early Islamic period, hood
‏اَلبَرِيدُ‏

‏يُسَاوِي أَربَعَةَ فَرِاسِخَ وَطُولُ اَلفَرسَخُ ثَلَاثَةُ أَميَالٍ.‏
Al-Barid : A length measure that equals twelve miles
‏اِلبَزُّ‏

‏جَمعُهَا : بُزُوزٌ وَهِيَ اَلثِّيَابُ مِن اَلكَتَّانِ أَو القُطنِ .‏
Al-Baz : (Pl. Buruz) clothes made of linen or cotton
‏البَشَائِرُ (دَقَّ)‏

‏كَثِيرًا مَا يَذكُرُ المُؤَرِّخُونَ عِبَارَةَ "دَقَّت البَشَائِرُ" بَعدَ إِيرَادِ حَادِثٍ سَارٍّ وَكَانَ يَقُومُ بِإِعلَانِ البَشَائِرِ فِرقَةٌ مُوسِيقِيَّةٌ بِالقَلعَةِ وَيُطلَقُ لَفظُ "البَشَايِرِ" أَيضًا عَلَى الرَّسَائِلِ الَّتِي كَانَ السَّلَاطِينُ يَبعَثُونَ بِهَا إِلَى البِلَادِ وَالأَعمَالِ فِي اَلأَعيَادِ وَالمَوَاسِمِ وَالحَوَادِثِ السَّارَّةِ وَكَانُوا يُخَلِّقُونَهَا بِالطِّيبِ.‏
Al-Basha'ir : Announcing good news
‏البِشتُ‏

‏الجَمعُ : بُشُوتُ وَهُوَ العَبَاءَةُ مِن اَلصُّوفِ بِلَونِهِ الطَّبِيعِيِّ وَهُوَ مِن مَلَابِسِ الأَعرَابِ .‏
Al-Bisht : A woolen robe worn by Bedouins
‏البَشخَانَاه‏

‏الجَمعُ: بَشَاخِينُ وَهُوَ لَفظٌ فَارِسِيٌّ مُعَرَّبٌ وَمَعنَاهُ النَّامُوسِيَّةُ أَو مَا يُشبِهُهَا مِن حِليَةٍ حَولَ اَلسَّرِيرِ أَو اَلغُرفَةِ كُلِّهَا وَمِن مَعَانِيهَا أَيضًا اَلسَّرِيرُ أَو اَلغُرفَةُ اَلَّتِي بِهَا نَامُوسِيَّةٌ.‏
Al-Bashkhanah : A mosquito net
‏البُشمَاطُ‏

‏هُوَ البُقسُمَاطُ.‏
Al-Bushmat : Crust or biscuit
‏البَشمَقدَار‏

‏أَوالبَجمَقدَار وَهُوَ الَّذِي يَحمِلُ نَعلَ السُّلطَانِ أَو الأَمِيرِ وَيَتَرَكَّبُ هَذَا الِاسمُ مِن لَفظَينِ أَحَدُهُمَا مِن اللُّغَةِ التُّركِيَّةِ وَهُوَ بَشمَق ومَعنَاهُ النَّعلُ وَالثَّانِي مِن اللُّغَةِ الفَارِسِيَّةِ وَهُوَ دَار ومَعنَاهُ مُمسِكٌ يَكُونُ المَعنَى مُمسِكُ النَّعلِ‏
Al-Bashmaqdar : The sultan's slippers carrier
‏اَلبَطَّالُ‏

‏اَلبَطَّالُ مِن اَلأَجنَادِ وَالأُمَرَاءِ وَرِجَالِ اَلقَلَمِ هُوَ : العَاطِلُ مِن أَعمَالِ اَلدَّولَةِ وَوَظَائِفِهَا وَإِقطَاعَاتِهَا عِقَابًا أَو استِعفَاءً وَقَد يَسمَحُ السُّلطَانُ لِلبَطَّالِ بِتَنَاوُلِ أَجرٍ عُرِفَ فِي المُصطَلَحِ بِاسمِ "المَعلُومِ" وَلِلبَطَّالِينَ مِن اَلأُمَرَاءِ زِيٌّ مُعَيَّنٌ وَأَحيَانًا يُعَادُ البَطَّالُ إِلَى اَلعَمَلِ عِندَ الحَاجَةِ .‏
Al-Battal : Unemployed emirs, soldiers or civil servants, whether because of retirement or being fired
‏اَلبَطَّالِينَ (الأَجنَادُ)‏

‏اَلبَطَّالُونَ مِن اَلأَجنَادِ وَالأُمَرَاءِ هُم اَلعَاطِلُونَ مِن أَعمَالِ اَلدَّولَةِ وَوَظَائِفِهَا وَإِقطَاعِيَّاتِهَا نَتِيجَةَ غَضَبِ السُّلطَانِ أَو كِبَرِ السِّنِّ أَو اِضطِرَارًا إِلَى اَلِاعتِكَافِ وَالِاختِفَاءِ أَو لِمُجَرَّدِ حُبِّ اَلِانزِوَاءِ وَالِابتِعَادِ.‏
Al-Battalin (Al-Ajnad) : Unemployed soldiers or emirs who have been deprived of their posts and fiefs as a punishment or because of age
‏البُطسَةُ‏

‏نَوعٌ مِن السُّفُنِ لِلحَربِ أَو لِلتِّجَارَةِ بِلُغَةِ أَسبَانيَا.‏
Al-Butsah : Botsah: a Spanish kind of ships
‏البَغلِطَاق‏

‏أَو البَغلُوطَاق لَفظٌ فَارِسِيٌّ وَهُوَ قِبَاءٌ بِلَا أَكمَامٍ - أَو بِأَكمَامٍ قَصِيرَةٍ جِدًّا - يُلبَسُ تَحتَ الفَرجِيَّةِ. وَكَانَ يُصنَعُ مِن القُطنِ البَعلَبَكِيِّ أَو مِن السِّنجَابِ الأَبيَضِ أَو مِن الحَرِيرِ اللَّامِعِ وَكَثِيرًا مَا يُزَيَّنُ بِجَوَاهِرَ ثَمِينَةٍ .‏
Al-Baghlitaq : Sleevless or a short-sleeved tunic
‏البُقجَةُ‏

‏جَمعُهُ: بُقَجٌ وَتَأتِي أَحيَانًا فِي حَولِيَّاتِ العَصرِ الوَسِيطِ بِمَعنَى : عَلَامَةٍ سُلطَانِيَّةٍ خَاصَّةٍ بِدَارِ الضَّربِ كَالسِّكَّةِ وَلَهَا مَعَانٍ أُخرَى عَدِيدَةٌ لَا تَزَالُ حَتَّى الآنَ تُستَخدَمُ فِيمَا يَتَعَلَّقُ بِهَا .‏
Al-Buqjah : Royal currency stamp
‏اَلبَقطُ‏

‏يُطلَقُ هَذَا اَللَّفظُ عَلَى اَلمَالِ اَلَّذِي فَرَضَهُ اَلمُسلِمُونَ عَلَى اَلنُّوبَةِ بَعدَ فَتحِهِم لَهَا أَيَّامَ إِمَارَةِ عَمرِو بِنِ العَاصِ عَلَى مِصرَ.‏
Al-Baqt : A tribute imposed on Nubians
‏البِقيَارُ‏

‏كَلِمَةٌ فَارِسِيَّةٌ مَعنَاهَا سَجَّادَةٌ سَودَاءُ مَصنُوعَةٌ مِن وَبَرِ الجَمَلِ وَتَعنِي أَيضًا نَوعًا مِن العَمَائِمِ الكِبَارِ كَانَ يَلبَسُهَا الوُزَرَاءُ وَأَصحَابُ القَلَمِ .‏
Al-Buqyar : Turban, carpet

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏البَكتَرُ‏

‏جَمعُهَا : بَكَاتِرُ وَهِيَ : سَتَرَاتٌ مِن الزَّرَدِ .‏
Al-Baktar : A chain-mail hauberk
‏اَلبُكلَةُ‏

‏جَمعُهَا: بُكُلٌ وَهِيَ: اَلوِعَاءِ أَو الإِنَاءُ وَأَهلُ الفَيُّومِ فِي مِصرَ يَقُولُونَ ل "القُلَّةِ": بُكلَةً حَتَّى وَقتِنَا هَذَا.‏
Al-Buklah : Container or receptacle
‏البَلَاصِيَّةُ (الأَجنَادُ)‏

‏وَهُم: اَلَّذِينَ يَخدِمُونَ عَادَةً عِندَ "الكَشَّافِ" وَيَتَوَلَّونَ جِبَايَةَ الضَّرَائِبِ. ومُفرَدُهَا: بَلَاصِيٌّ.‏
Al-Balasiyah (Al-Ajnad) : Soldiers who were in the service of governors of sub-districts for the collection of taxes
‏البَلَالِيقُ‏

‏مُفرَدُهَا : بليق وَهُوَ اَلأُغنِيَةُ الشَّعبِيَّةُ وَتَكُونُ عَادَةً هَزلِيَّةَ اَلأَلفَاظِ وَالمَعَانِي .‏
Al-Balaliq : Sarcastic popular songs
‏اَلبَلَّانَاتُ‏

‏مِن لَفظِ "بَلَّانٍ" أَي: حَمَّامٍ وَلَعَلَّهُنَّ اَلمُشرِفَاتُ عَلَى اَلحَمَّامَاتِ السُّلطَانِيَّةِ.‏
Al-Ballanat : Female supervisors of the sultan's bath
‏اَلبَلقُ (الأَبقار)‏

‏مُفرَدُهَا: الأَبلَقُ وَهُوَ مَا جَمعَ بَينَ اَلأَسوَدِ وَالأَبيَضِ مِن الأَلوَانِ.‏
Al-Bulq (Al-Abqar) : Spotted, especially in cows
‏البُندُقدَارَيّ‏

‏نِسبَة إِلَى البُندُقدَارُ وَهُوَ لَفظٌ فَارِسِيٌّ مُرَكَّبٌ مَعنَاهُ: حَامِلُ جراوة (أَي: كِيسِ) اَلبُندُقِ خَلفَ اَلسُّلطَانِ أَو الأَمِيرِ.‏
Al-Bunduqdari : The sultan's or emir's hazelnut sac carrier
‏اَلبُندُقِيَّةُ (الدَّرَاهِمُ)‏

‏هِيَ: "الدوكات" أَو "الأفرنية وَهِيَ مَنسُوبَةٌ إِلَى مَدِينَةِ "فِينِسيَا أَو "البُندُقِيَّةِ" كَمَا أَسمَاهَا العَرَبُ .‏
Al-Bunduqiyah (Al-Darahim) : Venetian currency
‏اَلبُنُودُ‏

‏مُفرَدُهَا: بَندٌ وَهُوَ اَلعَلَمُ أَو اَلرَّايَةُ الكَبِيرَةُ.‏
Al-Bunud : Flags or large banners
‏اَلبَهلَوَانُ‏

‏هُوَ : لَقَبٌ يُطلَقُ عَلَى مَن يُجِيدُ فَنَّ الصِّرَاعِ أَي : المُصَارَعَةِ وَقَد أُطلِقَ عَلَى كَثِيرٍ مِن أُمَرَاءِ المَمَالِيكِ بِهَذَا المَعنَى .‏
Al-Bahlawan : A distinguished wrestler
‏اَلبَوَاقِي‏

‏انظُر :مَادَّةَ "القِبَالَةِ".‏
Al-Bawaqi : See: Al-Qibalah
‏البُوزَا‏

‏هِيَ : حَلوَى مِن سُكَّرٍ وَحَلِيبٍ تُجَمَّدُ بِالتَّبرِيدِ وَهِيَ أَيضًا : خَلِيطٌ مِن دَقِيقِ اَلشَّعِيرِ و اَلمَاءِ وَالسُّكَّرِ يُشرَبُ عِندَمَا يَتِمُّ تَخمِيرُهُ .‏
Al-Buzah : A fermented beverage made of barely flour, water and sugar
‏اَلبَيَاذِقُ‏

‏مُفرَدُهُ: بَيذَقٌ وَهُوَ لَفظٌ فَارِسِيٌّ مُعَرَّبٌ يَعنِي: اَلجُندُ الرَّجَّالَةُ وَسُمُّوا بِذَلِكَ لِخِفَّةِ حَرَكَتِهِم وَأَنَّهُ لَيسَ مَعَهُم مَا يُثقِلُهُم وَفِي غَزوَةِ اَلفَتحِ "جُعِلَ أَبُو عُبَيدَةَ عَلَى البَيَاذِقَةِ" وَمِنهُ: بَيذَقُ الشِّطرَنجِ وَهُوَ: اَلقِطعَةُ اَلمَعرُوفَةُ بِاسمِ العَسكَرِيِّ.‏
Al-Bayadhiq : Lightly armed infantrymen
‏البَيَاضَيّةُ‏

‏نِسبَةً إِلَى قَبِيلَةِ "الكَتَائِبِ البَيضَاءِ" التُّركُمَانِيَّةُ وَأُطلِقَ عَلَيهَا هَذَا الِاسمُ لِبَيَاضِ مَلَابِسِهِم أَو أَسلِحَتِهِم.‏
Al-Bayadiyah : A Turcoman tribe
‏اَلبَيضَةُ‏

‏جَمعُهَا: البَيضُ وَهِيَ: اَلخُوذَةُ مِن اَلحَدِيدِ يَلبَسُهَا اَلجُندِيُّ لِوِقَايَةِ الرَّأسِ وَقَد سُمِّيَت بِذَلِكَ لِمَا فِيهَا مِن اَلشَّبَهِ اَلشَّكلِيِّ بِالبَيضَةِ.‏
Al-Baidah : Helmet
‏البَيعُ بالحَلقَةِ‏

‏يَرِدُ هَذَا اللَّفظُ أَحيَانًا فِي حَولِيَّاتِ اَلعَصرِ اَلوَسِيطِ بِمَعنَى : اَلبَيعِ بِالمُزَايَدَةِ .‏
Al-Bai` Bi Al-Halaqah : Public auction
‏البِيكَارُ‏

‏لَفظٌ فَارِسِيٌّ مَعنَاهُ الحَربُ عَامَّةً.‏
Al-Bikar : War; combat
‏البِيكَارِيَّاتُ‏

‏وَيُقَالُ: أَيضًا البَوَاكِرُ ومُفرَدُهَا : بِيكَارِيَّةٌ وَهِيَ حِليَةٌ مِن المَعدِنِ وَالغَالِبُ أَنَّهَا سُمِّيَت بِذَلِكَ لِأَنَّهُ كَانَ يُنقَشُ عَلَيهَا دَائِرَةٌ فِي وَسَطِهَا بِيكَارٌ .‏
Al-Bikariyat : A metal plate shaped as a circle
‏البِيمَارِستَانُ‏

‏وَيُقَالُ: اَلمَارِستَانُ وَالبِيمَرِستَانُ أَيضًا هُوَ: مُستَشفَى لِمُعَالَجَةِ اَلمَرضَى وَإِقَامَتِهِم وَهُوَ لَفظٌ فَارِسِيٌّ مُرَكَّبٌ مِن "بِيمَار" أَي: مَرِيضٍ وَ(ستَان) أَي: مَحَلٍّ وَيُطلَقُ البِيمَارِستَانُ أَيضًا عَلَى اَلمَحَلِّ اَلمُعَدِّ لِإِقَامَةِ اَلمَجَانِينِ أَيضًا.‏
Bimaristan : Hospital, mental asylum
‏البِيُوتَاتُ‏

‏مَعنَاهُ البُيُوتُ المَفرُوشَةُ بِكَامِلِ الأَثَاثِ وَالمَفرُوشَاتِ.‏
Al-Biutat : Fully-furnished dwellings

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏اَلتَّاجُ اَلشَّرِيفُ‏

‏هُوَ: اِسمُ عِمَامَةٍ أَطلَقَهُ الفَاطِمِيَّونُ وَكَانَت تُشَدُّ بِتَرتِيبِ خَاصٍّ عَلَى هَيئَةٍ مُستَطِيلَةٍ تُعرَفُ بِاسمِ: "شَدَّةُ الوَقَارِ" أَو بِاسمِ: "الشَّدَّةُ العَرَبِيَّةُ" وَهَذَا اَلتَّاجُ مُرَصَّعٌ بِجَوهَرَةٍ تُعرَفُ بِاسمِ: "اليَتِيمَةُ" لَا تُقَدَّرُ بِثَمَنٍ وَحَولهَا جَوَاهِرُ أُخرَى دُونَهَا تُحِيطُ بِهَا عَلَى شَكلِ حَافِرٍ فَتَنتَظِمُ "اليَتِيمَةُ" وَالجَوَاهِرُ اَلأُخرَى عَلَى قِطعَةِ حَرِيرٍ تُوضَعُ عَلَى مُقَدَّمِ العِمَامَةِ اَلَّتِي تُزَيَّنُ أَيضًا بِعِدَّةِ صُفُوفٍ كَثِيرَةٍ مِن "زُمُرُّدٍ ذُبَابِيٍّ جَلِيلِ الشَّأنِ.‏
Al-Taj Al-Sharif : The name of a turban from the Fatimid period. Also see: "Shadd Al-Taj"
‏التَّازِيك‏

‏كَانَ هَذَا اَللَّفظُ يُطلَقُ فِي اَلأَصلِ عَلَى اَلعَرَبِ وَالمُسلِمِينَ عَامَّةً ثُمَّ اِستَعمَلَهُ اَلمَغُولُ لِلدَّلَالَةِ عَلَى أَهلِ فَارِسَ فَقَط.‏
Al-Tazik : A Mongol term used to refer to Arabs or Persians
‏التَّايَا‏

‏سَفِينَةٌ شِرَاعِيَّةٌ نِيلِيَّةٌ كَبِيرَةُ الحَجمِ كَانَت تُستَعمَلُ لِنَقلِ اَلبَضَائِعِ وَالأَخشَابِ.‏
Al-Taya : Large Nile sailing vessel used to carry freight and timber
‏اَلتَّبيِيتُ‏

‏هُوَ: اَلإِيقَاعُ بِالعَدُوِّ لَيلًا.‏
Al-Tabyit : To attack an enemy at night
‏التَّتَرِيَّاتُ‏

‏مُفرَدُهَا: تَتَرِيَّةٌ وَيُقَالُ أَيضًا: "طَطَرِيَّاٌت" وَهِيَ: لِبَاسٌ مِثلُ القُفطَانِ وَهُوَ يُخَالِفُ اَلقُفطَانَ اَلتُّركِيِّ فِي كَونِ جَانِبِ صَدرِهِ اَلأَيسَرِ يُلَفُّ فَوقَ اَلجَانِبِ اَلأَيمَنِ بِعَكسِ التُّركِيِّ.‏
Al-Tatariyat : A garment resembling the "caftan"
‏التَّجرِيدَةُ‏

‏جَمعُهَا: تَجَارِيدٌ وَهِيَ: اَلجُملَةُ الحَربِيَّةُ.‏
Al-Tajridah : A military campaign
‏التَّجرِيسُ‏

‏جَرَّسَ بِالقَومِ سَمَّعَ بِهِم وَأَشهَرَ عُيُوبَهُم وَنَقَائِصَهُم. وَالعَامَّةُ تَقلِبُ السِّينَ صَادًا وَلَعَلَّ اِستِعمَالَ هَذَا الِاسمِ بِمَعنَى التَّشهِيرِ رَاجِعٌ إِلَى أَنَّ جَرَسًا كَانَ يَدُقُّ طُولَ الطَّرِيقِ أَمَامَ المَحكُومِ عَلَيهِم.‏
Al-Tajris : A disgraceful show of a criminal
‏اَلتِّجفَافُ‏

‏جَمعُهَا : تَجَافِيفُ وَهِيَ : مَا يُجلَّلُ بِهِ اَلفَرَسُ مِن سِلَاحٍ وَآلَةٌ تَقِيهِ الجِرَاحَ .‏
Al-Tijfaf : Bard, horse armor
‏اَلتَّحضِيرُ‏

Tahdir : Disposition
‏اَلتَّختُ‏

‏هُوَ: قُمَاشٌ يُصَانُ فِيهِ الثِّيَابُ.‏
Al-Takht : 1) Cloth used for carrying or storing clothes 2) Bedstead 3) Couch 4) Bunk 5) Stand, platform 6) Press
‏التَّخفِيفَةُ‏

‏هِيَ : العِمَامَةُ فَإِذَا أُطلِقَت فهِيَ : العِمَامَةُ الصَّغِيرَةُ فَإِذَا قِيلَ : "تَخفِيفَةٌ كَبِيرَةٌ " فَهِيَ : مَا يُسَمِّيهَا العَامَّةُ : النَّاعُورَةُ وَهِيَ : مِثلُ التَّاجِ وَرُبَّمَا يُقَالُ : "تَخفِيفَةٌ بِقُرُونٍ طَوِيلَةٍ" وَهِيَ : تَاجٌ كَتَاجِ الفُرسِ .‏
Al-Takhfifah : A small turban
‏التَّذَاكِرُ‏

‏جَمعُ تَذكِرَةٍ , وهِيَ كَمَا يَدُلُّ مَعنَاهَا اللَّفظِيُّ كُلُّ مَكتُوبٍ يَصدُرُ مِن السُّلطَانِ إِلَى نُوَّابِهِ بِالأَقَالِيمِ المِصرِيَّةِ وَنِيَابَاتِ الشَّامِ أَو إِلَى قُصَّادِهِ الَّذِينَ يُرسِلُهُم فِي الشَّامِ فِي مَهَامِّ الدَّولَةِ لِتَذكِرَتِهِم بِتَفَاصِيل مَا يُوكَلُ إِلَيهِم وَلِيَكُونَ بِمَثَابَةِ وَرَقَةِ اِعتِمَادٍ وَحُجَّةٍ عِندَ الجِهَاتِ الَّتِي يَقصِدُونَهَا.‏
Al-Tadhakir : Royal note-reassure
‏اَلتُّرَابِيُّ‏

‏أُطلِقَ هَذَا اَللَّفظُ أَيَّامَ اَلدَّولَةِ اَلفَاطِمِيَّةِ فِي مِصرَ عَلَى اَلأَطفَالِ مِن أَسرَى الحُرُوبِ إِذ كَانَ يَدفَعُ بِهِم "إلى اَلأُستَاذَينِ فَيُربُونَهُم وَيَتَعَلَّمُونَ اَلكِتَابَةَ وَالرِّمَايَةَ وَيُقَالُ لَهُم: التُّرَابِيُّ. وَفِيهِم مِن صَارَ أَمِيرًا مِن صِبيَانِ خَاصِّ الخَلِيفَةِ. . . ".‏
Al-Tarabi : Children of prisoners of war who were raised up and educated in the Fatimid court
‏التَّرَاسِيمُ‏

‏جَمعُ تَرسِيمٍ , وَهُوَ الأَمرُ الَّذِي يَصدُرُ مِن الجِهَةِ المُختَصَّةِ لِعُقُوبَةِ شَخصٍ بِوَضعِهِ تَحتَ المُرَاقَبَةِ .‏
Al-Tarasim : To keep under surveillance
‏التَّرَاكِمِين‏

‏هَذَا اَللَّفظُ كَثِيرُ اَلوُرُودِ فِي كُتُب مُؤَرِّخِيِ اَلعَصرِ اَلوَسِيطِ كَصِيغَةٍ أُخرَى لِلَفظِ التُّركُمَانِ.‏
Al-Trakimin : The Turcomans
‏التَّرَاوِيجُ‏

‏الرَّاجِحُ أَنَّ اَلمَقصُودَ بِهَا مَا يَستَعمِلهُ الزُّرَّاعُ مِن غَلَّةٍ أَو غَيرِهَا قَبلَ أَوَانِ اَلحَصَادِ تَمَامًا فَقَد وَرَدَ أَنَّ اَلمُوَلّدِينَ يَستَعمِلُونَ فِعلَ : رَوَّجَ بِمَعنَى : استَعجَلَ وَالِاسمُ مِنهُ عِندَهُم : الرَّوجَةُ وَرُبَّمَا كَانَ جَمعُهُ : تَرَاوِيجُ .‏
Al-Tarawij : Harvested grains before due time
‏التِّرَكُ الأَهلِيَّةُ‏

‏المَقصُودُ بِهَا التَّرِكَاتُ الَّتِي مَاتَ عَنهَا أَصحَابُهَا مِن غَيرِ المَمَالِيكِ .‏
Al-Tirak Al-Ahliyah : Estates left by non-Mamluks
‏التُّركَاشُ‏

‏لَفظٌ فَارِسِيُّ اَلأَصلِ مَعنَاهُ الكِنَانَةُ أَو الجُعبَةُ الَّتِي تُوضَعُ فِيهَا النُّشَّابُ.‏
Al-Turkash : Quiver
‏اَلتُّركُمَانُ‏

‏التُّركُمَانُ جِيلٌ مِن التُّركِ سُمُّوا بِذَلِكَ لِأَنَّهُ آمَنَ مِنهُم مِائَتَا أَلفٍ فِي شَهرٍ وَاحِدٍ فَقَالَوا: "تُركُ إِيمَانٍ" ثُمَّ خُفِّفَ فَقِيلَ: تُركُمَانٌ.‏
Turcoman : Turkish tribal nomads
‏اَلتَّسَبُّبُ‏

‏هُوَ "رِزقُ" اَلشَّخصِ اَلَّذِي يُعطَاهُ نَظِيرَ قِيَامِهِ عَلَى عَمَلٍ غَيرِ مُستَدِيمٍ كَعُمَّالِ اَلمَصَالِحِ وَجُبَاةِ الخَرَاجِ وَإِذَا أَقطَعَ بِهِ جِهَةً لِيَستَغِلَّهَا لَا يُسَمَّى هَذَا إِقطَاعًا وَإِنَّمَا يُسَمَّى "تَسَبُّبًا" وَ "حِوَالَةً".‏
Al-Tasabbub : Payment given for a temporary job

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏اَلتِّسعِينِيَّةُ‏

‏هُم طَائِفَةُ عَسكَرِ الخَاصَّةِ وَقَد عُرِفُوا بِهَذَا الِاسمِ فِي اَلعَهدِ العَبَّاسِيِّ نِسبَةً إِلَى أَنَّ شَهرَهُم 90 يَومًا.‏
Al-Tis`iniyah : A royal military unit of the Abbasid period who were paid every 90 days
‏اَلتَّسوِيغُ‏

‏يَعنِي اَلإِعفَاءَ مِن بَعضِ اَلخَرَاجِ أَو اَلحُقُوقِ اَلخَاصَّةِ بِبَيتِ اَلمَالِ عَلَى ضَيعَةٍ أَو اَلإِعفَاءُ مِن كُلِّ الرُّسُومِ وَقَد وَرَدَ هَذَا اَللَّفظُ فِي بَعضِ مُقَاطَعَاتِ اَلعَبَّاسِيِّينَ والفَاطِمِيِّينَ.‏
Al-Taswigh : Exemption from taxes owed on income from a fief
‏اَلتَّسيِيرُ‏

‏هُوَ: اَلنَّفيُ مِن اَلبِلَادِ بِالمَعنَى اَلمَعرُوفِ حَالِيًا تَقرِيبًا.‏
Al-Tasyir : Exile
‏التَّشَاهِيرُ‏

‏هِيَ اَلأَشرِطَةُ اَلَّتِي تُوضَعُ عَلَى صَدرِ اَلحِصَانِ.‏
Al-Tashahir : Bands for a horse's breast
‏اَلتَّشرِيفُ‏

‏هِيَ مَجمُوعَةٌ مِن المَلَابِسِ الفَاخِرَةِ يَمنَحُهَا السُّلطَانُ .‏
Al-Tashrif : Robes of honor bestowed by the sultan
‏اَلتَّشرِيفَةُ (مَلَابِسُ)‏

‏هِيَ: اَلشَّاشُ وَالكلوتة وَكَانَ اَلأَمِيرُ اَلَّذِي يَغضَبُ مِنهُ اَلسُّلطَانُ يَخلَعُ مَلَابِسَ اَلتَّشرِيفَةِ وَيَرتَدِي زِيًّا آخَرَ. (انظُر اَلأُمَرَاءَ البَطَّالِينَ)‏
Al-Tashrifah : Emir formal head dress
‏التَّصقِيعُ‏

‏هُوَ إِحصَاءُ البُيُوتِ وَالعَقَارَاتِ لِأَجلِ فَرضِ ضَرِيبَةٍ عَلَيهَا‏
Al-Tasqi` : Registration of real-estate for imposing taxes
‏اَلتَّضمِيرُ‏

‏هُوَ: تَروِيضُ اَلخَيلِ لِتَكُونَ صَالِحَةً لِلسِّبَاقِ.‏
Al-Tadmir : Training race horses
‏اَلتَّضمِينُ‏

‏هُوَ أَن يَضمَنَ شَخصٌ دَفَعَ اَلخَرَاجَ عَلَى جِهَةٍ مُعَيَّنَةٍ بِمَبلَغٍ مَعرُوفٍ يَتَّفِقُ عَلَيهِ مَعَ أُولِي الأَمرِ وَيَقُومُ بِجَمعِ الخَرَاجِ كَالِالتِزَامِ فِي اَلعَهدِ العُثمَانِيِّ وَقَد وُصِفَ عَمَلُ عُثمَانَ بنِ عَفَّانَ فِي أَرضِ اَلسَّوَادِ بِالعِرَاقِ بِأَنَّهُ كَانَ تَضمِينًا لَا تَملِيكًا وَهُوَ يُرَادِفُ أَيضًا الإِيجَارَ.‏
Al-Tadmin : Endorsement for the payment of taxes or tax-farming
‏التَّعَابِي‏

‏جَمعُ تَعبِيَةٍ, أَي قِطَعٌ مِن قُمَاشٍ.‏
Al-Ta`abi : Pieces of cloth
‏اَلتَّعَارِيجُ‏

‏لَفظٌ يَعنِي اَلِاختِلَافَ‏
Ta`arij : Difference
‏اَلتَّعَالِيقُ‏

Ta`aliq : Memorandum
‏اَلتَّعزِيرُ‏

‏هُوَ: اَلعِقَابُ اَلَّذِي يَفرِضُهُ اَلإِمَامُ - أَو اَلخَلِيفَةُ أَو السُّلطَانُ. . . إِلَخ - عَلَى مَن يَأتِي عَمَلًا لَم يَرِد فِي عُقُوبَتِهِ نَصٌّ شَرعِيٌّ وَهُوَ: دُونَ "الحَدِّ".‏
Al-Ta`zir : Punishment not stipulated by the Shari`ah"
‏التَّفصِيلَةُ‏

‏ثَوبٌ‏
Al-Tafsilah : A robe
‏اَلتَّقَاوِي اَلمُخَلَّدَةُ‏

‏لَعَلَّ اَلمَقصُودَ بِهَا: اَلتَّقَاوِي اَلمَحفُوظَةُ لِأَغرَاضِ الزِّرَاعَةِ أَو لَعَلَّهَا اَلتَّقَاوِي اَلَّتِي خُتِمَ عَلَيهَا بِخَاتَمِ اَلتَّخلِيدِ اَلسُّلطَانِيِّ لِحِفظِهَا لِلزَّرعِ اَلمُقبِلِ.‏
Al-Taqawi Al-Mukhalladah : Stamped royal seeds
‏اَلتَّقلِيدُ‏

‏(1) اِستُخدِمَ هَذَا اَللَّفظُ فِي اَلإِقطَاعِ لِيَدُلَّ عَلَى مَعنَى اَلِاستِغلَالِ لَا التَّملِيكِ وَيُشبِهُ التَّضمِبنَ. (2) وَاستُخدِمَ أَيضًا لِيَدُلَّ عَلَى مَعنَى اَلتَّولِيَةِ عَلَى وِلَايَةٍ أَو عَمَلٍ.‏
Al-Taqlid : A decree giving a person the right to utilize a fief without ownership
‏التَّكَارِرَة‏

‏هُم أَهلُ بِلَادِ التَّكرُورِ وَهِيَ أَحَدُ الأَقَالِيمِ الأَفرِيقِيَّةِ الوَاقِعَةِ فِي الجِهَةِ الجَنُوبِيَّةِ الغَربِيَّةِ مِن مِصرَ وَقَاعِدَتُهَا مَدِينَةُ "تَكرُور" وَأَهلُهَا أَشبَهُ النَّاسِ بِالزُّنُوجِ.‏
Al-Takarirah : Inhabitants of "Tekror", a territory lying south west of Egypt
‏التكس‏

‏هُوَ: تَحرِيفٌ لِلَّقَبِ الأُورُوبِّيِّ: الدُّوقُ وَصَاحِبُ هَذَا اَلتَّحرِيفُ هُوَ اَلمُؤَرِّخُ اَلقِبطِيُّ "ساويرس بنُ المُقَفَّعِ" (ت أَوَاخِرَ اَلقَرنِ اَلرَّابِعِ اَلهِجرِيِّ / أَوَاخِرَ اَلقَرنِ اَلعَاشِرِ المِيلَادِيِّ) فِي كِتَابِهِ "سِيَرُ اَلأَبَاءِ البَطَارِكَةِ. "‏
Al-Tix : The duke
‏التَّكَفُور‏

‏لَفظٌ أَرمَنِيٌّ مَعنَاهُ: اَلمَلِكُ اَلمُتَوَّجُ وَأَطلَقَهُ اَلأَرمَنُ عَلَى مُلُوكِهِم. كَمَا أَنَّهُ يُطلَقُ أَحيَانًا عَلَى مُلُوكِ اَلدَّولَةِ البِيزَنطِيَّةِ.‏
Al-Takafawer : A crowned Armenian king
‏التَّكفُورُ (بِلَادٌ)‏

‏هِيَ بِلَادُ "أَرمِينيَا الصُّغرَى" (قِلِيقيَة).‏
Al-Takfur : Little Armenia (Cilicia)

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏اَلتِّلِّيسُ‏

‏هُوَ: اَلكِيسُ اَلَّذِي يُستَعمَلُ لِتَعبِئَةِ اَلغِلَالِ وَالأَتبِنَةِ.‏
Al-Tillis : A sack used for keeping grains and fodder
‏اَلتَّمَسُّكُ‏

‏لَفظَةٌ عَرَبِيَّةٌ مِن " مَسَكَ " بِالشَّيءِ وَمَعنَاهَا فِي اَلتُّركِيَّةِ العُثمَانِيَّةِ : الإِيصَالُ .‏
Al-Tamassuk : A receipt
‏التَّنَاءُ‏

‏أَو: التَّانِي وَهُم: اَلمُستَوطِنُونَ اَلمُستَقِرُّونَ مِن أَصحَابِ الضِّيَاعِ.‏
Al-Tanna' : Fief-holders who live on their fief
‏اَلتَّنَازُلُ عَن اَلإِقطَاعِ‏

Al-Tanazul `An Al-Iqta` : Renunciation of fiefs
‏اَلتَّوَابِيتُ اَلأَبرَاجُ‏

‏وَهِيَ: صَنَادِيقُ مَفتُوحَةُ اَلرَّأسِ تَكُونُ فِي أَعلَى صَوَارِي اَلمَرَاكِبِ وَتُستَخدَمُ فِي اَلرَّميِ عَلَى سُفُنِ اَلعَدُوِّ بِالحِجَارَةِ أَو اَلأَعمِدَةِ حَادَّةِ اَلأَطرَافِ أَو اَلجِرَارِالمَملُؤَةِ بِالجِيرِ اَلحَيِّ أَو اَلحَيَّاتِ وَالعَقَارِبِ.‏
Al-Tawabit Al-Abraj : Open top boxes placed at the upper part of masts to shoot missiles at enemy ships
‏التَّوَامِين‏

‏أَو الطَّوَامِين جَمعُ طُومَان أَو تُومَان , وَهِيَ الفِرقَةُ فِي الجَيشِ المَغُولِيِّ الَّتِي يَبلُغُ تَعدَادُهَا عَشرَةَ آلَافِ مُقَاتِلٍ .‏
Al-Tuamin : A Mongol army regiment composed of ten thousands soldiers
‏اَلتَّوسِيطُ‏

‏أَي: شَقُّ اَلشَّخصِ نِصفَينِ مِن وَسَطِهِ كَنَوعٍ مِن اَلتَّعذِيبِ قَبلَ القَتلِ.‏
Al-Tausit : Cutting a condemned person into two halves from his waist
‏التَّوقِيعُ‏

‏يَعنِي نُسخَةً مِن الأَمرِ بِتَعيِينِ شَخصٍ عَلَى إِقطَاعٍ.‏
Al-Tauqi` : Act of nomination
‏اَلتَّوقِيعِيُّ‏

‏انظُر مَادَّةَ : "النَّشَانجِي".‏
Al-Tauqi`i : See: Al-Nashanji
‏اَلثِّقلُ‏

‏هُوَ: مَتَاعُ المُسَافِرِ.‏
Al-Thaqal : Traveler's baggage
‏اَلثِّيَابُ الزُّطِّيَّةُ‏

‏انظُر مَادَّةَ : "الزُّطُّ".‏
Al-Thiab Al-Zutiyah : Clothes worn by the "Zuts"
‏الجَاشِنكِير‏

‏لَفظٌ فَارِسِيٌّ مُرَكَّبٌ مِن "جَاشنا" بِمَعنَى: الذَّوقِ و "كِير" بِمَعنَى: المُتَعَاطِي وَهُوَ لَقَبُ مُوَظَّفٍ فِي قَصرِ السُّلطَانِ أَو الأَمِيرِ مُهِمَّتُهُ تَذَوُّقُ اَلطَّعَامِ قَبلَ سَيِّدِهِ خَشيَةَ أَن يُدَسَّ لَهُ السُّمُّ فِيهِ .‏
Al-Jashinkair : A royal household official who tasted the sultan's food to make sure it was not poisoned
‏اَلجَالِقُ‏

‏لَفظٌ تُركِيٌّ وَالجَالِقُ بِاللُّغَةِ اَلتُّركِيَّةِ اِسمٌ لِلفَرَسِ اَلحَادِّ اَلكَثِيرِ اللَّعِبِ.‏
Al-Jaliq : A frisky and playful horse
‏اَلجَالِيَةُ‏

‏أُطلِقَ اِسمُ اَلجَالِيَةِ عَلَى أَهلِ الذِّمَّةِ لِأَنَّ عُمَرَ بنَ اَلخَطَّابِ أَجلَاهُم عَن شِبهِ اَلجَزِيرَةِ العَرَبِيَّةِ وَقَد لَزِمَهُم هَذَا الاِسمُ أَينَمَا حَلُّوا ثُمَّ لَزِمَ كُلَّ مَن لَزِمَتهُ اَلجِزيَةُ مِن أَهلِ اَلكِتَابِ بِكُلِّ بَلَدٍ وَإِن لَم يُجلُوا عَن أَوطَانِهِم وَيُقَالُ: اُستُعمِلَ فُلَانٌ عَلَى اَلجَالِيَةِ بِمَعنَى: عَلَى جِزيَةِ أَهلِ الذِّمَّةِ.‏
Al-Jaliah : The People of the Book
‏الجَالِيشُ‏

‏رَايَةٌ عَظِيمَةٌ فِي رَأسِهَا خُصلَةٌ مِن الشَّعرِ.‏
Al-Jalish : A big flag crowned by a braid of hair
‏اَلجَامِعُ اَلعَتِيقُ‏

‏هُوَ: جَامِع "عَمرِو بنِ العَاصِ" بِمَدِينَةِ القَاهِرَةِ.‏
Al-Jami` Al-`Atiq : Literally means: the ancient mosque. The term, however, refers to the mosque of `Amr bin Al-`As built in the ancient Fustat, present Cairo.
‏الجَامِكِيَّةُ‏

‏الجَامِكِيَّاتُ هِيَ الرَّوَاتِبُ عَامَّةً وكَانَت نَفَقَةُ مَمَالِيكِ السُّلطَانِ عِبَارَةً عَن جَامِكِيَّاتِ عَلَفٍ وَكُسوَةٍ وَغَيرِ ذَلِكَ .‏
Al-Jamikiyah : Payment (salary)
‏الجَاندَارِيَّةُ‏

‏فِئَةٌ مِن مَمَالِيكِ السُّلطَانِ أَو الأَمِيرِ وَمِثلُهَا الخَاصِكِيَّةُ وَهِيَ مُرَكَّبَةٌ مِن لَفظَينِ فَارِسِيَّينِ أَحَدُهُمَا "جَان" و مَعنَاهُ سِلَاحٌ وَالثَّانِي "دَار" ومَعنَاهُ مُمسِكٌ.‏
Al-Jandariyah : Court-squires
‏الجَاوِيشُ‏

‏جَمعُهُ جَاوِيشِيَّة , وَيُقَالُ أَيضًا الشَّاوِيشُ أَو الجَاوُوشُ , وَهُوَ لَفظٌ تُركِيٌّ , وَكَانَ الجَاوِيشِيَّةُ - فِي نِظَامِ دَولَةِ المَمَالِيكِ بِمِصرَ - أَربَعَةَ جُنُودٍ مِن الحَلَقَةِ وَظِيفَتُهُم السَّيرُ أَمَامَ السُّلطَانِ أَو النَّائِبِ فِي مَوَاكِبِهِ لِلنِّدَاءِ وَتَنبِيهِ المَارَّةِ , وَهُوَ أَيضًا جُندِيٌّ مِن رُتبَةٍ بَسِيطَةٍ يُكَلِّفُهُ مَخدُومُهُ بِحَملِ الرَّسَائِلِ وَتَبلِيغِهَا .‏
Al-Jawish : 1) Soldier of inferior rank who served as a messenger 2) A soldier who used to march in front of royal processions
‏الجَاوِيشِيَّةُ‏

‏أَو "الجَاوِيشَةُ " أَو "الشَّاوُوشِيَّةُ": لَفظٌ تُركِيٌّ مُفرَدُهُ: جَاوِيشُ وَكَانَت مُهِمَّةُ الجَاوِيشِ فِي اَلعَصرِ الأَيُّوبِيِّ النِّدَاءَ أَو اِستِنفَارَ اَلجُندِ لِلقِتَالِ أَمَّا فِي اَلعَصرِ اَلمَملُوكِيِّ فَكَانَ اَلنِّظَامُ أَن يَسِيرَ أَربَعَةٌ مِن جُندِ اَلخَلِيفَةِ أَمَامَ السُّلطَانِ فِي اَلمَوَاكِبِ لِلنِّدَاءِ وَتَنبِيهِ المَارَّةِ وَالجَاوِيشُ كَذَلِكَ لَقَبٌ لِلشَّخصِ اَلَّذِي يُكَلِّفُهُ مَخدُومُهُ بِحَملِ اَلرَّسَائِلِ وَتَبلِيغِهَا .‏
Al-Jawishiyah : Also known as shawishiyah. They were junior officers of the modern N. C.O. In the Ayyubid period, they were charged with issuing the "call to arms" and encouraging soldiers to fight in battles. In the Mamluk sultan's period, four persons of that category marched in front of the sultan's horse at official processions. They also worked as messengers.

[أحمد سعد الدين]

‏الجِبَايَاتُ‏

‏هِيَ: اَلضَّرَائِبُ المُستَحدَثَةُ.‏
Al-Jibayat : Taxes not stipulated by the Shari`ah
‏الجِتَرُ‏

‏أَو المِظَلَّةُ وهِيَ قُبَّةٌ مِن حَرِيرٍ أَصفَرَ مُزَركَشٍ بِالذَّهَبِ عَلَى أَعلَاهَا طَائِرٌ مِن فِضَّةٍ مَطلِيَّةٍ بِالذَّهَبِ وَهِيَ مِن شِعَارِ السَّلطَنَةِ وَمِن بَقَايَا الدَّولَةِ الفَاطِمِيَّةِ الَّتِي اِستَمَرَّ اِستِخدَامُهَا فِي الدَّولَتَينِ الأَيُّوبِيَّةِ وَالمَملُوكِيَّةِ.‏
Al-Jitar : A gilded parasol
‏الجَرَائِحِيَّةُ‏

‏مُفرَدُهُ جَرَائِحِيٌّ وَ جَارِحِيٌّ أَيضًاُ وَهُوَ: طَبِيبُ الجِرَاحَةِ .‏
Al-Jara'ihiyah : Surgeons
‏الجَرَارِيفُ‏

‏أَو: "الجَرَافِي" انظُر مَادَّةَ : "كَشفُ الجُسُورِ".‏
Al-Jararif : See: "Kashf Al-Jusur"
‏اَلجَرَّافَةُ‏

‏تَطهِيرُ اَلتُّرَعِ وَعَمَلُ السُّخرَةِ.‏
Al-Jurrafah : Serfdom
‏اَلجُرُبَّانُ‏

‏هُوَ: جَيبُ الدِّرعِ.‏
Al-Jurubban : A pocket in a cuirass or a coat of mail
‏الجَرخِيَّةُ‏

‏جَمعُ جَرخِيٍّ أَي رَامِي الجَرخِ.‏
Al-Jarkhiyah : Crossbowmen
‏الجَركَسُ (بِلَاد)‏

‏تَقَعُ شَرقَيَّ بَحرِ "نيطش" وَقَد صَارَ أَغلَبُ جُندِ مِصرَ مِن الجَركَسِ مُنذُ تَوَلِّي اَلظَّاهِرِ بُرقُوقٍ سَلطَنَةَ الدَّولَةِ المَملُوكِيَّةِ فَإِنَّهُ أَكثَرَ مِن جَلبِهِم .‏
Al-Jarkas : Circassia
‏اَلجَرمُ‏

‏أَو: الجَرمَةُ زَورَقٌ مِن زَوَارِقِ اليَمَنِ وَهُوَ عِبَارَةٌ عَن زَورَقٍ مُسَلَّحٍ وَمَكشُوفٍ وَهُوَ طَوِيلٌ جِدًّا وَمُخَصَّصٌ لِتَفرِيغِ شِحنَاتِ السُّفُنِ وَلِتَخلِيصِهَا - إِذَا جَنَحَت - بَعِيدًا عَن اَلشَّوَاطِئِ الرَّملِيَّةِ. وَكَانَت تَجُرُّهُ الحِبَالُ.‏
Al-Jurm : Also Al-Jurmah, long open armed rowing boat or dinghy, used in Yemen for unloading cargo from ships, and for towing ships which have run aground
‏اَلجَرمَةُ‏

‏انظُر مَادَّةَ: "الجرم".‏
Al-Jurmah : See: "Jurm"
‏الجُرُوخ‏

‏جَمعُ جُرخ , وَهِيَ آلَةٌ حَربِيَّةٌ تُستَعمَلُ لِرَميِ السِّهَامِ وَالنُّفُوطِ وَالحِجَارَةِ , وَيُقَالُ لِمُستَعمِلِهَا جرخِيٌّ .‏
Al-Jurukh : Crossbows
‏اَلجَرِيبُ‏

‏هُوَ وَحدَةٌ تُقَاسُ بِهَا الأَرضُ عِبَارَةً عَن عَشرِ قَصَبَاتٍ فِي عَشرِ قَصَبَاتٍ وَيُسَاوِي اَلفَدَّانُ (المِصرِيُّ) 333 قَصَبَةً مُرَبَّعَةً.‏
Al-Jarib : Land measurement unit
‏الجَرِيدَةُ‏

‏هِيَ الفِرقَةُ مِن العَسكَرِ الخَيَّالَةِ لَا رَجَّالَةَ بِهَا عَلَى أَنَّهُ كَثِيرًا مَا تَرِدُ فِي حَولِيَّاتِ المُؤَرِّخِينَ عِبَارَةُ " وَرَكبُ السُّلطَانِ إِلَى القُدسِ جَرِيدَةً " عَلَى سَبِيلِ المِثَالِ وَهُنَا يَكُونُ المَعنَى مَسِيرُ السُّلطَانِ عَلَى وَجهِ السُّرعَةِ دُونَ أَن يَأخُذَ مَعَهُ أَثقَالًا أَو حَشدًا.‏
Al-Jaridah : A phrase that means: (traveling) without baggage
‏الجُزدَان‏

‏كَلِمَةٌ مُرَكَّبَةٌ مِن اَللَّفظِ العَرَبِيِّ: جُزء , وَالفَارِسِيِّ دان . ومَعنَاهُ: خَرِيطَةٌ مِن الجِلدِ تُستَخدَمُ لِحَملِ الأَورَاقِ وَمِنهَا مَا يُحمَلُ كَالقِلَادَةِ وَيُقَالُ لَهُ: الحَمَّالُ وَالعَامَّةُ تَقُولُ عَنهُ: الجسدان.‏
Al-Juzdan : Portfolio
‏اَلجَزِيرَةُ‏

‏انظُر مَادَّةَ: "الحُوف الشَّرقِيّ".‏
Al-Jazirah : See: "Al-Huf Al-Sharqi"
‏الجِسرُ‏

‏هُوَ الطَّرِيقُ المَبنِيُّ عَلَى حَافَّةِ النَّهرِ أَو التُّرعَةِ لِحِفظِ المِيَاهِ وَضَبطِهَا لِأَغرَاضِ الرَّيِّ وَلِوِقَايَةِ البِلَادِ المُجَاوِرَةِ مِن الفَيَضَانِ وَكَانَت الجُسُورُ فِي مِصرَ زَمَنَ دَولَةِ المَمَالِيكِ عَلَى نَوعَينِ سُلطَانِيَّةٍ وَبَلَدِيَّةٍ . فَالجُسُورُ العَامَّةُ الجَامِعَةُ لِلبِلَادِ الكَبِيرَةِ وَكَانَت تُعَمَّرُ فِي كُلِّ سَنَةٍ مِن الدِّيوَانِ السُّلطَانِيِّ بِالوَجهَينِ القِبلِيِّ وَالبَحرِيِّ وَكَانَ لِلجُسُورِ السُّلطَانِيَّةِ فِي كُلِّ جِهَةٍ مِن جِهَاتِ مِصرَ كَاشِفٌ يُرسَلُ لِعِمَارَتِهَا كُلَّ سَنَةٍ وَيُسَمَّى ب كَاشِفِ الجُسُورِ أَمَّا الجُسُورُ البَلَدِيَّةُ فَهِيَ الخَاصَّةُ بِبَلَدٍ دُونَ بَلَدٍ وَيَتَوَلَّى عِمَارَتَهَا المُقطَعُونَ بِالبِلَادِ مِن الأُمَرَاءِ وَالأَجنَادِ وَغَيرِهِم.‏
Al-Jisr : Dike, roadway
‏الجِسطَالُ‏

‏هُوَ: اَلمُوَظَّفُ المُشرِفُ عَلَى مَالِيَّةِ "الكُورَةِ" (أَي الإِقلِيمِ) أَي مَندُوبُ دِيوَانِ الخَرَاجِ وَالأَموَالِ وَهُوَ يُقَابِلُ المُصطَلَحَ البِيزَنطِيَّ : "أوجستاليوس" اَلَّذِي يُشِيرُ إِلَى نَفسِ المَعنَى .‏
Al-Jistal : Regional financial supervisor
‏اَلجُسُورُ اَلبَلَدِيَّةُ‏

‏هِيَ: اَلجُسُورُ اَلخَاصَّةُ اَلَّتِي اشتُهِرَت فِي عَصرِ اَلدَّولَةِ اَلمَملُوكِيَّةِ بِهَذَا الِاسمِ وَهِيَ: اَلجُسُورُ اَلَّتِي "يَخُصُّ نَفعُهَا نَاحِيَةً دُونَ أُخرَى وَلَيسَ لِلمُشرِفِينَ مِن "كَشَّافِ التُّرَابِ" عَلَيهَا أَي سُلطَةً وَهَذِهِ يُقِيمُهَا اَلمُقَطِّعُونَ وَالفَلَّاحُونَ وَإِذَا حَدَثَ وَانتَقَلَ إِقطَاعٌ عَن صَاحِبِهِ خِلَالَ اَلسَّنَةِ حُوسِبَ اَلمُقطِّعُ اَلجَدِيدَ عَلَى مَا أَنفَقَ سَابِقَهُ فِي إِقَامَةِ الجُسُورِ.‏
Al-Jusur Al-Baladiyah : Canal embankments built by peasants or fief-holders
‏اَلجُسُورُ اَلسُّلطَانِيَّةُ‏

‏هِيَ : اَلجُسُورُ عَامَّةُ النَّفعِ اَلَّتِي تُقِيمُهَا اَلدَّولَةُ مُمَثَّلَةً فِي شَخصِ السُّلطَانِ .‏
Al-Jusur Al-Sultaniyah : Public embankments built by the sultan
‏اَلجَشَّارُ‏

‏جَمعُهُ: جَشَّارَاتٌ وَجَشِير وَيُقَالُ: الدَّشَّارُ أَيضًا وَهُوَ: اَلخَيلُ وَالأَبقَارُ اَلَّتِي تُسَاقُ مَعَ الجَيشِ.‏
Al-Jushar : Cattle and horses accompanying an army at war